1. ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺮاض‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬
‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎت‬ ‫وﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺑﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر‬‫ﻋﺒﺪاﷲ‬‫اﻟﻬﺪﻳﺐ‬
Dr Alhudaib
II

2. ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬
Dr Alhudaib
‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫وﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺲ‬ ‫أن‬)Taxonomy(‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬:
Classification
‫واﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫وهﻮ‬
Nomenclature
‫اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬
)IJSEM(/http://ijs.sgmjournals.org
Identification
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮف‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬

3. Universal phylogenetic tree as determined from
comparative ribosomal RNA sequencing.
Dr Alhudaib

4. ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺲ‬:
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﺎهﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬)Macroscopic Morphology(
‫اﻟﻘﻮام‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮات‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫أﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫وﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬
‫واﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎت‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺗﺄﺛﺮاهﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫وﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬
Dr Alhudaib

5. ‫اﻟﻈﺎهﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ‬)Morphology Microscopic(
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬ ،‫ﺟﺮام‬ ‫ﺻﺒﻐﺔ‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪهﺎ‬‫اﻷﺳﻮاط‬‫واﻷهﺪاب‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪار‬ ،..‫اﻟﺦ‬
Dr Alhudaib

6. ‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﻮآﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬‫واﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬
)Physiological & Biochemical Characters(
‫واﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬
‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎدات‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫واﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬..‫اﻟﺦ‬
Dr Alhudaib

7. ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬)Chemical Analysis(
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺒﺘﻴﺪات‬‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺪار‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫اﻟﻠﻴﺒﻴﺪات‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬.
Dr Alhudaib

8. ‫وﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬)Serological Analysis(
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪدة‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎدة‬ ‫أﺟﺴﺎم‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮوي‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬DNA‫اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫وﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎض‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬.‫اﻟﺘﻬﺠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬ ‫وﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
Hybridization‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.
Dr Alhudaib

9. Dr Alhudaib

10. ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫وأﻳﻀﺎ‬‫اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮوي‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺾ‬Ribosomal
RNA‫ﻣﺪى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻻﺋﻞ‬ ‫اﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮﺑﻰ‬ ‫ودرﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻄﻮرﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫اﻷﻓﺮاد‬.‫ان‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮوف‬ ‫هﻮ‬ ‫آﻤﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮم‬
‫ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬
‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎض‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻆ‬‫اﻻﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
)‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬‫اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬(‫اﻟﺤﻤﺾ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮوي‬rRNA.‫اﻟﺤﻤﺾ‬ ‫هﺬا‬ ‫وﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫وﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬Species.
Dr Alhudaib

11. ‫اﻟﻨﻮوي‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺾ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬rRNA
‫اﻟﻨﻮوي‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺾ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮوف‬ ‫هﻮ‬ ‫آﻤﺎ‬DNA or RNA‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮي‬
)‫ﺳﻜﺮ‬‫ﺧﻤﺎس‬+‫ﻓﺴﻔﻮر‬+‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬)‫اﻻدﻧﻴﻦ‬-‫ﺛﻴﻤﻴﻦ‬‫وﺟﻮاﻧﻴﻦ‬-‫ﺳﻴﺘﻮزﻳﻦ‬((
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﻘﻴﺎس‬‫اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﻴﻦ‬‫واﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮزﻳﻦ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫هﻮ‬ ‫آﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬:
GC ratios = G+C÷(G+C+A+T) X 100
‫ﺗﻘﺎرب‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫دل‬ ‫آﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫هﺬﻩ‬ ‫آﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫وآﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫وﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎن‬ ‫هﺬان‬:
Erwinia GCr = 50-55%
Corynebacterium GCr = 70%
‫اﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬Pseudomonas GCr = 55-60%
‫اﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬Pseudomonas GCr = 59-67%
Dr Alhudaib

12. ‫ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬:
Pseudomonas
Xanthomonas
Xylella
Agrobacterium
Erwinia
Clavibacter
Streptomyces
Dr Alhudaib

13. ‫وﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬ ‫أﻣﺮاض‬Phytobacteriology
Erwin Smith (1853-1938)
‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﻣﺮاض‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫وﺻﻒ‬‫واﻋﺮاﺿﻬﺎ‬‫وﻋﺰﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺰﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺮق‬ ‫وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬.‫اﻣﺮاض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫وﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫هﻮ‬ ‫وﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎت‬
Thomas Burrill (1839-1916)
‫ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎرﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اﺛﺒﺖ‬)‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة‬ ‫اﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫اﻻوﻟﻲ‬(
Jan Wakker (1859-1927)
‫ﻓﺮوض‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اﺛﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أول‬ ‫آﺎن‬
‫آﻮخ‬Dr Alhudaib

14. ‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫وﻋﺰل‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬
Diagnosis of bacterial plant disease
•‫اﻟﺘﺒﻘﻌﺎت‬‫واﻟﻠﻔﺤﺎت‬
•‫اﻟﺘﺪرن‬‫واﻷورام‬
•‫اﻟﺬﺑﻮل‬
•‫اﻟﺘﻌﻔﻦ‬
•‫اﻟﺘﻘﺮح‬
Bacterial leaf spot & blight disease
Bacterial gall & tumor disease
Bacterial wilt disease
Bacterial rot disease
Bacterial canker disease
‫اﻻﻋﺮاض‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬
Dr Alhudaib

15. ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﺰل‬:
‫اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎرﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺰل‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫آﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎدات‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎرﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫وهﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎرﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬
Dr Alhudaib

16. ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺰرﻋﺔ‬:
‫اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫آﻠﻮﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬)Colony(‫واﺣﺪ‬
‫هﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬‫اﻟﻜﻠﻮﻧﻰ‬‫اﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺰرﻋﺔ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮر‬
‫اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺔ‬
Dr Alhudaib

17. ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫وﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬:
‫اهﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺮق‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬‫اﻟﺴﻴﺮوﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
immuno-fluorescence and ELISA‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮق‬ ‫وهﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮآﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎت‬)105-106
cells/ml(‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫وأﻳﻀﺎ‬.
DrAlhudaib

18. ‫اﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻃﺮق‬ ‫وهﻨﺎك‬:
‫وﻟﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺰرﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮف‬
‫ﺻﺒﻐﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬–‫او‬+
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬)4-37‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬(
‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬‫اﻟﺴﻴﺮوﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮق‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺴﺎم‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬)Monoclonal antibodies(
PCR
Real-time PCR
Dr Alhudaib

19. DrAlhudaib

20. Dr Alhudaib

21. Dr Alhudaib

22. DrAlhudaib

23. Dr Alhudaib

24. •‫آﻮخ‬ ‫ﻓﺮوض‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮض‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬
•‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻃﺮق‬ ‫واﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﺰل‬ ‫أﻋﺎدة‬
•‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫آﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫أﻋﺎدة‬
•‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮض‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫وأﻋﺪاد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫آﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬
Dr Alhudaib

25. www.bacterio.cict.fr/index.htmlhttp://
http://www.isppweb.org/names_bacterial_new2004.asp
www.dsmz.de/download/bactnom/bactname.pdfhttp://
=14www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/main.php?contentleft_idhttp://
Dr Alhudaib