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1. The document discusses basic genetics concepts including DNA, genes, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, inheritance patterns, and sex-linked traits. 2. Key concepts covered include discontinuous vs continuous variation, dominance, recessive traits, homozygous vs heterozygous genotypes, Mendel's laws of inheritance, and examples of genetic conditions. 3. The roles of DNA, genes, and chromosomes in heredity and determining traits are explained.
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Step‐by‐Step
Evolution
of
Vertebrate
Blood
Coagulation
Department
of
Biology,
Consortium
for
Evolutionary Studies
& Tri
Beta
Biological
Honor
Society, California
State
University,
Fresno
present:
Step‐by‐Step
Evolution
of
Vertebrate
Blood Coagulation
by
Dr. Russell F. Doolittle
Dept.
Chemistry
&
Biochemistry
and
Molecular
Biology
,
University
of
California,
San
Diego
Abstract
The availability of whole genome sequences for a variety of vertebrates is making it possible to reconstruct the step-by-step evolution of complex phenomena like blood coagulation, an event that in mammals involves the interplay of more than two dozen genetically encoded factors. Gene inventories for different organisms are revealing when during vertebrate evolution certain factors first made their appearance or, on occasion, disappeared from some lineages. The whole genome sequence databases of two protochordates and seven non-mammalian vertebrates were examined in search of some 20 genes known to be associated with blood clotting in mammals. No genuine orthologs were found in the protochordate genomes (sea squirt and amphioxus). As for vertebrates, although the jawless fish have genes for generating the thrombin-catalyzed conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, they lack several clotting factors, including two thought to be essential for the activation of thrombin in mammals. Fish in general lack genes for the “contact factor” proteases, the predecessor forms of which make their first appearance in tetrapods. The full complement of factors known to be operating in humans doesn’t occur until pouched marsupials (opossum), at least one key factor still being absent in egg-laying mammals like platypus.
On:
Friday,
January
29,
2010
At:
3:00‐‐‐4:00
PM
In:
Science
II,
Room
109
Genome
The genome is the total genetic material of an organism, including its genes and DNA sequences. It contains all the information needed to build and maintain an organism. The human genome contains around 3 billion DNA base pairs organized into 46 chromosomes. Studying genomes provides insight into an organism's development, traits, disease susceptibility, and evolutionary history. There are different types of genomes, including prokaryotic, eukaryotic, nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast genomes. The genome sequences reveal everything about an organism's life through the coding and regulation of genes.
RNase role in Plasmid maintenance (Hok sok - par systems)
This document discusses two plasmid maintenance systems: the Hok/Sok system in E. coli and the par system in Enterococcus faecalis. The Hok/Sok system uses the hok toxin gene and sok antitoxin RNA to prevent cell death if the plasmid is retained. If the plasmid is lost, the short-lived sok RNA is degraded and hok expression leads to cell death. The par system uses two overlapping RNA molecules, RNAI and RNAII, to inhibit translation of the toxic Fst protein as long as the plasmid is present. If the plasmid is lost, RNAII levels decrease and Fst toxin production occurs, killing the host cell. Both systems use toxin-antitoxin interactions
Genetic polymorphism
The document discusses genetic polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite that causes malaria. It defines key terms like locus, allele, and genome. It then describes different types of genetic polymorphisms like single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions and deletions (INDELs), and short tandem repeats (STRs). The document focuses on polymorphisms related to drug resistance in P. falciparum, discussing genes associated with resistance to chloroquine (pfcrt) and other antimalarial drugs, along with specific mutations in those genes linked to resistance.
Presentation by Alvin Ayala Highlighting Luminex Technology
The document outlines an experiment to determine the activation of a growth factor receptor (Factor X) in solid tumor cell lines using Luminex technology. Several tumor cell lines were screened for expression of the receptor via quantitative RT-PCR. HT-29 (colorectal) and FADU (head and neck) cell lines expressed the receptor and were chosen for further analysis. Stimulation of the cell lines with Factor X did not produce proliferation or demonstrate phosphorylation of the receptor via western blot. However, Luminex technology was able to detect downstream signaling through p-Akt in response to Factor X addition in the cell lines, showing it to be a more sensitive measure of receptor activation than other assays used.
Mutation
Mutation refers to any sudden change in hereditary material, such as changes to the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Mutations can occur during cell division, DNA replication, or when DNA is damaged by mutagens. There are two main types of mutagens - chemical mutagens like alkylating agents and acridine dyes, and physical/radiation mutagens like X-rays. Mutations can be classified based on their site (gene or chromosome), tissue origin (somatic or germline), cause (spontaneous or induced), and effect (silent, missense, nonsense, frameshift). Gene mutations include substitutions, deletions, insertions and can result in missense, silent, nonsense, or frameshift mutations,
Genetic polymorphism and It's Applications
Genetic polymorphism
Genetic polymorphism is the inheritance of a trait controlled by a single genetic locus with two alleles, in which the least common allele has a frequency of about 1% or greater. Genetic polymorphism is a difference in DNA sequence among individuals, groups, or populations.
Types of polymorphisms
Protein/enzyme polymorphisms
In the early days of human genetics, majority of polymorphisms were those associated with proteins and enzymes. To detect the polymorphism and a person’s genotype, one performed assays for the gene product, i.e., the protein or enzyme produced by the genetic blueprint.
DNA polymorphisms
The large class of polymorphisms are those that detect Slight variations at the level of DNA nucleotides.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms
A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a sequence of DNA on which humans vary by one and only one nucleotide . Because humans differ by one nucleotide per every thousand or so nucleotides, there are millions of SNPs scattered throughout the human genome.
Tandem repeat polymorphisms
A tandem repeat polymorphism consists of a series of nucleotides that are repeated in tandem (i.e., one time after another). The polymorphism consists of the number of repeats.
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) is a type in which organisms may be differentiated by analysis of patterns derived from cleavage of their DNA. If two organisms differ in the distance between sites of cleavage of a particular restriction endonuclease, the length of the fragments produced will differ when the DNA is digested with a restriction enzyme.
Applications of Genetic Polymorphism
The study of polymorphism has many uses in medicine, biological research, and law enforcement. Genetic diseases may be caused by a specific polymorphism. Scientists can look for these polymorphisms to determine if a person will develop the disease, or risks passing it on to his or her children.
Plasmid genetics
Plasmid genetics slide has basics of properties of plasmid, types, amplification, curing and plasmid incompatibility
Recommended
Step‐by‐Step
Evolution
of
Vertebrate
Blood
Coagulation
Department
of
Biology,
Consortium
for
Evolutionary Studies
& Tri
Beta
Biological
Honor
Society, California
State
University,
Fresno
present:
Step‐by‐Step
Evolution
of
Vertebrate
Blood Coagulation
by
Dr. Russell F. Doolittle
Dept.
Chemistry
&
Biochemistry
and
Molecular
Biology
,
University
of
California,
San
Diego
Abstract
The availability of whole genome sequences for a variety of vertebrates is making it possible to reconstruct the step-by-step evolution of complex phenomena like blood coagulation, an event that in mammals involves the interplay of more than two dozen genetically encoded factors. Gene inventories for different organisms are revealing when during vertebrate evolution certain factors first made their appearance or, on occasion, disappeared from some lineages. The whole genome sequence databases of two protochordates and seven non-mammalian vertebrates were examined in search of some 20 genes known to be associated with blood clotting in mammals. No genuine orthologs were found in the protochordate genomes (sea squirt and amphioxus). As for vertebrates, although the jawless fish have genes for generating the thrombin-catalyzed conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, they lack several clotting factors, including two thought to be essential for the activation of thrombin in mammals. Fish in general lack genes for the “contact factor” proteases, the predecessor forms of which make their first appearance in tetrapods. The full complement of factors known to be operating in humans doesn’t occur until pouched marsupials (opossum), at least one key factor still being absent in egg-laying mammals like platypus.
On:
Friday,
January
29,
2010
At:
3:00‐‐‐4:00
PM
In:
Science
II,
Room
109
Genome
The genome is the total genetic material of an organism, including its genes and DNA sequences. It contains all the information needed to build and maintain an organism. The human genome contains around 3 billion DNA base pairs organized into 46 chromosomes. Studying genomes provides insight into an organism's development, traits, disease susceptibility, and evolutionary history. There are different types of genomes, including prokaryotic, eukaryotic, nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast genomes. The genome sequences reveal everything about an organism's life through the coding and regulation of genes.
RNase role in Plasmid maintenance (Hok sok - par systems)
This document discusses two plasmid maintenance systems: the Hok/Sok system in E. coli and the par system in Enterococcus faecalis. The Hok/Sok system uses the hok toxin gene and sok antitoxin RNA to prevent cell death if the plasmid is retained. If the plasmid is lost, the short-lived sok RNA is degraded and hok expression leads to cell death. The par system uses two overlapping RNA molecules, RNAI and RNAII, to inhibit translation of the toxic Fst protein as long as the plasmid is present. If the plasmid is lost, RNAII levels decrease and Fst toxin production occurs, killing the host cell. Both systems use toxin-antitoxin interactions
Genetic polymorphism
The document discusses genetic polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite that causes malaria. It defines key terms like locus, allele, and genome. It then describes different types of genetic polymorphisms like single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions and deletions (INDELs), and short tandem repeats (STRs). The document focuses on polymorphisms related to drug resistance in P. falciparum, discussing genes associated with resistance to chloroquine (pfcrt) and other antimalarial drugs, along with specific mutations in those genes linked to resistance.
Presentation by Alvin Ayala Highlighting Luminex Technology
The document outlines an experiment to determine the activation of a growth factor receptor (Factor X) in solid tumor cell lines using Luminex technology. Several tumor cell lines were screened for expression of the receptor via quantitative RT-PCR. HT-29 (colorectal) and FADU (head and neck) cell lines expressed the receptor and were chosen for further analysis. Stimulation of the cell lines with Factor X did not produce proliferation or demonstrate phosphorylation of the receptor via western blot. However, Luminex technology was able to detect downstream signaling through p-Akt in response to Factor X addition in the cell lines, showing it to be a more sensitive measure of receptor activation than other assays used.
Mutation
Mutation refers to any sudden change in hereditary material, such as changes to the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Mutations can occur during cell division, DNA replication, or when DNA is damaged by mutagens. There are two main types of mutagens - chemical mutagens like alkylating agents and acridine dyes, and physical/radiation mutagens like X-rays. Mutations can be classified based on their site (gene or chromosome), tissue origin (somatic or germline), cause (spontaneous or induced), and effect (silent, missense, nonsense, frameshift). Gene mutations include substitutions, deletions, insertions and can result in missense, silent, nonsense, or frameshift mutations,
Genetic polymorphism and It's Applications
Genetic polymorphism
Genetic polymorphism is the inheritance of a trait controlled by a single genetic locus with two alleles, in which the least common allele has a frequency of about 1% or greater. Genetic polymorphism is a difference in DNA sequence among individuals, groups, or populations.
Types of polymorphisms
Protein/enzyme polymorphisms
In the early days of human genetics, majority of polymorphisms were those associated with proteins and enzymes. To detect the polymorphism and a person’s genotype, one performed assays for the gene product, i.e., the protein or enzyme produced by the genetic blueprint.
DNA polymorphisms
The large class of polymorphisms are those that detect Slight variations at the level of DNA nucleotides.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms
A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a sequence of DNA on which humans vary by one and only one nucleotide . Because humans differ by one nucleotide per every thousand or so nucleotides, there are millions of SNPs scattered throughout the human genome.
Tandem repeat polymorphisms
A tandem repeat polymorphism consists of a series of nucleotides that are repeated in tandem (i.e., one time after another). The polymorphism consists of the number of repeats.
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) is a type in which organisms may be differentiated by analysis of patterns derived from cleavage of their DNA. If two organisms differ in the distance between sites of cleavage of a particular restriction endonuclease, the length of the fragments produced will differ when the DNA is digested with a restriction enzyme.
Applications of Genetic Polymorphism
The study of polymorphism has many uses in medicine, biological research, and law enforcement. Genetic diseases may be caused by a specific polymorphism. Scientists can look for these polymorphisms to determine if a person will develop the disease, or risks passing it on to his or her children.
Plasmid genetics
Plasmid genetics slide has basics of properties of plasmid, types, amplification, curing and plasmid incompatibility
Genomic Analyses: QTLs, etc.
1. The document discusses selection experiments in chickens for early growth rate (EGR) and correlated responses, as well as QTL analysis using F2 segregating generations.
2. It describes different types of molecular markers like RFLP, RAPD, and microsatellites that can be used in QTL detection experiments.
3. Experimental designs for QTL detection are discussed, including backcross, test cross, recombinant inbred lines, and grand-daughter designs.
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Bacterial conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct contact. It was first discovered in 1946 by Lederberg and Tatum in E. coli K12 strains. The process involves a donor bacterium containing an F plasmid transferring it to a recipient bacterium. The F plasmid encodes for sex pili that allow the transfer of genetic material. During conjugation, the recipient bacterium receives part of the donor's DNA and may gain traits like antibiotic resistance.
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This document summarizes key concepts in evolution and genetics:
1) Evidence shows that the Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old, while the oldest rocks are 3.5 billion years old and minerals within the rocks are 4.4 billion years old.
2) Gregor Mendel's work with peas in the mid-1800s established the foundations of genetics, including the concepts of genes, alleles, dominance, and heredity.
3) Evolution is defined as any change in the frequency of alleles in populations from one generation to the next, meaning a population's allele frequencies can evolve over time.
conjugation
Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact. Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum discovered conjugation in 1946 while experimenting with two auxotrophic E. coli strains - strain A could produce certain amino acids while strain B was deficient in those amino acids. When mixed together, prototrophic bacteria emerged that could produce all amino acids. Further experiments showed conjugation requires physical contact between cells. During conjugation, the F plasmid containing the genetic material is replicated in the donor cell and transferred to the recipient cell through a sex pilus. The recipient cell then incorporates the new genetic material into its genome. This allows for the exchange of genetic information between bacterial cells.
Bacterial Conjugation
This document discusses genetic variability and horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes. It describes three main mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer - transduction, transformation, and conjugation. Conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact via pilus. The process of conjugation is described, where the F+ donor cell transfers single-stranded DNA to the F- recipient cell. If the transfer is successful, it results in production of F+ recombinants that can serve as donor cells for further conjugation. An experiment demonstrating conjugation between HFR and F- E. coli strains on selective media is also summarized.
1921227a0
This document summarizes genetic experiments that provide evidence for the nature of the genetic code. The key findings are:
1) The genetic code is read from a fixed starting point in triplets (groups of three bases), not in an overlapping manner. Mutations usually only change one amino acid rather than three.
2) Revertants of a mutant called FO0 usually form double mutants rather than simply reversing the original mutation. These suppressor mutations map to the same region of the B cistron gene.
3) Over 80 mutants were found that behave similarly - they are all non-leaky mutants that map to a limited region of the B cistron gene. The authors propose this provides evidence that
paramita. yang grp (1) (4)
Ion channels are present in cell membranes and mediate sensations like pain, temperature, and taste. TRP channels are a group of ion channels located on cell membranes. The goal of this study is to determine the role of functionally important domains on TRP channels TRPP5 and TRPC3. The researchers purified protein constructs and obtained crystals to determine the structure of domains using crystallization techniques. Future experiments include studying mutations on domains and the function of TRPP5 and TRPC3 in animal models.
Final horizontal gene transfer
This document discusses various mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria, including conjugation, transformation, and transduction. It provides details on the genes and proteins involved in these processes, such as the tra genes for conjugation and the com genes for competence in transformation. Examples are given for using these mechanisms to map genes and determine genetic distances. Order of events in phage lifecycles and the difference between lytic and lysogenic cycles are also covered.
Hoofdstuk 21 2008
This chapter discusses genome sequencing, analysis, and properties. It explains that genomes can be sequenced through whole genome shotgun sequencing. Bioinformatics is used to analyze genome sequences and properties such as gene number, non-coding DNA, and repetitive elements. Comparing genomes of different organisms provides insights into genome evolution and development through duplication events, rearrangements, and changes in gene expression.
Chapter 15 bacterial gene
Bacteria can transfer genetic material through three main methods: conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Conjugation involves direct contact between bacteria cells and the transfer of genetic material via plasmids or chromosomes. Transformation occurs when bacteria take up extracellular DNA from their environment. Transduction is the transfer of bacterial genes by bacteriophages, which can carry small amounts of host DNA from one bacterium to another.
Hansraj College Quiz
This document provides 20 multiple choice questions that were part of a science quiz contest held at Hansraj College in New Delhi, India on November 25, 2009. The questions cover topics in biology including RNA interference, selenocysteine, plant cell walls, signal molecules, genetics, and more. The document lists each multiple choice question followed by 4 possible answer choices.
Tricks for Life Sciences!!
The slides shown in this PPT are very important for all the aspirants preparing for LIfe Sciences Exams like CSIR-NET, DBT-JRF, GATE, ICMR etc..
The points and MCQs depicted in this video are previously appeared in the above said exams.
This Presentation are very helpful for Lecturers to Teach and Students to Learn.
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REU Final PowerPoint
This document investigates whether two Arabidopsis thaliana proteins, AtFHIT and AtHINT2, localize to peroxisomes. The authors hypothesized that these proteins may localize to peroxisomes based on other proteins in the same family being peroxisomal. They used radiolabeled protein transcription/translation assays to test for peroxisomal targeting signal processing, which would indicate peroxisomal localization, but found only minimal processing for AtFHIT and AtHINT2. They conclude the in vitro results are inconclusive and in vivo experiments are still needed to determine peroxisomal localization of these proteins.
Molecular ecology lecture
The document discusses using genetic techniques like PCR, PCR-RFLP, microsatellites, and gene sequencing to study behavior, species identification, and population sizes in various organisms like parasitoid wasps and grizzly bears. It also examines reproductive behaviors like lekking in buff-breasted sandpipers and monogamy versus polygamy in blue and great tits. Population size and evidence of bottlenecks are investigated using Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium calculations on microsatellite data from Joshua tree populations.
Genetic polymorphism
Polymorphisms are genetic variations that occur in at least 1% of a population. They can involve single nucleotide variations or larger differences in DNA sequences. Most polymorphisms do not cause disease, but some can influence traits or increase susceptibility to certain diseases. Common types of polymorphisms include SNPs, indels, repetitive elements, and microsatellites. Polymorphisms are identified through laboratory techniques like DNA sequencing and can be distinguished from mutations, which are rare variations that alter normal DNA sequences.
conjugation in e coli
1) The document provides information about a student named Asifa Bibi with roll number 69 enrolled in the biotech program taking the immunology course.
2) It describes conjugation as the transfer of genetic material like plasmids between bacterial cells through cell-to-cell contact via sex pili. The plasmid is usually transferred from a donor to a recipient cell.
3) The key aspects of conjugation discussed are the donor and recipient cells, conjugative plasmids containing genes like oriT and traJ, and the three processes of conjugation - F+ conjugation, HFr conjugation, and resistance plasmid conjugation.
Chromosomes and molecular cytogenetics of oil palm: impact for breeding and g...
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http://www.slideshare.net/PatHeslopHarrison/heslop-harrisoncrops-climatechangesuperdomestication
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of the chromosomes of oil palm allows us to understand their evolution, genetics and segregation, genetic recombination and karyotypic stability. The cytogenetic manipulation of genomes and their chromosomes is often valuable for plant breeders to introduce and exploit new variation. Cytological landmarks such as centromeres, telomeres, heterochromatin and nucleolar organizer regions are important for the integration of physical chromosomes with the DNA sequence information. This linkage of the genetic, chromosomal and physical maps is particularly useful in a long-lived tree crop where genetic mapping requires decades of preparation and the mapping crosses may not be directly relevant to DxP commercial plantings. Repetitive DNA is often the most rapidly evolving genomic component, but is poorly understood from sequence assemblies; molecular cytogenetic studies allow its organization and variation to be studied, and the exploitation of repetitive sequences as markers and, by the amplification and mobility of transposable elements or satellite repeats, in generation of new variation.
Molecular cytogenetic approaches provide tools for oil palm genomic research, comparative genomics and evolutionary studies and further facilitate understanding the inheritance of specific traits in oil palm, including DNA methylation, epigenetics, and somaclonal variation, allowing work with hybrids, haploids and polyploids. Knowledge of the structures and organization of the chromosomes of oil palm, as in many crop species, is valuable for development of new lines, making hybrids, understanding the causes of some abnormalities or infertility, and exploiting variation and biodiversity found in related species or breeding lines.
Further information and slides from the talk will be on our website www.molcyt.com.
Complementation of defined mutations
A complementation test (sometimes called a "cis-trans" test) can be used to test whether the mutations in two strains are in different genes. By taking an example of Benzer's work, complementation has been explained.
Human multi gene families
Repeated sequences are patterns of nucleic acids occurring in more than one copies throughout the genome.
Markers
Somatic cell hybridization allows for gene mapping by fusing cells from different species. This results in heterokaryons containing a mixture of chromosomes. As the hybrid cells divide, they lose chromosomes at random. Observing which chromosomes are lost along with the corresponding phenotypes allows researchers to map genes to specific chromosomes. Key aspects include using cells deficient in different enzymes to select for viable hybrids and tracking chromosome and gene retention over multiple cell lines to assign locations. This technique is an important method for gene mapping.
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Genomic Analyses: QTLs, etc.
1. The document discusses selection experiments in chickens for early growth rate (EGR) and correlated responses, as well as QTL analysis using F2 segregating generations.
2. It describes different types of molecular markers like RFLP, RAPD, and microsatellites that can be used in QTL detection experiments.
3. Experimental designs for QTL detection are discussed, including backcross, test cross, recombinant inbred lines, and grand-daughter designs.
Hour 3
The document discusses Mendel's experiments on dihybrid crosses. It explains that Mendel crossed pure-breeding plants that differed in two traits - plant height and flower color. In the F1 generation, all offspring exhibited the dominant traits of tall height and purple flowers. When the F1 plants were self-crossed, the F2 generation showed a 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes. This supported Mendel's law of independent assortment, which states that two traits segregate independently during gamete formation.
Conjugation Microbiology powerpoint presentation
Bacterial conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct contact. It was first discovered in 1946 by Lederberg and Tatum in E. coli K12 strains. The process involves a donor bacterium containing an F plasmid transferring it to a recipient bacterium. The F plasmid encodes for sex pili that allow the transfer of genetic material. During conjugation, the recipient bacterium receives part of the donor's DNA and may gain traits like antibiotic resistance.
1 20 09 Genetics What Is Evolution
This document summarizes key concepts in evolution and genetics:
1) Evidence shows that the Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old, while the oldest rocks are 3.5 billion years old and minerals within the rocks are 4.4 billion years old.
2) Gregor Mendel's work with peas in the mid-1800s established the foundations of genetics, including the concepts of genes, alleles, dominance, and heredity.
3) Evolution is defined as any change in the frequency of alleles in populations from one generation to the next, meaning a population's allele frequencies can evolve over time.
conjugation
Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact. Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum discovered conjugation in 1946 while experimenting with two auxotrophic E. coli strains - strain A could produce certain amino acids while strain B was deficient in those amino acids. When mixed together, prototrophic bacteria emerged that could produce all amino acids. Further experiments showed conjugation requires physical contact between cells. During conjugation, the F plasmid containing the genetic material is replicated in the donor cell and transferred to the recipient cell through a sex pilus. The recipient cell then incorporates the new genetic material into its genome. This allows for the exchange of genetic information between bacterial cells.
Bacterial Conjugation
This document discusses genetic variability and horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes. It describes three main mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer - transduction, transformation, and conjugation. Conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact via pilus. The process of conjugation is described, where the F+ donor cell transfers single-stranded DNA to the F- recipient cell. If the transfer is successful, it results in production of F+ recombinants that can serve as donor cells for further conjugation. An experiment demonstrating conjugation between HFR and F- E. coli strains on selective media is also summarized.
1921227a0
This document summarizes genetic experiments that provide evidence for the nature of the genetic code. The key findings are:
1) The genetic code is read from a fixed starting point in triplets (groups of three bases), not in an overlapping manner. Mutations usually only change one amino acid rather than three.
2) Revertants of a mutant called FO0 usually form double mutants rather than simply reversing the original mutation. These suppressor mutations map to the same region of the B cistron gene.
3) Over 80 mutants were found that behave similarly - they are all non-leaky mutants that map to a limited region of the B cistron gene. The authors propose this provides evidence that
paramita. yang grp (1) (4)
Ion channels are present in cell membranes and mediate sensations like pain, temperature, and taste. TRP channels are a group of ion channels located on cell membranes. The goal of this study is to determine the role of functionally important domains on TRP channels TRPP5 and TRPC3. The researchers purified protein constructs and obtained crystals to determine the structure of domains using crystallization techniques. Future experiments include studying mutations on domains and the function of TRPP5 and TRPC3 in animal models.
Final horizontal gene transfer
This document discusses various mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria, including conjugation, transformation, and transduction. It provides details on the genes and proteins involved in these processes, such as the tra genes for conjugation and the com genes for competence in transformation. Examples are given for using these mechanisms to map genes and determine genetic distances. Order of events in phage lifecycles and the difference between lytic and lysogenic cycles are also covered.
Hoofdstuk 21 2008
This chapter discusses genome sequencing, analysis, and properties. It explains that genomes can be sequenced through whole genome shotgun sequencing. Bioinformatics is used to analyze genome sequences and properties such as gene number, non-coding DNA, and repetitive elements. Comparing genomes of different organisms provides insights into genome evolution and development through duplication events, rearrangements, and changes in gene expression.
Chapter 15 bacterial gene
Bacteria can transfer genetic material through three main methods: conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Conjugation involves direct contact between bacteria cells and the transfer of genetic material via plasmids or chromosomes. Transformation occurs when bacteria take up extracellular DNA from their environment. Transduction is the transfer of bacterial genes by bacteriophages, which can carry small amounts of host DNA from one bacterium to another.
Hansraj College Quiz
This document provides 20 multiple choice questions that were part of a science quiz contest held at Hansraj College in New Delhi, India on November 25, 2009. The questions cover topics in biology including RNA interference, selenocysteine, plant cell walls, signal molecules, genetics, and more. The document lists each multiple choice question followed by 4 possible answer choices.
Tricks for Life Sciences!!
The slides shown in this PPT are very important for all the aspirants preparing for LIfe Sciences Exams like CSIR-NET, DBT-JRF, GATE, ICMR etc..
The points and MCQs depicted in this video are previously appeared in the above said exams.
This Presentation are very helpful for Lecturers to Teach and Students to Learn.
Plant Chromosomes: European Cytogeneticists outline: Trude Schwarzacher and P...
Plant Chromosomes: European Cytogeneticists outline: Trude Schwarzacher and P...Pat (JS) Heslop-Harrison
An overview of plant molecular cytogenetics. The lecture Trude Schwarzacher presented to the ECA conference Strasbourg in July 2015 is http://www.slideshare.net/PatHeslopHarrison/trude-schwarzacher
REU Final PowerPoint
This document investigates whether two Arabidopsis thaliana proteins, AtFHIT and AtHINT2, localize to peroxisomes. The authors hypothesized that these proteins may localize to peroxisomes based on other proteins in the same family being peroxisomal. They used radiolabeled protein transcription/translation assays to test for peroxisomal targeting signal processing, which would indicate peroxisomal localization, but found only minimal processing for AtFHIT and AtHINT2. They conclude the in vitro results are inconclusive and in vivo experiments are still needed to determine peroxisomal localization of these proteins.
Molecular ecology lecture
The document discusses using genetic techniques like PCR, PCR-RFLP, microsatellites, and gene sequencing to study behavior, species identification, and population sizes in various organisms like parasitoid wasps and grizzly bears. It also examines reproductive behaviors like lekking in buff-breasted sandpipers and monogamy versus polygamy in blue and great tits. Population size and evidence of bottlenecks are investigated using Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium calculations on microsatellite data from Joshua tree populations.
Genetic polymorphism
Polymorphisms are genetic variations that occur in at least 1% of a population. They can involve single nucleotide variations or larger differences in DNA sequences. Most polymorphisms do not cause disease, but some can influence traits or increase susceptibility to certain diseases. Common types of polymorphisms include SNPs, indels, repetitive elements, and microsatellites. Polymorphisms are identified through laboratory techniques like DNA sequencing and can be distinguished from mutations, which are rare variations that alter normal DNA sequences.
conjugation in e coli
1) The document provides information about a student named Asifa Bibi with roll number 69 enrolled in the biotech program taking the immunology course.
2) It describes conjugation as the transfer of genetic material like plasmids between bacterial cells through cell-to-cell contact via sex pili. The plasmid is usually transferred from a donor to a recipient cell.
3) The key aspects of conjugation discussed are the donor and recipient cells, conjugative plasmids containing genes like oriT and traJ, and the three processes of conjugation - F+ conjugation, HFr conjugation, and resistance plasmid conjugation.
Chromosomes and molecular cytogenetics of oil palm: impact for breeding and g...
Chromosomes and molecular cytogenetics of oil palm: impact for breeding and g...Pat (JS) Heslop-Harrison
See also related talk Crops, Climate Change and Super-domestication Heslop-Harrison for Oil Palm Breeders symposium on Gearing Oil Palm Breeding and Agronomy for Climate Change: Keynote opening address MPOB PIPOC and PIPOC ISOPB ISOPA
http://www.slideshare.net/PatHeslopHarrison/heslop-harrisoncrops-climatechangesuperdomestication
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of the chromosomes of oil palm allows us to understand their evolution, genetics and segregation, genetic recombination and karyotypic stability. The cytogenetic manipulation of genomes and their chromosomes is often valuable for plant breeders to introduce and exploit new variation. Cytological landmarks such as centromeres, telomeres, heterochromatin and nucleolar organizer regions are important for the integration of physical chromosomes with the DNA sequence information. This linkage of the genetic, chromosomal and physical maps is particularly useful in a long-lived tree crop where genetic mapping requires decades of preparation and the mapping crosses may not be directly relevant to DxP commercial plantings. Repetitive DNA is often the most rapidly evolving genomic component, but is poorly understood from sequence assemblies; molecular cytogenetic studies allow its organization and variation to be studied, and the exploitation of repetitive sequences as markers and, by the amplification and mobility of transposable elements or satellite repeats, in generation of new variation.
Molecular cytogenetic approaches provide tools for oil palm genomic research, comparative genomics and evolutionary studies and further facilitate understanding the inheritance of specific traits in oil palm, including DNA methylation, epigenetics, and somaclonal variation, allowing work with hybrids, haploids and polyploids. Knowledge of the structures and organization of the chromosomes of oil palm, as in many crop species, is valuable for development of new lines, making hybrids, understanding the causes of some abnormalities or infertility, and exploiting variation and biodiversity found in related species or breeding lines.
Further information and slides from the talk will be on our website www.molcyt.com.
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พอลียีน
- 1. DNA RNA 2 1. Discontinuous variation) - - - Qualitative trait) 2. Continuous variation) - - Polygenes or Multiple genes) - Qrantitative trait) 1. Gamete or Sex cell) Egg) Sperm) 2. Dominance) 3. Recessive)
- 2. 4. Gene) DNA RNA 5. Homologous gene) TT , tt , AA , bb 6. Heterozygous gene) Tt , Aa , Bb 7. Genotype) 8. Phenotype) 9. Homologous chromosome) 10. Homozygous chromosome) 1 7 7 Father of Genetics)
- 3. 1 Law of segregation) 2 Law of independent assortment) Multiple alleles) Allele or Allelomorph) Locus) (Homologous chromosome) 2 Alleles) Locus) Homolo- gous chromosome) Multiple genes or Polygenes)
- 4. Gene and Chromosome) Gene) DNA RNA Chromosome) Locus) Homologus chromosome) 1 2 Allele) Chromosome) Homologus chromosome) 23
- 5. 2 - ABO (ABO blood grorp) - Rh (Rh blood group) - Retinoblastoma) - Thalassemia) Nucleic acid) 2 1. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) 2. RNA (Ribonucleic acid) DNA DNA 1.DNA Polymer) Monomer) Nucleotide) 2. 3.DNA 2 4. DNA
- 7. 2 2 multiple alleles ) ABO 3 I A, IB, i IA, IB A B i A B I A / I A A I A / i A IB / IB B IB / i B I A / IB AB i / i O
- 8. O AB A 1:2 50 B 1:2 50 2 A B I A / i IB / i quantitative trait metric trait ) polygene ) multiple gene ) 2 40 3 R1 R2 R3 r1 r2 r3 r1 r1 r2 r2 r3r3
- 9. R1 R1 R2R2 R3R3 2 1. Continuous Variation) Continuous Variation) Polygenes or Multiple genes) quantitative trail) 2. Discontinuous Variation) Discontinuous Variation) qualitative trail) 22 Autosome) A 1
- 10. Sex chromosome) XX XY X Y Y X X X Y X 2 1 X X hemophilia) -6- glucose –6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency ) G-6-PD X C c
- 11. c XcY c/c Xc Xc C XCY C/c XC Xc C/C XC XC 2. 3. X M m
- 13. 2 23 22 (Autosome) A 1 Sex chromosome) XX