The document provides a comprehensive overview of SQL (Structured Query Language), detailing its origins, types of databases, and fundamental concepts. It includes basic SQL commands such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and various operators, as well as aggregate functions and filtering mechanisms. Additionally, it describes the structure of data tables and the significance of constraints in database management.

2. INTRODUCTION TO SQL
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DATA AND DATABASE
TABLE
SQL BASIC QUERIES

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WHAT IS SQL?
STRUCTURED
S
Q
L
QUERY
LANGUAGE
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5. FACTS OF SQL
SQL was developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F.
Boyce in the early 1970s
It was initially called SEQUEL(Structured English QUEry Language)
SQL is a powerful language that uses simple English sentences
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SQL is a Declarative Language

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Portability of
code in SQL is
a prominent
feature
SQL is easy to
learn
With the help
of SQL, one
can create
multiple views
SQL has well-
defined
standards
FEATURES OF SQL

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8. WHAT IS
DATA ?
Data is a collection of facts, figures and vales from
different source.
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9. WHAT IS
DATABASE ?
Database is a location where data is stored in certain n format
Data from user is
processed
Converted into
meaningful format
Stored as Schema &
Raw Data
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10. TYPES OF DATABASE
Object Oriented Database
Distributed Database
Operational Database
NoSQL Database
Graph Database
Centralized Database
Cloud Database
1
3
2
4
5
6
7
Relational Database8
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11. FEW POPULAR DATABASES
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13. WHAT IS A
TABLE ? ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME D.O.B
1 OMAIZ AHMED 13TH MARCH
2 RACHIT KUMAR 16TH OCTOBER
3 SAMHITHA BHAT 12TH
NOVEMBER
4 RAKSHITH KAKTHKAR 22ND OCTOBER
5 PURVI RAVAL 8TH AUGUST
6 VISHNU RAO 15TH
DECEMBER
Table is collection of data in a tabular form
PersonTable
Name
Tuples
Attributes
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14. TABLE
CONSTRAINTS
IndexUnique
Check
Default
Not Null
Foreign
Key
Primary
Key
06 01
02
0304
05
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16. Copyright © 2017, edureka and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
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17. SELECT QUERYSYNTAX:
Select column 1,
column2..column N
From Table;
EXAMPLE:
1. Select name From Student;
2. Select * From Student;
Most basic query
used to
manipulate a
database
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18. SYNTAX:
SELECT column1, column2, ...column N
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
EXAMPLE:
SELECT FName
FROM Students
WHERE City='Delhi';
WHERE QUERY
1.If we need only
certain records from
the table.
2.Where clause acts
as a Filtering
mechanism.
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19. SYNTAX: AND OPERATOR
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2;
EXAMPLE:
SELECT * FROM Student
WHERE FName='John' AND
Lname='Doe';
This operator
displays a record
if all the
conditions
separated by AND
are TRUE
AND
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20. SYNTAX:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1,
column2,...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
EXAMPLE:
Insert into Student(studentID, FName,
LName, Address, City, Marks)
Values (101, ‘JHON’,’DOE’,’#21, MG ROAD’,
‘Bengaluru’, 550);
If we want to
insert any new
record or data
into a table then
we can use the
INSERT query
INSERT INTO
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21. SYNTAX: OR OPERATOR
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2;
EXAMPLE:
SELECT * FROM Student
WHERE FName='John' OR
Lname='Doe';
This operator
displays a record
if any of the
conditions
separated by OR is
TRUE
OR
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22. SYNTAX: NOT OPERATOR
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE NOT condition;
EXAMPLE:
SELECT * FROM Student
WHERE NOT Lname='Doe';
This operator
displays a record
if the
condition/condition
s are NOT TRUE
NOT
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23. SYNTAX:
COUNT(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
EXAMPLE:
SELECT COUNT (studentID)
FROM Student;
COUNT
AGGREGATE
FUNCTIONS
This function
returns the number
of rows that match
specified criteria
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24. SYNTAX:
SELECT AVG(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
EXAMPLE:
SELECT AVG(Marks)
FROM Student;
AVERAGE
AGGREGATE
FUNCTIONS
This function
returns the
average value of a
numeric column
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25. SYNTAX:
SELECT SUM(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
EXAMPLE:
SELECT SUM(Marks)
FROM Student;
SUM
AGGREGATE
FUNCTIONS
This function
returns the total
sum of a numeric
column
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26. SYNTAX:
SELECT MIN(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
EXAMPLE:
SELECT MIN(Marks) AS LeastMarks
FROM Student;
MIN
AGGREGATE
FUNCTIONS
This function
returns the
smallest value of
the selected
column
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27. SYNTAX:
SELECT MAX(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
EXAMPLE:
SELECT MAX(Marks) AS HighestMarks
FROM Student;
MAX
AGGREGATE
FUNCTIONS
This function
returns the
largest value of
the selected
column
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28. SYNTAX:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s);
EXAMPLE:
SELECT COUNT(StudentID), Fname
FROM Student
GROUP BY Fname;
GROUP BY
Used in SQL to
arrange identical
data into groups
with the help of
some functions
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29. SYNTAX:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
HAVING condition;
EXAMPLE:
SELECT Fname, SUM(Marks)
FROM Student
GROUP BY Fname
HAVING SUM(Marks)>500;
HAVING
Used to place
conditions where
we need to decide
which group will
be the part of
final result-set
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30. SYNTAX:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1, column2, ... ASC|DESC;
EXAMPLE:
SELECT COUNT(StudentID), City
FROM Student
GROUP BY City
ORDER BY COUNT(StudentID) DESC;
ORDER BY
This keyword is
used to sort the
result-set in
ascending or
descending order
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31. SYNTAX:
SELECT column_names
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NULL;
EXAMPLE:
Select Fname, Lname
From Student
Where Marks IS NULL;
IS NULL
NULL VALUES
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32. SYNTAX:
SELECT column_names
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NOT NULL;
EXAMPLE:
Select Fname, Lname
From Student
Where Marks IS NOT NULL;
IS NOT NULL
NULL VALUES
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33. SYNTAX:
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1,
column2 = value2,...
WHERE condition;
EXAMPLE:
UPDATE Student
SET Fname = 'Robert',
Lname= 'Wills'
WHERE StudentID = 101;
The Update command
is used to modify
rows in a table
UPDATE
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34. SYNTAX:
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
EXAMPLE:
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
The SQL DELETE
command is used to
delete rows that
are no longer
required from the
database tables
DELETE
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35. SYNTAX:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2,
...);
EXAMPLE:
SELECT StudentID, Fname, Lname
FROM Student
WHERE City IN ('Delhi', 'Goa',
'Pune','Bengaluru');
IN operator is
used to specify
multiple values
inside the WHERE
clause. It acts as
a short for
multiple OR
IN OPERATOR
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36. SYNTAX:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND
value2;
EXAMPLE:
SELECT StudentID, Fname,
Lname FROM Student
WHERE Marks BETWEEN 400 AND
500;
BETWEEN operator
will select a
particular value
within the
specified range
BETWEEN
OPERATOR
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37. SYNTAX:
SELECT column_name AS alias_name
FROM table_name;
EXAMPLE:
SELECT CustomerID AS ID, CustomerName AS
Customer
FROM Customers;
ALLIASES IN
SQL
COLUMN ALIAS
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38. SYNTAX:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name AS alias_name;
EXAMPLE:
SELECT S.Fname, S.LName
FROM Student as S
ALLIASES IN
SQL
TABLE ALIAS
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