Tricks for Life Sciences!!
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The slides shown in this PPT are very important for all the aspirants preparing for LIfe Sciences Exams like CSIR-NET, DBT-JRF, GATE, ICMR etc.. The points and MCQs depicted in this video are previously appeared in the above said exams. This Presentation are very helpful for Lecturers to Teach and Students to Learn.
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Monsomic analysis.pptx2
This document discusses monosomic analysis, which is the study of plants or organisms that are missing one chromosome from their normal somatic number. It provides background on the classification of different types of monosomics, including monosomic, double monosomic, monotelosomic and more. The document also covers the history of the identification of monosomics in various species dating back to the early 1900s, as well as methods of producing monosomics like through haploids, backcrosses and irradiation. Key points covered include the cytological effects of monosomy seen during meiosis, like the presence of an unpaired univalent chromosome.
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พอลียีน
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1) This experiment uses statistical analysis of genetic crosses in fruit flies to determine the chromosomal location of two genes - ebony bodies and scarlet eyes.
2) Reciprocal crosses were set up between ebony and scarlet flies, and the offspring from these crosses were self-crossed to generate an F2 generation.
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Monsomic analysis.pptx2
This document discusses monosomic analysis, which is the study of plants or organisms that are missing one chromosome from their normal somatic number. It provides background on the classification of different types of monosomics, including monosomic, double monosomic, monotelosomic and more. The document also covers the history of the identification of monosomics in various species dating back to the early 1900s, as well as methods of producing monosomics like through haploids, backcrosses and irradiation. Key points covered include the cytological effects of monosomy seen during meiosis, like the presence of an unpaired univalent chromosome.
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Tetrad analysis is a technique used to study genetic linkage in fungi and other lower eukaryotes. During meiosis in these organisms, four haploid spores, known as a tetrad, are produced. If spores remain in ordered linear formations, called ordered tetrads, the arrangement allows mapping of genes relative to centromeres. If spores are randomly mixed in unordered tetrads, patterns of allele segregation can determine if two genes are linked. Analysis of tetrad segregation patterns is used to calculate genetic distance between loci.
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1. The document discusses selection experiments in chickens for early growth rate (EGR) and correlated responses, as well as QTL analysis using F2 segregating generations.
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1. The document discusses basic genetics concepts including DNA, genes, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, inheritance patterns, and sex-linked traits.
2. Key concepts covered include discontinuous vs continuous variation, dominance, recessive traits, homozygous vs heterozygous genotypes, Mendel's laws of inheritance, and examples of genetic conditions.
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Tetrad analysis is a technique used to study genetics in lower eukaryotes like fungi and algae. These organisms undergo meiosis and form haploid spores called tetrads. Analyzing the patterns of genes in the tetrads can determine if genes are linked and calculate the distance between them. Examples given are yeast and Neurospora fungi. Neurospora ordered tetrads allow direct mapping of genes by examining the patterns of alleles in ascus spores. The document provides examples of analyzing unordered and ordered tetrads to determine linkage and map distance between genes.
FLIES
1) This experiment uses statistical analysis of genetic crosses in fruit flies to determine the chromosomal location of two genes - ebony bodies and scarlet eyes.
2) Reciprocal crosses were set up between ebony and scarlet flies, and the offspring from these crosses were self-crossed to generate an F2 generation.
3) It was hypothesized that the two mutations are located on the same autosomal chromosome based on their traits being inherited together in the F2 generation.
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Talk at VIII Biennial Conference of Society of Spanish Evolutionary Biology (SESBE).
MATB. Previous studies have revealed that species of the genus
Trichaptum (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) possess a tetrapolar mating system,
with multiple inferred alleles for MATA and MATB. We characterized the
chromosomal location of MAT loci, the molecular structure of MAT regions and their
allelic richness. We found multiple MAT alleles segregating in both multiple
Trichaptum specimens and non-Trichaptum species. Phylogenetic analyses and
various nucleotide statistics suggested that long-term balancing selection have
generated trans-species polymorphisms. Mating sequences were classified in
different allelic classes based on an identity threshold of higher than 86%. The
observed alleles could potentially generate 14,560 different mating types. The
inferred allelic information mirrored the outcome of in vitro crosses, thus allowing
us to estimate the degree of allelic divergence needed for successful mating. Even
with the high amount of divergence, key amino acids in functional domains are
conserved. We conclude that the genetic diversity of mating in Trichaptum loci is
due to long-term balancing selection that likely promote sexual outcrossing, with
limited recombination and duplication activity. Our large number of sequenced
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- Somatic cell hybridization involves fusing human and mouse cells to create hybrids containing some human chromosomes. This allows assignment of human genes to chromosomes.
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1. Chromosomal abnormalities are categorized as either numerical (change in number) or structural (change in structure).
2. Numerical abnormalities include aneuploidy (extra or missing single chromosomes) and euploidy (change in entire set).
3. Structural abnormalities include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations which alter chromosome structure through breaks and fusions.
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1. One condition that seems to lead to senescence and not apoptosis in stem cells is
a. shortening of telomeres below a critical limit
b. base damage to DNA
c. unequal division of chromosomes at anaphase
d. none of the above
2. Knowing that even in the oldest people's stem cells seem to have many cell divisions left to them when cultured in vitro (in a dish), the you might contend that a possible reason for that was
a. Absence of inhibitory factors found in the old bodies in the new culture medium
b. factors in the cellular environment of old people's bodies
c.
The presence of high levels of growth factors in the culture serum
d. All of the above
3. In 1962, Leonard Hayflick conducted an experiment that supported Weismann's Theory of programmed death. He proposed The Hayflick Limit which can be reached faster by:
a. Increasing the rate of cell division
b. Underfeeding cells
c. Decreasing the rate of mutations
d. Synthetically elongating telomeres.
4. The antagonistic pleiotropy theory of aging assumes that each gene has only one effect on the phenotype of an organism at different stages of its life. True or False
5. In Conboy's study on heterochronic parabiotic pairs, which phrase described what future studies should focus on according to the results of this study?
a. adult stem cells
b. changes in aging cells
c. muscle cell regeneration
d. changes in aging plasma
6.- 7. Briefly explain what happened to old stem and progenitor cells in a young systemic environment.
8. Which substance is the most common in cells?
a. carbohydrates
b. salts and minerals
c. proteins
d. fats
e. water
9.
- 11. Describe how an enzyme may change the transcription patterns of a cell by adding chemical groups to histone proteins. What is this called?
12. Acetyl L-Carnitine/Alpha lipoic acid are ____________ that are produced naturally by the body in _______
a. Amino acids, large amounts
b. Antioxidants, small amounts
c. Toxins, abundance
d. ROS, trace amounts
13. Most genes that determine lifespan in C. elegans are directly in DNA repair. True or False
14.- 16. What is the preferable study group in mammalian testing of aging interventions Mice or monkeys? Why?
17 - 19. If you were to run a retirement community what would you do to improve the health/lives of the people who depend on you?
20. The ____________ ____________ theory , states that there exists a biological clock and a time dependent plan or program that directs a limitation to a lifespan?
a. DNA damage
b. Evolveabity Theory
c. Mutation-accumulation
d. free radical
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instances cellular systems involved in repairing cellular damages.
25. . An often given example ...
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with multiple inferred alleles for MATA and MATB. We characterized the
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1. One condition that seems to lead to senescence and not apoptosis in stem cells is
a. shortening of telomeres below a critical limit
b. base damage to DNA
c. unequal division of chromosomes at anaphase
d. none of the above
2. Knowing that even in the oldest people's stem cells seem to have many cell divisions left to them when cultured in vitro (in a dish), the you might contend that a possible reason for that was
a. Absence of inhibitory factors found in the old bodies in the new culture medium
b. factors in the cellular environment of old people's bodies
c.
The presence of high levels of growth factors in the culture serum
d. All of the above
3. In 1962, Leonard Hayflick conducted an experiment that supported Weismann's Theory of programmed death. He proposed The Hayflick Limit which can be reached faster by:
a. Increasing the rate of cell division
b. Underfeeding cells
c. Decreasing the rate of mutations
d. Synthetically elongating telomeres.
4. The antagonistic pleiotropy theory of aging assumes that each gene has only one effect on the phenotype of an organism at different stages of its life. True or False
5. In Conboy's study on heterochronic parabiotic pairs, which phrase described what future studies should focus on according to the results of this study?
a. adult stem cells
b. changes in aging cells
c. muscle cell regeneration
d. changes in aging plasma
6.- 7. Briefly explain what happened to old stem and progenitor cells in a young systemic environment.
8. Which substance is the most common in cells?
a. carbohydrates
b. salts and minerals
c. proteins
d. fats
e. water
9.
- 11. Describe how an enzyme may change the transcription patterns of a cell by adding chemical groups to histone proteins. What is this called?
12. Acetyl L-Carnitine/Alpha lipoic acid are ____________ that are produced naturally by the body in _______
a. Amino acids, large amounts
b. Antioxidants, small amounts
c. Toxins, abundance
d. ROS, trace amounts
13. Most genes that determine lifespan in C. elegans are directly in DNA repair. True or False
14.- 16. What is the preferable study group in mammalian testing of aging interventions Mice or monkeys? Why?
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20. The ____________ ____________ theory , states that there exists a biological clock and a time dependent plan or program that directs a limitation to a lifespan?
a. DNA damage
b. Evolveabity Theory
c. Mutation-accumulation
d. free radical
21. - 24. Unlike inorganic objects like rocks or even computers (at present) , living organisms can repair damage or rebuild or even recycle damages at the sub-cellular level. Give three
instances cellular systems involved in repairing cellular damages.
25. . An often given example ...
Bio final review game 10 2 (1)
The document provides a review of key biology concepts across several topics:
1) It begins with an outline of topics including cell biology, genetics, evolution, microscopy, and ecology.
2) It then presents vocabulary terms and their definitions related to these topics, such as organic compounds, ATP, osmosis, and active transport.
3) The document concludes by listing additional review concepts and questions to test understanding of the material.
Organelle Primary Function Essay
1. The document discusses the primary functions of various cell organelles, including smooth ER, plasmodesmata, mitochondria, the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoskeleton, peroxisomes, nucleus, chloroplasts, ribosomes, rough ER, and Golgi apparatus.
2. It then provides more details on a research paper about sickle cell disease and how it relates to the cytoskeleton.
3. Finally, it summarizes a statistical analysis on the rate of cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells and how it is affected by cell width and inhibitory chemicals.
Radiation toxicity : Hydrolytic enzymes.
Enzymes, Caspases, Cysteine Proteasis, Radiation, Inflammation, Acute Radiation Disease, Acute Radiation Syndromes.
6. All plants produce __________ by mitosis and __________ by meiosi.pdf
6. All plants produce __________ by mitosis and __________ by meiosis. A)spores, gametes
B)gametes, gametes C)gametes, spores D)spores, spores E)spores, gametes and spores 7. In a
heterosporous life cycle, the microspore develops into the _____ gametophyte, while the
megaspore develops into the ______ gametophyte. A)female, male B)male, female C)diploid,
haploid D)haploid, diploid E)None of the above 8. Asexual reproduction in liverworts is
accomplished by A)gametophytes. B)spores. C)gemmae. D)tracheids. 9. You are walking along
a roadside and find a plant with the following characteristics: very thin waxy cuticle, stomata,
simple leaves in whorls around a central stem, independent sporophyte and gametophyte,
sporangia in strobili. This plant is most likely a member of which of the following phyla?
A)Bryophyta B)Sphenophyta C)Pterophyta D)Lycophyta 10. Plants differ from algae in that only
plants A)are photosynthetic. B)are multicellular. C)possess chlorophyll. D)have multicellular
embryos protected by the parent. E)are eukaryotic. 11. Which statement about the alternation of
generations in plants is not true? A) The plant life cycle is characterized by diploid and haploid
forms. B)Meiosis occurs in sporangia. C)Gametes are always produced by meiosis. D)The
zygote is the first cell of the sporophyte generation. E)The gametophyte and sporophyte differ
genetically. 12. The most abundant gymnosperm phylum today is A) Cycadophyta. B)
Ginkgophyta. C) Gnetophyta. D) Coniferophyta. E) None of the above 13. Coniferous
gymnosperms, such as pines, depend primarily on __________ for pollination; thus, the plants
produce large quantities of pollen that disperse over large areas during the spring. A) insects B)
birds C) water D) wind E) mammals 14. An evolutionary trend that runs throughout the plant
kingdom is that the sporophyte generation ___ and is more independent of the gametophyte, and
the gametophyte generation _____ and is more dependent upon the sporophyte. A) becomes
smaller, becomes smaller B) becomes larger, becomes smaller C) becomes smaller, becomes
larger D) becomes larger, becomes larger E) does not change in size, becomes larger 15.
Angiosperms differ from other plants in that two male gametes, contained within a single male
gametophyte, participate in fertilization events. One sperm nucleus combines with the egg to
produce a diploid zygote. The other sperm nucleus combines with two other haploid nuclei of the
female gametophyte. This process is called A) biparental inheritance. B) multiple paternity. C)
double fertilization. D) biparental fertilization. E) multiple fertilization. 16. The reproductive
organ of angiosperms is the A)sporangium. B) flower. C) cone. D) archegonium. E) sporophyte.
17. The prominent components of Earth\'s modern land flora in most areas are A) angiosperms.
B) gymnosperms. C) ferns. D) bryophytes. E) club mosses. 18. Flowers with insect pollination
have showy A) petals. B) sepals. C) anthers. D) fruits 19. In a.
Biology 2022-2023 O'Level.docx
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For centuries, humans have searched for crop plants that can survive and produce in spite of insect pests.
Knowingly or unknowingly, ancient farmers selected for pest resistance genes in their crops, sometimes by actions as simple as collecting seed from only the highest-yielding plants in their fields.
With the advent of genetic engineering, genes for insect resistance now can be moved into plants more quickly and deliberately.
Bt technology is only one example of ways genetic engineering may be used to develop insect-resistant crops now and in the future.
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Natural selection and speciation are key concepts in evolution. Natural selection is the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and pass on their genes more than others. Over time, this leads to the evolution of new species through mechanisms of reproductive isolation such as genetic drift and non-random mating. Examples of speciation include the St Kilda wren and the Sorbus shrub on the Isle of Arran. Adaptive radiation and genetic changes also drive the formation of new species.
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Exam bits related to 5G may appear in the exams under the section of Current affairs.
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This Presentation helps the Studetns preparing for the CSIR-NET in Life Sciences. Not only CSIR but also the exams like DBT, GATE, ICMR, TIFR and all the other exams related to Life Sciences.
For MSc entrance exams too.
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The points depicted in this presentation are very helpful for the aspirants like CSIR-NET, DBT-JRF, GATE, ICMR, TIFR etc.,
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Parents and Teachers find this presentation very helpful as this is very easy to explain their Children. Even, Civil Service Exam aspirants and other exam aspirants like Life Sciences, Groups etc., find this presentation helpful and useful for their preparation.
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The facts presented in this PowerPoint Presentation are interesting to learn and increases one's enthusiasm. These are very helpful for Children as well as Adults or Parents. Parents can Teach their children during leisure time holidays of lock-downtime.
In this way Parents can help their Children in gaining General Knowledge by discussing these facts!
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About virus!
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{March 22nd is observed as the World Water Day. Ned to conserve Water, otherwise there will be no Water at least for cleaning the hands and to eliminate virus from the society. The theme for 2020 is "Water and Climate Change" i.e the link or relation between Water and Climate change. the theme for 2019 is "Leaving No One behind"}.
Important points for life sciences!!
Cell signaling occurs through two main types: electrical signals using ions and chemical signals using signaling molecules. The majority (60-70%) of drugs bind to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Muscle contraction, writing, and boxing occur due to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ion channels. Signaling molecules act by binding to receptors and are also called ligands. Signaling molecules can be agonists, which stimulate pathways, or antagonists, which inhibit pathways. End targets of cell signaling include transport proteins, cytoskeleton, enzymes, and genes. Signaling mediators include adapter proteins, effectors, cAMP as a second messenger, and protein kinases. Scaffold proteins cause localization of signaling mediators
General awareness bits!!
The slides depicted in this presentation carries the General knowledge bits which are very important for the competitive exam preparation.
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Hope you like my presentation. Thank you.
Learn Ketone Bodies.
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For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
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Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
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Tricks for Life Sciences!!
- 2. 1.) The Plant hormones, Gibberellic Acid is generally not associated with: a) Stem elongation b) Parthenocarpy c) Parthenogenesis d) Malt production 6/29/2020
- 3. Answer is: c) Parthenogenesis Explanation: Gibberelic acid is generally meant for the Plant growth. So it is associated with Stem elongation. Parthenocarpy is associated with the development of Seedless fruits. Parthenogenesis is related to Animals. Hence the answer is Parthenogenesis. 6/29/2020
- 4. 2.) What is Casparian Strip? 6/29/2020
- 5. Answer: A band of Waterproof corky tissue that is found on the side and wall of Endodermis of roots. This strip prevents Water from entering the Pericycle except through the cytoplasm of Endoderm cells, this may be important in producing Root Pressure. 6/29/2020
- 6. 3.) Which one of the following statements is true about Xylem in Plants? a) It is characterised by the presence of Tracheary elements responsible for the conduction of H2O in vascular Plants. b) It is responsible for the transport of H2O and characterized by Sieve elements like Parenchyma cells and Scleroids. c) It is responsible for the transport of assimilates in both Vascular and characterized by tracheary elements. d) It is responsible for the transport of assimilates in both vascular and non-vascular plants. 6/29/2020
- 7. Answer is: a.) It is characterised by the presence tracheary elements responsible for the conduction of H2O in Vascular Plants. 6/29/2020
- 8. Xylem Phloem Found deeper in the Stem tissues Usually found in outer edges of the stem. Transports Water/Sap and minerals Transports sugars, amino acids, and other foods. Moves substances up the stem using passive energy that requires no energy Moves substances up and down the stem via active transport which requires energy. Contains Xylem Parenchyma cells and tracheal cells Contains Sieve tube cells, Companion cells and Phloem Parenchyma cells. Cells are star-shaped Cells are non-star shaped. 6/29/2020
- 9. What is Alpha Diversity? 6/29/2020
- 10. Ans.) Alpha Diversity: The diversity among species within one community. 6/29/2020
- 12. Ans.) Beta Diversity: The diversity within the range of several communities or Ecosystem. 6/29/2020
- 14. Ans.) Gamma Diversity: The diversity in the range of all communities. The total species diversity in a landscape. 6/29/2020
- 15. Where does the Euchromatin and Heterochromatin present in a cell? 6/29/2020
- 16. Ans.) Euchromatin is present at the centre and Heterochromatin is present at the periphery. 6/29/2020
- 17. What are Primordial cells? 6/29/2020
- 18. Ans.) Primordial cells are the precursors of Gametes. – These cells arise outside the Gonads. – These are highly specialised cells. – They develop as a Haploid Sperm and Eggs that generate a new organism upon fertilisation. 6/29/2020
- 20. Ans.) These are group of proteins (TrxG) are a heterogenous collections of proteins whose main action is to maintain gene expression: DNA binding TrxG proteins Chromatin-Remodelling TrxG proteins Histone –Modifiying proteins 3 Types: 6/29/2020
- 22. Ans.) Tsix is a non-coding RNA gene that is antisense to the Xist RNA. 6/29/2020
- 23. When does Tsix binds to the Xist? 6/29/2020
- 24. Ans.) It binds to Xist during X-Chromosome inactivation. The name Tsix comes from the reverse of Xist which stands X- inactive specific transcript. 6/29/2020
- 25. Stoichiometric Matrices in metabolic pathways are used in _______? 6/29/2020
- 26. Ans.) Flux Balance Analysis 6/29/2020
- 27. _____ is involved in Seedless fruits. 6/29/2020
- 28. Ans.) GA3 (Gibberellic Acid). This is called “Parthenocarpy”. 6/29/2020
- 29. What is Superoxide Dismutase? 6/29/2020
- 30. Ans.) It is an enzyme that acts as Intracellular Antioxidant. In short words it is SOD. It also works as a Catalase enzyme that converts: H2O2 H2 +O2 6/29/2020
- 31. One Cytokine with many Biological effects. This is called as _______? 6/29/2020
- 32. Ans.) Pleoitropy. Ex: TH cells IL-4 6/29/2020
- 33. The Fungus that causes Athlete’s foot is_____? 6/29/2020
- 34. Ans.) Trichophyton Rubrum (Fungal infection). 6/29/2020
- 35. Sigma bound to ______ for a longer time rather than the coding & Terminator during Transcription. This is called “______”. 6/29/2020
- 36. Ans.) Promoter and “Affinity or Longer Affinity”. 6/29/2020
- 37. Histone have affinity for _____. So, they remain associated for a longer period of time. 6/29/2020
- 39. – (These are some of the important points to learn for any Life Sciences Competetive examinations). 6/29/2020
- 41. 6/29/2020
- 42. 6/29/2020