Kurdistan Regional Government Iraq Ministry of Electricity generates electricity primarily from fossil fuels such as natural gas. Renewable energy sources such as hydro, solar, wind, and geothermal currently account for a smaller portion of electricity generation but their use is growing. Geothermal energy harnesses heat from within the earth through technologies such as hydrothermal, geopressure, and hot dry rock systems to generate electricity without direct emissions. Geothermal resources in the Kurdistan region show potential for development to increase renewable energy supply.

1. !

2. I

3. !!!
" " #$
%
!
!!
$&'
( )* % +
II

4. !
"#
#
$
%& %
%
' ( $
#
'
)#
*
+
+
+
++++++++++++
!
" # $
%
&
!" " #$ #
%
& ' # & (
)* ! + ,
%
# #
#
-, $.+
" .+ ), *
/ ( '
)0 .+ ' .
%
III

5. !
"
#$% $& ! '( ! ) * + ' ,
- - #
"
- .
/ 0 1 - & 2 3 #$% & - $4 #&5 6!
6&
"
#$% $& 4 6! & - # '7
"
+ + - %
"
- & 8
& 97
/ 4 #
: - 4! - #4
1 &
;
<
<
<
<
& =4
#$%
8 1' !> 7
8
4&5
#$%
' !8? $
4
7'4 8
-
@
< $47'4
< $47'4
< $47'4
< $47'4
-
-
-
-
A
A
A
A
;B
< 2
-
1
- 4
C4D 4
4 -1 7E
F
$47'4 8 1 !8
"
8
< $
@
@
@
@
-
-
-
-
6$ 4
6$ 4
6$ 4
6$ 4
B
B
B
B
> ? 'D4
E
-1
-
C
>
@
@
@
@
B
B
B
B
1
E 6
1
G 4$4 -
$!
-> 7H - #4E 1 * + - + &I+ 1
"
' , ? ' $ '4 , ->
1 >
2&
&D+ -
$4
-
8C -
@
@
@
@
B
B
B
B
1 64&
J
J
J
J
! "
# $% & ' (
"
) *
&+ "
K
K
K
K
;
;
;
;
,
,
,
,
8 1 !8
@
@
@
@
-
-
-
-
6$ 4
6$ 4
6$ 4
6$ 4
B
B
B
B
& +
! =4
J
J
J
J
4 - #&5
K
K
K
K
L4
M
"
# !
> -
#&5 -
8
@
@
@
@
B
B
B
B
->
$!
! N
4 '4 <
- 4$D4
1 - -
1
& 1 1O4 6 6$4
PQ R - !)
PQ R - !)
PQ R - !)
PQ R - !)
6$4
6$4
6$4
6$4
4E S 8 T ), ? ! & 8 1+
#&5 - - ! - #
6 !
;
T
@
@
@
@
6$ 4 -
6$ 4 -
6$ 4 -
6$ 4 -
B
B
B
B
# !
J
K
7
J
K
1 0 ,
;
$ > 6 1 !8 614+
1'
- $U !
"
6 8 '4M
4M
V #4
D W
4
;
- .
- .
- .
- .
C
$
6
6 !
&
6
1 -
4 - ,
$$ X4
"
6& $
$ 4$
3
"
/ > ? 8Y 8
- Y D48
;
!8
!8
!8
!8
Z
Z
Z
Z
L4M
L4M
L4M
L4M
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
IV

6. Kurdistan Regional Government Iraq
Ministry of Electricity
V

7. ! "# $ % & %
$
'
! "#
Fossil
( $ )( *
+, - (. $ ,+
/
0
1 $, 2( - * +3 1
2* 4
5
(-+6 76 *
, 8*$9
+ , : +&(+
. -
$ 6-
9 + ;
- & - *
-" < , $
$9 1 =
( $ (
2%> *$ , -+
- - * *
6
! "#
+ "* ?(-"6$,
@
-
(+
+&
?*
A?(. $ + *B "
@
+&(+
$ , A -
? C +,
8?( *$( , ,
@
DDDDD
(>
(>
(>
(>
$ E , A
$ E , A
$ E , A
$ E , A
F ?* "1 31 +&(+
F ?* "1 31 +&(+
F ?* "1 31 +&(+
F ?* "1 31 +&(+
0
0
0
0
@
( ; $
'
F * A)G( $) +; - - A(-
@5
@
3
+H
-" < $?, 6- + + I 9 $, $ +;
@
+J "*
0
( 2, 6- + "* K *- A)G(
F * FG(+ - * )G(+
-+* $ ( + % *C +)* ,
2( A*- L3
@
8 F ( ( * +; +H3
)G(+ -
?( - )( 9*"
F 1 * ;- *$ (
M% *$?, 6- + +
@
+J "* (
0
-"1 $9 , 2, 6- +
( #$9(- * - *$)G(+
@
$, $ + ; +H3
$?, 6- + +
* > ) -
2( - <N
H *
I *-"1 $9 , 9 + ;
)% -
@
+&(+ ,
?( 1 /
$ ? < - *"*
*-
@
- L ( 4 -" =
?&*
I $ <- 6 $ B "
@
O)
(
(
$ ? < - *"*
*-
@
F +,
F( A* ? < - *$ , / 6- *
/
A(- - ) # ( $)% , -
2 ( $ ,+ ;-
@
+&(+
F( 9* ( ? < - * ( F( +,
O )G(+ L ,
F * *- *
@
( -+* -
"* , - 6I $ ,+ $ ?( *FG(+
F * ? < - *$% - - - A(- $ ,+ $1 $ P - * ,N
@
+&(+ +J
<
;-
- +1
- . ?( *
'
5
0
Renewable Energy
+&(+ $ ;-
"*
$ ? < - *
*-
<
6 ;
/
A(-
$,- ; *
'
5
0
@
'
Hydro Energy
@5
@
-"1
'
Solar Energy
5
@
@
*
'
Wind Energy
5
@
@
$1 Q( - 6
'
Geothermal
5
@
@
$ 93
'
-PR S
' 5
Energy
Tidal
@5
@
( 1
'
Biofuels
@5
@
( ) - *
'
Biomass
@5
@
" %
'
Energy
Wave
5
@@
- )
< - * )( ? * 9(- ( $ * * *
@

8. ?(
- .
'
5
$,- ;
- .
'
5
-"1
( ) - *
(. $ ,+
*
$1 Q( - 6
$ ? < - *
$ +&(+
"*
$3
%58.23
%17.08
%6.83
%0.72
%5.12
%0.42
%2.17
%1.21
%4.58
%3.42
%0.05
%0.16

9. *-
+&(+ $ "* + * A(- 2(M - - +* 9
- G -
- + 1 ( ) 1 < <N *
" * F * 9 %
- *
""? , $ +H
*-
+&(+
$ 9 T $( +,
- 6- / , (-+*
! "#
Fossil
(
'
/ +, - (. $ ,+
0
2* 4 1 $, 2( - * +31
5
@
,
( ) 1 <
( (- +* $9( - - *
$ 1 +
+&(+
! "#
F * , +&(+ $U V * +, ?3
@
(cent/kWh)
9% +
, *
'
Wind Energy
@5
+
(-
,
"
?,
'
9 1
5
3
+
'
- * -
5
,
'
Hydro Energy
5
(- W" %
,
( ) - *
'
Biomass
@5
$ + % F 6
,
1
-"
'
Solar Energy
@5
?(+% F 6
,
! "#
) 6
,
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
C P*I )G(+
2(M - 2( , X*- *
6 ;
$
< - *
$ ?
*-
- - AY * *
$ <
6 ;
F ?* "1 - +1
$,- ; /
- .
'
5
- , (
( , - A(-
+*B -
( A?(. $
.
A
@
L(
L(
L(
L(
C )( * *- $ ? < - *$ ;-
C )( * *- $ ? < - *$ ;-
C )( * *- $ ? < - *$ ;-
C )( * *- $ ? < - *$ ;-
0
0
0
0
5
+
$ ,
F ?(+ "1 + % $ I
0
Z
[
- $ , +
[
/
0
+31
)1 , - F( M
@@@
)
@
]
[
^% $ , +
[
/
0
1 $,
2(P *
$_ $,
^(" 6
I - $,
@
`
[
4
[
/
0
4
Q )%
(Natural Gas)
@
5
@
5
Q
@
a ) 1
- .
'
1
5

10. 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
F( - ( 1 <
F( - ( 1 <
F( - ( 1 <
F( - ( 1 <
0
0
0
0
[
+
- $ ,
+
*-
" *
$ - * ?
*-
+*< -
@
[
$ , +
^%
+; +* ( - *
-"6 $ ( b(- - * )G
@
[
4
F ; +*< - *Q )%
@
[
Q
I *$9 + * ( - *
F ;
@
[
*- +
+, 6- -"6 $ ( b*-
@
$,- ;
- .
'
5
$,- ;
- .
'
5
*- $ ? < - *$6 ; 2(M - 2( , X*- *
*- $ ? < - *$6 ; 2(M - 2( , X*- *
*- $ ? < - *$6 ; 2(M - 2( , X*- *
*- $ ? < - *$6 ; 2(M - 2( , X*- *
*
*
*
*
$ ? < - *
$ ? < - *
$ ? < - *
$ ? < - *
*-
*-
*-
*-
$3 "*
$3 "*
$3 "*
$3 "*
( $)( *
( $)( *
( $)( *
( $)( *
(16.130TWh)

11. Geothermal Energy Facts
WHAT DOES THE WORD "GEOTHERMAL" MEAN?
"Geothermal" comes from the Greek words geo (earth) and thermo (heat). So, geothermal
means earth heat.
!
" !
#
$$$
%&
'
(
#
$$$$
$ $%&
'
$ ) $
%
(earth heat)
* + ,
#
-'
?
ENERGY
GEOTHERMAL
IS
WHAT
& *./,
#
% +0% 1& ! %&
'
23 !4 &
4% !
5 &
67
-
1 8
- Geothermal Energy –
9 1 5& : &
4% !
!4
23 4
#
Warmth
'
+5 !
&
4%
#
Power
'
;
9 < 3+* 8
-
4 !
= 8
9 >5 . 8
.
% ?
#
'
@ &
4
)
-
A40 &
6
#
) B
10360
C
'
% ! @
#
5 : @
D
)
@
>@ !
-'
5 &
4
5 &
4
5 &
4
5 &
4
E
E
E
E
F
! &
4G3 8
#
#
Hydrothermal
'
'
-
F
7
#
Geopressure
-'
F
) 9 +
#
Hot dry rock
-'
$ -+* +,
'
Q * c
Magma
?(
- .
'
2
5
( - 6 !
$ *$ - 6 !
!
P !
!
P !
!
P !
$ *$3
+V
, "!
d
d
d

12. $9 %& H ! I % IJ HK8 /4
-
$ &9 $ $ 1 $8
! *
-
5
$
4L
MN
@0 O 7 8
$$$$$
$$$$$
1 &
#
Uranium
< $ % H
#
Thoriums
'
* 0 % N
4 H
#
4 5
'
&
6$ $ &
6$ P H
!!& 8
-
Q 4 = 8 1 8 . 9
$9 > $% !H $ * +!
% @ 6
-
$9 > $ @ H A40 % @ 5 ! 6
#
'
>@ @
7R
-
A40 %&
#
'
! $% ! $ @ H
&
6 % @
#
>@$ $@
%
$$$$
>@ @
'
7 !/ 3 6 !4 &
4% ! 8 " 8
(
* + ,
#
'
-
H ! " L S 1 K8 %A ) &
! &
!"
5
#
* +
'
H
T+ !
K ! 9 K8 %A
4 $8 4$ $ 1 $8 5 $ T &
4% ! H /
U V + 6 !4
T
-
N
H
I/$ 3 / 6 !4$ $ 1 8 5 T &
47 H 5
&
6 4 54 1A
#
) 9$ $ +$
#
Hot dry rock
'
$ H 6 W$ $ 4 $8 6$ X L%
T &
4% ! 5
I N A40
-
?(
- .
'
5
- 6 ( $
?O3 + (
+&(+ - * -
- ;
;
<- 6 !
%
<- 6 e*
'
? < - *
5
"
- _ <N * ( ( 6$ - 6
( 6$ - 6
^% ;
- $G , ?6+ ; / ( ;
A(- - *
$ +*- _( *
+*- _, $ - 6
V - , $ - 6 ?) +6

13. + !4
+
*
#
'
9 > H 40 N ! Y ! 4 ! 5
:$ $ C$
$ $ @ $+ 3 $ 5 $ % H 6N5 J &
#
! $ $@
'
-
I% $ N$
$ % 4 % HT ! 4 &
4 % ! 8 &9 * 8 ! H) 4 . 9 M:
) !
-
9 4 ! 8
$ . H
&
6$ ! $ !4 $ Z &
!! $5H &
! M$: $ *
CN5 7 ! 8 %& H !1 H 7L [ )! 97 !
-
$ $7! $7 .!! ! 4$ $3 / $ 8 KN$51 %& H ! ! 97 ! 4
-
Z 9 5
9 $9 $ T &
4$% ! $KN5 9 +/ $% 5 $ $ H ! $ ) . &
6
I/3 / ) 9 4 5 5
-
$ $@ $% &
4% !!4
#
>@$ $@
'
] ! 4$ $ 4$ $ $ 4 $5H
!23
-
?(
- .
'
4
5
<- 6
? - * e*
+/
8
) +515 37
^
)&
6 S
-
e*
- +fA
<- 6
+*
;
<- 6
-
"*
^
;
+&&_ - 9%-
_
S `K
a 7
:
9S 9 %
:
b
#
'
2
9S L4%

14. / 7 +D &
4% !)
/ 7 +D &
4% !)
/ 7 +D &
4% !)
/ 7 +D &
4% !)
HOW DOES GEOTHERMAL HEAT GET UP TO EARTH'S SURFACE?
8
$$$$$$
c ! $7! / $ $ 1& ! $ 4$ $ $ &
6 $ $ $
-
$
7 ! @ +
7 &
4
) $ ! $ +$ / $
#
F
Rock
'
+$
$ ! &$ &
! 9
Z !
-
) 7 @ %
!&
/ 7
8
$$$$
6 5&
$$$$
! +
$$$$$
$74% !)
#
Melts
4 &
4% 7 !
#
F
Magma
8
$ J $ K 7
+
!
&
! / ! &
$ ! / 7
$ & 8 $ & $8
$$$$$
" &
4$ 5 $ N
4
$$$$$$
N
@9 4%
$$$$
/
#
Crust
5
N5
3
-
?(
- .
'
5
5
Geothermal Reservoir
- 6 <
$1 )?
(
F * - 6
$1 $ b(+,
$3
!
9(+, $ +
$?( - *
@
- 6 < *
F% "
" F( ,
$1
@
<- 6
- 6 ?; - 6 ?;
- * - *
^9(+,
- %" $6- *
$
-
$
* $ ?;
$1 +* L(P
- * $ - 6 !
/ )*
, 9 - ?(
@
?V , < - *
( -"1 / ( ,
@

15. <N *
- L(
- 6 O6
'
Hot Magma
5
- - , 6 A(- ; " *
/
-+* - 6 C
@
*- <N *
O6
)? - $ 3
!
9(+, (.
- "
(. 9(P ?( - * ?; $ +*<- 6
'
+)% - $1 N+V"* - *
5
, 6 ( $ - 6 ! - L(
'
F?( #
g
P ! $ - 6 !
5
@
- L(
$1 $ - 6
- h-
- *
'
&( i
5
- 6 ( - $ b(+,
-
- . ?( /
'
5
+ % *
( - 6 ( $
+ % (
- 6 ?(
< -
( $1 )? - 6
$1 $ b(+, F * - 6
$?( - *$3
!
9(+ , $ +
)* "
@
*
F% " - 6 <
F( ,
$1 "
@
?(
- .
'
6
5
?( /
, 9 -
@
- -
( $
- 6
+ (
?O3
+ % * ";
-
@
- )
+* #
$?;
- * 6 ; *$ - 6 ?) +6
> $3 ;
$
C ;
- -

16. ! &
/
! &
/
! &
/
! &
/
% d
. ) &
!
% d
. ) &
!
% d
. ) &
!
% d
. ) &
!
#
#
#
#
9N
9N
9N
9N
'
'
'
'
+5 7
^ &
6
+5 7
^ &
6
+5 7
^ &
6
+5 7
^ &
6
HOW HAVE PEOPLE USED GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE PAST?
b
$1 $ - 6 $931
? - * (
- -
+*
+ %
@
+* j *
"Magic Water"
(- * ("1 $, k G $ %"1 $) * - "*
?
@
$%"1 ; $ - - ; $) * "* ( $1 $ - 6 " - +J "*
$ (
3 $ <- 6 FG
'
+ 1
5
? - *
@
( $9(
l
'
5
l -
)G
$1 $ - 6
(
$ + %
6
-
*
+
'
Hot Springs
Water
5
$) * "*
?
'
f) ; $)G( /
5
- . ?( /
'
5
- * 9 (P - + *
?
@
*-
) % $ 3
'
$?(
5
( $G - #
, (
'
5
-
!
G
m
+)
1 $ <- 6"*
+
? - * ( $1 $ - 6
@
?(
- .
'
'
'
'
7
5
$1 $ - 6
(
- 6$ + %
+*
'
Hot Springs
Water
5
? $) * "*
'
/
f) ; $)G(
5
? - *
@

17. T+! ) &
!./1
T+! ) &
!./1
T+! ) &
!./1
T+! ) &
!./1
HOW DO WE USE GEOTHERMAL ENERGY TODAY?
<
+ , " - +1 n , 6 F * N+V , e*$ * -
F *<- 6
- - C ?*
@
$ ? 1 O $)G $ ? 1 $)G *
)G(+
- + *$ - - (
9 V, + - )G(+
( <- 6 ( (. h+ 9* - ( "* , 9* ?(+%
%
F(- & " $ ? < - * e* (+ F(
@
- 6 -
g
- +fA $3
S (
e* - )(
'
? < - * e*
5
( *- $ ? < - *$) * "*F *- *F( +, I *
+) $ - */ , $) * -
$3
@
?(
- .
'
8
5
e*$, &( , 6 *
N+V * 93
[
d
$ - 6
$ - 6 ! a $1
, ( (
!
( P !!
F * "*
F( ? - *
@

18. ! " #
! " #
! " #
! " #
$
$
$
$
E
E
E
E
*- $ ? < - *$) * "*F *- *F( +,
@
?(
- .
'
10
5
?(
- .
'
9
5
7 &
/
7 &
/
7 &
/
7 &
/
+5
+5
+5
+5
N 47
M 5 7
N 47
M 5 7
N 47
M 5 7
N 47
M 5 7
(Agriculture)
&
43% > 7
&
43% > 7
&
43% > 7
&
43% > 7
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
) 4L 7
M +4 4 !
) 4L 7
M +4 4 !
) 4L 7
M +4 4 !
) 4L 7
M +4 4 !
-
-
-
-
) 8 5 &
4
) 8 5 &
4
) 8 5 &
4
) 8 5 &
4
(Aquaculture)
- * A)G( / ( +J
*- $ ? <
[
"
7 6 % &
4
7 6 % &
4
7 6 % &
4
7 6 % &
4
(Balneology)
&
4
&
4
&
4
&
4
M
M
M
M

19. N 47
M 5 7
N 47
M 5 7
N 47
M 5 7
N 47
M 5 7
(Agriculture)
E
E
E
E
) -
+) # * - $ ( b(- L ,
'
+(- *
5
+ 1
'
Greenhouses
5
$1 $ - 6
$ ? < - *"*
'
Vegetables
5
6
o+
'
Flowers
5
( O - *
'
5
'
Crops
5
F( - *
@
?(
- .
'
11
5

20. &
43% > 7
&
43% > 7
&
43% > 7
&
43% > 7
(Snow melting)
E
E
E
E
# * +, "*F( V % (. a-"* -", + % *
,N ";+, $, >
@
) 4L 7
M +4 4 ! 1
) 4L 7
M +4 4 ! 1
) 4L 7
M +4 4 ! 1
) 4L 7
M +4 4 ! 1
E
E
E
E
*
+ 1 $ <- 6"
(+%
?
)
+&
? - * ( $1 $ - 6
@
- * ( -" <
$1 $( - 6 $ ? - * ?(M " 2( , X*
" *
(
?(-"6$ - 6
'
Heat Exchanger
5
- (-"*$9 )G * < !
% "* )(M +6 ( $ - 6
+ * 3 / 1 (. )(
(- "* - - +(
" * % $ - 6 *$ + ; p * F * -P
(
-"6$ - 6
<
'
Fan Coils
5
( 3 +
*
$ - 6 !
+ 1
* <- 6 3
2
@
?(
- .
'
2
1
5
?(
- .
'
3
1
5
2(-"6$ - 6 (
Heat Exchanger
5
$ - 6
M +6
(
)
$ <- 6" *
+& ) ?(+% + 1
<- 6
*
? - * e
+;- "
$1 "* e*"*
$ - 6 ?) +6
+ 1 +,
"*
<- 6
+*
+;- $ - 6
"*
+ 1

21. GHP's
GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS
$1 $ - 6 ! F ( 6 I ?; - +6 (. "* N .
A (
'
eA
5
% $ - 6 ! ; -"6 (
N . ,
) - - 2* -P(-
2( - $ - 6
@
l
p - "1 "* "
-
$ - 6
, 9% - * , * ( I
@
- < <N *
" $ - 6$_ " *
'
GHP's
[
GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS
5
eA $ - 6 ! + F( +,
F(eA*-
+
'
"*
F?( #
g
"*
!
P ! $ - 6
5
- . ?( /
'
5
- , (
@
( - -
$1 "*L( , ;
F * I "1 U +6 - . $ - 6 ! $ - 6$9( ! ?( 6
@
" $ - 6$_
'
GHP's
5
$9(-+
'
( *
$
5
1
( , , $ ( !
% (
- + ( / 1 (. )( 1 (-"*
+ % *
$ +) ( $("
@
)G <
*
- I *p *F
- "* ( <- 6"*
@
<- 6
<- 6
<- 6
<- 6
'
'
'
'
Heating
05
05
05
05
" * $ - 6
$ - 6 (-"* !
% + $ - 6 !
!
% "* )(M +6
- . "* )(M +6 ( $ - 6 ! + 1 "* -+ " *
@
-
-
-
-
'
'
'
'
Cooling
05
05
05
05
- * ( $ - 6 ! I L ,
'
- 6
5
(M +6 - . $ - 6 !
"* )
-+ !
%
'
*
5
"* )(M +6 ( $ - 6 %
@
?(
- .
'
4
1
5
+& ) ?(+% + 1 $ <- 6
? - * e* <- 6
(
$ - 6
?(-"6
+;- "
e*"*
$1 "*

22. GHP's
!
"
#
$
%
&
' (
)
?(
- .
'
5
1
5
33C
-6 C
22 C
22 C
13 C
13 C
$ - 6$_
'
GHP's
5
2( -
$ - 6$_
'
GHP's
5
) -
?( -
$ - 6
* " (
)
(. "* )(M +6 % - .
) -
$ - 6
(. )* " (
- . "* )(M +6 %
-"
$ -+
$ - 6$_
(.
'
GHP's
5
Heat pump ground loops
GHP – Geothermal Heat Pump
< ( -"
0
" -+
< -"
0
$ +) -+
< (8 -"
0
-+
$ k
< - +; -"
0
-+
$A?( _

23. 7 6 % &
4
7 6 % &
4
7 6 % &
4
7 6 % &
4
(Balneology)
E
E
E
E
$
6 (
-
'
Hot Springs
5
"*
-+
? - * 9 + $ -
@
a $1 $ - 6
- 6 ( $ F( , - - )( $)% $ ( + % *2(+% L(
'
Hot Springs
5
@
&
4
&
4
&
4
&
4
5
5
5
5
#
#
#
#
'
'
'
'
) 8
) 8
) 8
) 8
(Aquaculture)
E
E
E
E
% 6$, < - ( - A(- a $1 $ - 6
- ?(
F
F
F
F
(
/
$
$
'
fish
5
*-
'
shrimp
5
'
5
'
abalone
5
k GO ,
'
alligators
5
@
?(
- .
'
6
1
5
?(
- .
'
7
1
5

24. &
4% !)
&
4% !)
&
4% !)
&
4% !)
+D !
+D !
+D !
+D !
HOW ELECTRICITY IS GENERATED BY USING GEOTHERMAL ENERGY?
e*
( ( + % < *
$ A)G(
$ ? < - *
*-
$O3
"1 ) - - 6
C ?( - * (. - + 1 n
9(P
8?(-+ ?*-",
8 ?( < - * *-
@
- 6
e* " * $1 "* )(- 6 +, - *
'
Injection Well
5
)*<- 6 - * "*
"*
)?q "1 / )
b(-
- +1 n
)* < )?q
@
F(- e*-"
F(- e*-"
F(- e*-"
F(- e*-"
0
00
0
< (
< (
< (
< (
0
0
0
0
'
? < - * e*
[
<- 6
[
Production Well
5
e*<
F( - (. - +1 n
9(- ( $9 ) * "*F( - *
@
<
<
<
<
0
0
0
0
'
e*
+;-
[
-
[
Injection Well
5
e*<
) - +, - *
(.
F(
"*
)*<- 6 - *
)*b(- - +1 n $ , )?q "1 / )
@
?(
- .
'
8
1
5
?(
- .
'
9
1
5
<- 6
? - * e*
+;- "
$1 "* e*"*
!
%
[
$O3
*-
(
?(-"6$ - 6
- ? < - *
2( *-",

25. %
& " # ' ( ) #
$
-" 8
G(
* *- $ ? < - * A)
"
"
3
(
@
$9 ? ,
9
*
-
!
$ - 6
- +fA $ )
'
B , V
5
6
-
@
There are three kinds of geothermal power plants. The kind we build depends on the
temperatures and pressures of a reservoir.
1
1
1
1
E
E
E
E
KN5 37
^
KN5 37
^
KN5 37
^
KN5 37
^
#
#
#
#
Dry Steam Power Plants
E'
E'
E'
E'
-+fA
A "dry '" steam
F ?( < - *L O3
$ ( b(-
-
<
( ,
@
"1 ) -
O3
9%
/ (-"* *
A)G( )(
F *< - & *- C ?(-+G& ?( *-", F( +,
@
-" <
2(M "
*- $ ? < - *"* 3 " A)G(
- 6 $ N+ "*F *- *$ ,+ 8* *
@
A)G( I ( A)G( -" < +J
" ( ->
'
Lardarello
5
$3 3)
I )G , ?, ?*
( -
@
2( , - 6
A)G(
*- $ ? < - *
L% $O3 -"
$3
)(
'
5
^
"9G G r -+ *
@
<
-"
. $9 !
( * , - ( A)G(
(+
+* +&
b
@
?(
- .
'
20
5
- *
)( - ?
2( *-",
<- 6
? - * e*
-
+;-
e* *
$1 "* ?( - * ?;
b - < ( "*
(>
< ( Q3) " ( -> ; -"? e %
(. $ - 6 - 9 V,
< - * "* - U
*- $ ?
/ ( , - +*I
"*
2, 6- +
( h+
@

26. F
F
F
F
1 !
1 !
1 !
1 !
#
#
#
#
! &
4G3 8
! &
4G3 8
! &
4G3 8
! &
4G3 8
'
'
'
'
#
#
#
#
Flash Steam Power Plants
'
'
'
'
E
E
E
E
F
F
F
F
- 6
( $1
A
$
- + 1
!
( $ - 6
+
'
300 - 700 degrees F
5
(
'
,
!
P !
(
5
? < - * e * - 6 !
% L ,
)( ?
-
, ) -
" $ ( $9
'
separator
5
F(
- G (
'
flash
5
d3 )*
(-"* *
2( *-", ) -
'
turbine
5
" *l ( F(
? * ?9 9 )# %
F ?( < - * *- - )( -
@
(
?
- .
'
21
5
- *
)( - ?
2( *-",
<- 6
? - * e*
-
+;-
e* *
$1 "*
?( - * ?;
$9 ,
I s#

27. F
F
F
F
1 5
1 5
1 5
1 5
#
#
#
#
Binary-Cycle Power Plants
'
'
'
'
E
E
E
E
<
- +1 " ; $ - 6 ! -"
'
!
F( #
!
P !
5
+ (
'
,
!
F( #
,
!
P !
5
$O3 , ( $ , I ( ! <
'
flash
5
FG(+
9* F -
@
+
<
I ( !
F(e6 -
,
* F - FG(+ $O3
9
F(
A)G(
$
'
"binary" power plant
5
% ( $ - 6
" !
" *
?(-"6 $ - 6 (
'
heat exchanger
5
< !
% "* )(M +6
'
second (binary) liquid
5
$ ( * (
( 1
d3 )*
*
2( *-", ) - (-"*
'
turbine
5
9 )# % " * l ( F(
F ?( < - * *- - )( - ? * ?9
@
1 *<
=
(
+;- $
( $
"*
@
* $ ( %
- *
2 8 -" 3 " ;
- +1 ( $ - 6 ! 9 +;
'
!
F( #
!
P !
@5
?(
- .
'
22
5
?(-"6$ - 6 (
!
% 6
- *
)( - ?
2( *-",
<- 6
? - * e*
-
+;-
e* *
$1 "*
?( - * ?;

28. e
e
e
e
*
+
,
-
Advantages
f
f
f
f
[
0
-"1 */ - *- $ ? < - *"* " $ A)G(
@
FG(+
F( - * - !
("* / FG (+ $O3 $ "*F *- *$ ,+
@
=
L ( 4 -"
" )&* -
I $ <- 6 $ B
@
[
#
0
M " L , A - "*FG(+ - * -
A)G(
*
"9 % - ( $ - * - *$)G(+ $9 +; - $ ,+
/
( $ ,+ $9 ,
$
- - ;
@@@@@@@
( $ )
@
[
.
,
0
- $( b(- * 2( P( *- $ ? < - *"* " $ A)G(
+, 6 $% *$ ( ;- 9 +;
@
F ( A* ? < - *$ , / 6- *F +,
( $)% , -
2 ( $ ,+ ;- A(- - ) #
@
[
/
*
/
$
$
0
1
F ( 9* ( ? < - * ( F( +,
*- * O )G(+ L ,
F *
@
[
*
!
&
,
$
1
,N "* , - 6I $ ,+ $?( *FG(+
- *
F * ? < - *$% - - - A(- $ ,+ $1 $ P
@
?(
- .
'
23
5

29. e
e
e
e
#
+
,
-
Disadvantages
f
f
f
f
t ( a- ( $ +;"* -
N "
'
$1
5
!
% -"
(Liquid)
$ -+1 +,
( $ - 6 ! $( b(- $ ( + % * M 1 (
'
P
5
'
* I
- *- $ ? < - *"* U +6 ( $O3 - !
("* 6 $ - - *
5
$ ( $ *
L ?( "
'
Thermodynamics
5
+ + * $ - - ( - 6 ? $) +;
*- $ ? < - *
@
$; e# * ( $ - 6
'
P ( $ - 6 !
5
"*
(
, (
*
L O(- $ <- 6 - $% ( ( %+% 3 / +J "* F( ? - * ( $3 "1 ? -
@
( $1 * ( +( ( A?(. - A(-
@
ZZZZ
g
g
g
g
$ A)G( $ ?, ?* $1 $ - 6 *p +( )%
"
$ ( + % *
- A(- $&!
- *- $O(- $ +*eA -
$ )G * ) +( $ - $ ( + % *
$1 P *$ - 6
@
<- 6 L% - * %, "*F( - _,
(Hot-Dry-Rock)
M
,
+*
@
]
]
]
]
g
g
g
g
L% $O3 $ A)G(
'
Dry steam power plants
5
- 6 !
% (
'
Flash steam power plants
5
"*- G " " <P $9 ) *
'
Carbon dioxide
5
L(M G "
'
Nitric oxide
5
F(T
'
Sulfur
5
b(- *2?(- -
m'
5
6 - - * *
- ! "# * A)G(
L , <N *
- - ; ( $ )G
'
Emissions-Controlling Systems
5
) - 1 * ( < F(
M "* )( < ( b(- $1 - *F(
m'
5
6 - - * *I
* A)G(
- ! "#
@
`
`
`
`
g
g
g
g
u +, ; $1 $ - 6 ;-
$9
+ / 2 1 * ( - ( , $ ? ,
'
Mercury
5
v -
'
Arsenic
5
"O )
'
Antimony
@@@ 5
)
@
# F ;- L , ( ,
- * - )(- *
( -+1 $93 * $ +*B " )*
@
($
($
($
($
/ ( ; "* *$ - 6F +, " $ ?(+% -
- ( $9 ?(+% ; $wV $ ( + % *
2(P( O)G )( t ?(+% < + ?&*- (
t #- *$9(- *- "*
+* 1 ( +* 9(- ( $ ( ?(+% < 9 ,
( - ( $ ( - * V "* +&(+ +,
@
$ +*< ( $ +; " $?(+% $ , r L ( - , L( I
(
P * -
@
+ $,N $ ( $3 " A)G( 2(M " < +J "*
'
Wairakei
Power Station
5
N *- $ - *
'
D
5
A
'
1.5 TWh per year
5
<N * +*
)G
'
D
5
N , A
'
1.3 TWh per year
@5

30. $
%
2 (
/ 3
*-
, $3 " $ ;
(
?(+% &( , *
29(P
;
x
3
y
6
2(
"Ring of Fire"
z
$ 6 $ ( + % * ) -+ C ?* ?( /
; )(
x
2( 6 y 3
"Ring of Fire"
z
) -+ . - -+% *
'
$O(-
) -+
5
)( 6 l (
("*
(eA*- ( + F( +,
*- $ ? < - *"*F
@
?(
.
-
'
24
5
i

31. * + , ( +- .
$
$
$
$
These and other methods are used
@
$)(> , ?( *
% ?( $?, 6
@
@
-+* ?(+% - ?3
"9
@
@
1
$ ? 1 / 1 $ , 9
@
@
$ ? 1 O + -
@
@
$ ? 1 (P # + -
@
@
( N+V (. $ - 6 ! $? $, ;
@
$ - 6 !
-
*"!
*
)
3
+V
,
"!
*$
?(
- .
'
25
5

32. < ( A(-
< ( A(-
< ( A(-
< ( A(-
0
0
0
0
$1 $( - 6 + - $?
$?, 6 $)(> , ?( *
% ?(
@
< A(-
< A(-
< A(-
< A(-
0
0
0
0
$ - $ ( A3* -+* ?(+%
( $1 $( - 6
@
.
?(
- .
'
26
5
% ?( $?, 6 $)(> , ?(
?(
- .
'
27
5
C _!
#$,N "( $1 % ( ?( <
$3
@

33. $ ? 1 $ ( + -
( $ -"* O(-
?(+1
( A3* eA , $
$ +*"* - $
$1
@
$ 1 % - ?*$ ?O3 ;- /
'
"("{
"6- 9
El Hoyo, Nicaragua
@5
F - - $ O(- - M - - $ &( i , 9 $ ? 1 + %
$1 $? "* - " +*
@
- Steaming hillside in El Hoyo, Nicaragua.
?(
- .
'
28
5
$ - *
$ ( 9 V, - -
" $ +*$? "*2% * ,
@

34. < ( 8 A(-
< ( 8 A(-
< ( 8 A(-
< ( 8 A(-
0
0
0
0
$ ? 1 / 1 $ , 9 1
$ - $ ( A3* -+* ?(+%
$1 $( - 6
(
@
2( n - * , - * -"
@
< Y? < - +; A(-
< Y? < - +; A(-
< Y? < - +; A(-
< Y? < - +; A(-
0
0
0
0
" ,
1 (P # O + -
$ ?
'
/
$( *- + -
$G , ?6+
O
- +*
5
2( $1 $ +* A3*
@
?(
- .
'
29
5
?(
- .
'
30
5

35. " ,
?) -" -" A(- - 9 % $ ? 1 (P # O + -
@
- - ( *
$ ( - % ? 1 "*
e*
9* - ( F * $?(+% ,
@
?(
- .
'
31
5

36. A(-
A(-
A(-
A(-
< % %
< % %
< % %
< % %
0
0
0
0
" ,
9* - ( e*$3
+V $( - 6 , ) - I *$9( 9 - - 6 !
(. - +fA ?( A3* -
(
@
$3
+V 6 , - 6 ! +* - *
" $)?( ( 6F( , $
'
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT
5
"*L ?(+% I
F(- -"6 - , $9 ?(+%
@
?(
- .
'
32
5
)
l
'
PRESSURE
5
?; - - +;
- *
V 6 , $1 $ ?(
+
N
(
- * $
)*
@
- 6 !
-" 6 | (- , )
?( - * ?;
@
m
m
m
m
m
m
/ ( +J
/ ( +J
/ ( +J
/ ( +J
- 93 $9 +
- 93 $9 +
- 93 $9 +
- 93 $9 +
" $ ; L (
" $ ; L (
" $ ; L (
" $ ; L (
+ (. $ - 6 !
+ (. $ - 6 !
+ (. $ - 6 !
+ (. $ - 6 !
$ - 6 !
)
-
*"!
*
,
"!
*$3
+V
$ - 6 !
-
*"!
*
)
,
"!
*$3
+V
( ) $ - 6 ! - (- A(- - * 6 -" ) $ - 6 ! $ +*I *

37. #
! "
&
/ #
$
$
$
$
; < +) 931
2
$ A)G( +, < - * *- +
23 "
.
*- - *
$ ;
<
( ,
)G
'
5
N
- "* ( < +
$) *
F( - *
@
"1 ) - $ ( + % *
'
5
N
F( - *
*"*
-
$ ? <
*-
, (
'
$,N
5
( < +
'
5
, $,N
F( - * , $) * "*
/
- >
'
5
9 .
@
; +J ( ) 1 <
; +J ( ) 1 <
; +J ( ) 1 <
; +J ( ) 1 <
- ?( 1 L ,N
- ?( 1 L ,N
- ?( 1 L ,N
- ?( 1 L ,N
0
0
0
0
)*
+
,- -
.
MW
/
,- - 0 +
.
%
/
,'1
9(-
3000 MW
&
2020 MW
C _!
#
1930 MW
%16
$) 6 *-
L G
959.5 MW
?
%25
$) 6 *-
!
G
%19.1
$) 6 *-
*+
1000 MW
a ) 1
- .
'
5
?(
- .
'
33
5

38. ! &
! &
! &
! &
9(- $ +, A ( ,N
F( ?* 1 $ ( % 6
< - *
$ ?
*-
" $ A)G(
$ 3 +
"*
.
*
'
2800MW
5
+, < - * *-
9(P
'
5
2* + $ $,N
@
$,- ;
- .
'
4
5
% 6
$ A)G( *-
9(- $ +, A ( ,N "
?(
- .
'
34
5
$3 ?,"
,N "
$ +, A (
9(-
? - *"1 ) - " $ A)G( *-
"1 ) -
? - *
$
"

39. ;
,-
$
- .
'
5
9(- $ +, A ( ,N
F( ?* +&(+ < - $ ? - *
"*
$ ? < - *
*-
- - * *
6
,N +, < - * < -
@
- . $,- ;
'
5
9(- $ +, A ( ,N $G( A "
$3
"* 9 1- , +*
*-
'
+&(+
- ^% $ ,+
$
5
* *
'
5
-> " !
<
*
'
5
-> " !
"*
+&(+
b(-
m'
5
-
@
$ ( % 6 F ( 6 I
+&(+ ) - * ( I *
@
$,- ;
- .
'
5
5
$,- ;
- .
'
6
5

40. !
G
'
Iceland
5
$,N
!
G
? < - * F( ?* 1 $ ( % 6
*- $
$ 3 + " $ A)G(
"*
.
*
'
b(- *
%19.1
$) 6 *-
5
< - * *-
F ?(
@
$,- ;
- .
'
7
5
?(
- .
'
35
5
$,N
!
G
- (+6 *

41. "
.
New Zealand
/
$9 ,N -
+ /
, ;
< - $
$ ;-
*- $ ? < - *
$,N
+
"
- - ( $ ( ;- /
@
2 $
0 +
Percentage
Sources
No.
^% $ ,+
36.0%
Oil
1
4
21.0%
Gas
2
12.7%
Hydro
3
+31
12.0%
Coal
4
"
11.1%
Geothermal
5
, +*h+
7.2%
Other Renewable
6
$) 6
$) 6
$) 6
$) 6
100.00%
Total
a ) 1
- .
'
3
5
$,- ;
- .
'
8
5
?(
- .
'
36
5
$?(+%
+
1

42. 3
.
Japan
/
*-
'
CTRICITY
ELE
5
( + % < * *( $,N
0
@
@
@
@
< - * *
< - * *
< - * *
< - * *
(Electric Generation Capacity (1/1/99E): 226 GW)
@
@
@
@
@
? < - *
? < - *
? < - *
? < - *
(Electricity Production (1999E): 1,018 billion kilowatt hours)
@
@
@
@
@
* $ ;-
* $ ;-
* $ ;-
* $ ;-
'
'
'
'
$ - 6
$ - 6
$ - 6
$ - 6
- k
- k
- k
- k
[
[[
[
Thermal: 59%
$
$
$
$
[
Nuclear: 30%
[
Hydro: 8%
+&(+
+&(+
+&(+
+&(+
[
Other renewable: <3%
5
@
"
"
"
"
0000
-% $ * " . $,N " $ A)G( *- $ ? < - * *
-% $ * " . $,N " $ A)G( *- $ ? < - * *
-% $ * " . $,N " $ A)G( *- $ ? < - * *
-% $ * " . $,N " $ A)G( *- $ ? < - * *
$3 9( -%
$3 9( -%
$3 9( -%
$3 9( -%
@
@@
@
GEOTHERMAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION
456
456
456
456
!
MW
City & District
-"
50.0
Mori
$ +
50.0
Sumikawa
"
80.0
Kakkonda
,"?(
28.8
Uenotai
$*"9 "
25.0
Onikobe
P( (
[
( Q
65.0
Yanaizu-Nishiyama
7
,"
13.0
Otake
8
- *";
110.0
Hatchobaru
9
6 (
30.0
Yamagawa
e6"
30.0
Ogiri
$ A ,
25.0
Takigami
"
10.0
Onuma
+ +,
23.5
Matsukawa
" " "
3.0
Suginoi
^ ," a + " O (e
0.1
Kirishima Kokusai Hotel
"("? ,
0.2
Takenoyu
O "Y
3.3
Hachijojima
$) 6
$) 6
$) 6
$) 6
546.9
Total
?(
- .
'
37
5
a ) 1
- .
'
4
5

43. #
! "
&
0
0
0
0
1 +
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
$
,
$ +H
< - * *-
" $ A)G( +,
; $ *
- . $,
'
5
$3
.
9 , i "! / ( "* )
- - * *
$3
.
/ ( "* )
9 , i "!
"* )* L(P +,
F
$ +H , $ (." ? , $?, 9 " *
-"6 ( -
(Runing Cost or Variable Capital)
.
I
F ( 6
) - *
A)G( < $ F -
)G(+
F( ?* A
( A?(. $) ,
@
- . $, ;
'
5
$ +H ,
-"6 ( -
(Constant Capital Cost)
< - * *-
+,
-" 8 -
" $ A)G(
, -
@
-+1 ( + % < *
0
@
< ( -"
(Flashed Steam)
$ +H ,
-"6 ( -
M -
@
@
< -"
(Binary)
$ +H ,
-"6 ( -
( -" < <N *< ( -" M 6 L
, $ -" , X*-
@
@
< ( 8 -"
(Hot Dry Rock)
$ +H ,
-"6 ( -
6-
@
$,- ;
- .
'
9
5
" $ +H ,
9
,
i
"!
/
(
"*F
0
$,- ;
- .
'
10
5
$ +H ,
( -
"
< ( 8 -"
< -"
< ( -"
*
+H
,
*
>
"!
/
(
"*-
0

44. / / ( ;- ; C )( * +&(+
'
$1 $ - 6 t t $ " % t t *t-"1
5
$ ;- "* -" # ,N ( ) -+ - I <
;
$
;-
! +#
(Fossil)
;
$
+&(+ ;-
(Renewable)
M% *$G ; 3k I "1 A I t
"*
-
,
*- $
) -+ $O(-
- )(
A)G( $ "*
*- $ ? < - *$
$ s
* / ( ) - *2*}(- ,
U V
$
F *- _, 31 $
0
[
< (
< (
< (
< (
0
0
0
0
"*C *I ?3 F * $ +* ) -+ F */ ( ;- $ ? < - * ;-
O) +,
$
- - A(- (. F *
F *
@
<
<
<
<
0
0
0
0
*- $ ? < - *$ A)G(
I $ <- 6 - F * (- A(- 2* A?(. $)
,N / 1 / -"1 $ B
@
$
$
$
$
< (
< (
< (
< (
0
0
0
0
G(+
)
$9( - )
-+*
"* 2*- +
, ?*
$ ?
) -+ A)G(
@
4 "V <
+*
- )9 "* C *
*-
'
+*
&( , $,- t - - V - t +9k
5
U +6
A)G( 2(M% *$ "*F( 9*
@
*
!
4 "V< < (
( .
A +&(+ 9 % * - -
F( "*
, - -
+* *- $, - . < t
$) * "* ( (> #$ + - ( -
% 6 $ $, -
+)
% - +6
-"6 , ( - +6 P1 "* $,
% - 9
s t -
+&(+ - +* - $ A
? P(- $%"1 F A
+; t
9
N . - $?) - A?(. $?) -
- - ,
) -+ $)% $%+, +,
F *
@
<
,
eA) *$)G(+ d(- *- $, -
#$ C * ( 2, 6- *
C * ) -+ "* *- ;-
@
- *$ -
- - ( $, ( - *+(
+&(+
d(- *- $, -
t
$ -
-
+&(+ - +*
#) <
( - * ( 1b(- $9 -
1 A +*
)G(+
- $ ( ,
6$ (+ -
$ - +*< - eA)
+&(+
+, $ *+ , 9*
2( 9*- - +*
- 6
2( :
@
( $ ( b ) -+ +&(+
( $ ( b ) -+ +&(+
( $ ( b ) -+ +&(+
( $ ( b ) -+ +&(+
0
0
0
0
+J "*
'
*
K *-
5
?,"
3
6 - $
F(-
"*
*-
@
<
) 1
< - * *- (" * ) -+ $O(- t - , 1 A)G( - +1
F( ?
@
- .
A)G(
+,
'
MW
5
$ ,+ -"
- A
~
- - (
$ O !
'
5
K *-
~
- - (
$ O !
'
K *-
5
a ) 1
- .
'
5
5

45. < +J
'
(- *- - - ( A)G( -
5
*- $, -
- - ( A)G( -
*-
V (-
+ ";
.
)( (- *- $ +H* - - ( . t
"; V
$3
'
[
5
F -
t
*
'
5
*- "!
F( ? < - * . -
@
"* *- ( . <
, (
'
5
C * -
@
x
0
0
0 2 " 3
0
0
0
@z
( - - ( . < ( 8 +J
F( $ & $ *( - V - /+
@
/+ ( .
-
F(- - 6$( - * -
< - * +, t
$ ?
'
5
( *- A
A(- . t
"
- * *F(- < U /+H* $9(- &
'
5
- * ,
'
5
, t ( ; Y ,
$) * "* *
$ - &
F(e6- + +
t
*
'
Run-Of-River
5
-
A?(.
$r , A - A(- ( $(
@
,-" -
$O(- $, +9k A?(. $, - (> I
- - ) -+
-
( . < ( t
?(- -
$ ? < - * "* ?% ;
F - ) -+ $O(- *-
F(
"*I . $ - $ , t
M
'
5
3
@
x
" 3
0
0
0 2
0
0
0
z
-
td(- *- $, - +&(+ - - ( $, ( - *+(- *
- s
+ "*
$ ;- L ( / -"1 2, 6-
9 V, / , - t +&(+
;- +
l (-"1
)( 9* F(eA*-
- <- 6 $ ? - *
-"1 *
-
$ A 6
( -
% $ O ) *- - $9( * 9 +; t
( $ +U $, ( - L - *tF(
* ,N - & - # $ - *F * -
-"1 * - <- 6 $ < U "
- *- * - <- 6$, 6
@
x
0
0
0 2 " 3
0
0
0
z
g
sarbast_engineer@yahoo.com
?(
- .
'
8
3
5
( )
4 5 * &

46. 0
0
0
0
0
0
'
6
, $
, F *
F( 9* +&(+ $ - +*F 6 ?3
"9
*F( 9*$ -
$)G ;- $ C *
? - W+1 - +* $)G - # $ C *
- F( 9*
< - $(+ $)G N
F *$
@
'
6
/ ( b
?3
"9 $ $)%- - - + "*F( 9*-
"1 A +* ,
F( A*
@
0
0
0
7
0
0
'
6
- _, - + */ ( ?3
"9 -
F( 9*"*$ ) 6
/ , F( 9& - . e,
;-
(
/
F( ? *- *
- < -
2* + $
@
g
com
.
yahoo
@
engineer
_
sarbast
:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Kg SKE
Kcal
KJ
KWH
Unit
1
KWh
1
KJ
1
Kcal
1 Kg
SKE
'
SKE
5
2( - * +31 ( )( *
@
103
Kilo
K
106
Mega
M
109
Giga
G
1012
Tera
T
1015
Petra
P
1018
Exa
E
a ) 1
- .
'
6
5

47. A)) U.S. Department of Energy (Geothermal Energy Technical Site):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power
http://geothermal.id.doe.gov
B))
! " # $
%
& ' ( ) #
*
+ , # - # . /, & 0
1
2
3
4
5 0
6
7 4
# 8#
9 & # - + & "
1
3
:-
5
3
- ##
" ;
3
<
+ 1 ) # # # 2 =
>
+&
?@
(
A B ?=
4 C + D & ) - # " #

48. ! "
#
Contain / -
NO. Subject Page - > ** .
Directed to II II * % 9
2 Thanks III III C P € + 2
3 Preface IV IV L _)
'
,
5
- 3
4 KRG Logo V V "6"
) -+ $O(- $, +9k 4
5 Introduction 1 1 $ 5
6 Renewable Energy +&(+ $ ;- 6
Geothermal Energy Facts $1 Q( - 6 -
What does the word "geothermal"
mean?
$1 Q( - 6 a % F *
• ( $;
What is geothermal energy? $; $1 Q( - 6 F *
• (
How does geothermal heat get up to
earth's surface?
)( ? * $1 F( +, ";
• - -
How have people used geothermal
energy in the past?
$, ( "; *-
'
$931
5
- *$ ( $)G( "* $1
• ?
How do we use geothermal energy
today?
* "; " - <
•C ?( -
Purpose use of geothermal energy. " $ ? - *$ ) *
Electricity. *-
@
Agriculture@ $3 +) $ - *$) *
@
Snow melting. 14 14 +A, P1 $) *
@
City heating. 14 14 +& ) $?(+% + 1 $ <- 6"*
@
Ghp's [ geothermal heat pumps@ " $ - 6$_
@
Balneology@ $) - , - +*
@
Aquaculture - * - +*
'
5
(
@
How electricity is generated using
geothermal energy?
*- F( +, ";
•F( ? *F * "
Three kinds of geothermal power plants. $ ? < - * A)G( -" 8
( " *-
@
First: Dry Steam Power Plants@ ( -"
<
0
L% $O3 A)G(
Second: Flash Steam Power Plants < -"
0
- 6 - +fA
@
Third: Binary-Cycle Power Plants@ < $ -"
0
'
Binary-Cycle Power Plants
5
@
Advantages @ +
" $ A)G( $ (
Disadvantages@ (
" $ A)G( $
@
Ring of fire in the world. - 6 ;
@

49. Geothermal exploration
surveys.
+ - $? "*/ ( A(- ;
6
$1 $( -
@
Satellite imagery and aerial
photography. 26 26
< ( A(-
0
$?, 6 $)(> , ?( *
% ?(
@
Volcanological studies.
26 26
< A(-
0
?(+% - ?3
"9
-+*
@
Geologic and structural mapping.
28 28
< ( 8 A(-
:
/ 1 $ , 9 1
$ ? 1
@
Geochemical surveys. 28 28 A(-
< - +;
0
$ ? 1 O + -
@
Geophysical surveys. 28 28 A(-
< Y?
0
$ ? 1 (P # + -
@
Temperature gradient hole drilling. < % % A(-
0
$ - 6 ! $? $, ;
( N+V (.
@
Use geothermal in the whole world. " $ ? - *
United State of America. 32 32 9(-
@
Iceland. 34 34 !
G
.
New Zealand. 35 35 +
@
Japan@ " .
@
Geothermal energy cost@ 37 37 ( -+ * - "
@
Conclusion 38 38 < U -
@
43 Suggestion - ?
. 43
44 Symbols and scales of energy $ + $ - + O
@ 44
45 References & Sources ;-
@ 45
Contain F
@
Brief history about editor: -
;
9( (
:

50. :
+7
63
2
!
8
,
! " !
# $ !
%%
!
& '
(
%%
) !
#
99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
999999999999999999999
&
: &
E-mail Address: sarbast_engineer@yahoo.com
sarbastara@gmail.com
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
+*<
( f9(- <
0
55
) -+ $ - ( $) (
$ O ! $y
b
[
[
55
$
"? $ 9 *$?_
-+ W 6 (
) -+ a ) "
[
[
55
Q +;- a 3 "
9(
[
i
(JICA Alumni Association – IRAQ (JAAI))
$ *( $, 3 + $A $G .
'
9(
5
(JICA-Japan International cooperation Agency)
b
[
[
4 * - % $ - 6 - *
*( $,N $, - #
@
( )
4 8 (

51. Kurdistan Regional Government-Iraq
Ministry of Electricity
General Directorate of Electricity of Suleimaniyah
Directorate of Electricity production
Technical Department