SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. It allows users to retrieve, insert, update, and delete data as well as create databases and tables. Common SQL queries include SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT, CREATE DATABASE, ALTER DATABASE, CREATE TABLE, and ALTER TABLE.

1. SQL BASIC QUERIES

2. WHAT IS SQL
SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases.
What is SQL?
•SQL stands for Structured Query Language
•SQL lets you access and manipulate databases
•SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard
What Can SQL do?
•SQL can execute queries against a database
•SQL can retrieve data from a database
•SQL can insert, update and create records in a database
•SQL can delete records from a database
•SQL can create stored procedures in a database
•SQL can create views in a database
•SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views
•SQL can create new databases

3. REMEMBER
• SQL is NOT case sensitive: select is the same as
SELECT, however it is better to follow the same style.
• Some database systems require a semicolon at the end
of each SQL statement.
• Semicolon is the standard way to separate each SQL
statement in database systems that allow more than
one SQL statement to be executed in the same call to
the server.

4. SQL QUERIES
• Few important queries are:
• SELECT - extracts data from a database
• UPDATE - updates data in a database
• DELETE - deletes data from a database
• INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database
• CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
• ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database
• CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
• ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
• DROP TABLE - deletes a table

5. SQL SELECT
• The SELECT statement is used to select data from a
database.The result is stored in a result table, called the
result-set.
• Syntax:
• SELECT column_name,column_name FROM table_name;
and
• SELECT * FROM table_name;

6. SQL DISTINCT
• The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct
(different) values
• In a table, a column may contain many duplicate values; and
sometimes you only want to list the different (distinct) values. The
DISTINCT keyword can be used to return only distinct (different)
values.
• Syntax
• SELECT DISTINCT column_name,column_name
FROM table_name;

7. SQL WHERE
• The WHERE clause is used to filter records.
• The WHERE clause is used to extract only those
records that fulfill a specified criterion.
• Syntax
• SELECT column_name,column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value;

8. SQL AND / OR
• The AND & OR operators are used to filter records
based on more than one condition.
• The AND operator displays a record if both the first
condition AND the second condition are true.
• The OR operator displays a record if either the first
condition OR the second condition is true.
• Syntax:
• SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country='Germany'
AND City='Berlin';

9. SQL ORDER BY
• The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set.
• The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set by one or
more columns.
• The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in ascending order
by default. To sort the records in a descending order, you can
use the DESC keyword.
• Syntax
• SELECT column_name, column_name
FROM table_name
ORDER
BY column_name ASC|DESC, column_name ASC|DES
C;

10. SQL UPDATE
• The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in a table.
• Syntax
• UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value1,column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value;
• The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should be
updated. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be updated!

11. SQL DELETE
• The DELETE statement is used to delete records in a table.
• The SQL DELETE Statement
• The DELETE statement is used to delete rows in a table.
• Syntax
• DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE some_column=some_value;
• The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should be
deleted. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be deleted!

12. SQL SELECT TOP
• The SELECT TOP clause is used to specify the number of
records to return.
• The SELECT TOP clause can be very useful on large tables
with thousands of records. Returning a large number of records
can impact on performance.
• Note: Not all database systems support the SELECT TOP
clause.
• Syntax
• SELECT TOP number|percent column_name(s)
FROM table_name;

13. SQL LIKE
• The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified
pattern in a column.
• The LIKE operator is used to search for a specified pattern in a column.
• Syntax
• SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE pattern;

14. SQL IN
• The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in
a WHERE clause.
• Syntax
• SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1,value2,...);

15. SQL BETWEEN
• The BETWEEN operator is used to select values within a range.
• The BETWEEN operator selects values within a range. The values can be numbers, text,
or dates.
• Syntax
• SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

16. SQL ALIAS
• SQL aliases are used to give a database table, or a column in a table, a
temporary name.
• Basically aliases are created to make column names more readable.
• Alias Syntax for Columns
• SELECT column_name AS alias_name
FROM table_name;
• Alias Syntax for Tables
• SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name AS alias_name;

17. SELECT INTO
• With SQL, you can copy information from one table into another.
• The SELECT INTO statement copies data from one table and inserts it into a new table.
• Syntax
• We can copy all columns into the new table:
• SELECT *
INTO newtable
FROM table1;
• Or we can copy only the columns we want into the new table:
• SELECT column_name(s)
INTO newtable FROM table1;
• The new table will be created with the column-names and types as defined in the SELECT
statement. You can apply new names using the AS clause.
•

18. SQL INSERT
• The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.
• Syntax
• It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two forms.
• The first form does not specify the column names where the data will be
inserted, only their values:
• INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...);
• The second form specifies both the column names and the
values to be inserted:
• INSERT INTO table_name (column1,column2,column3,...)
VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...);
•

19. INSERT INTO
• The INSERT INTO SELECT statement copies data from one table and
inserts it into an existing table.
• The INSERT INTO SELECT statement selects data from one table
and inserts it into an existing table. Any existing rows in the target
table are unaffected.
• Syntax
• We can copy all columns from one table to another, existing table:
• INSERT INTO table2
SELECT * FROM table1;
• Or we can copy only the columns we want to into another, existing
table:
• INSERT INTO table2
(column_name(s))
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1;

20. CREATE DATABASE
• The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a
database.
• Syntax
• CREATE DATABASE dbname;
• SQL CREATE DATABASE Example
• The following SQL statement creates a database called
"my_db":
• CREATE DATABASE my_db;

21. CREATE TABLE
• The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table in a database.
• Tables are organized into rows and columns; and each table must have a
name.
• Syntax
• CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 data_type(size),
column_name2 data_type(size),
column_name3 data_type(size),
....
);
• The column_name parameters specify the names of the columns of the
table.
• The data_type parameter specifies what type of data the column can hold
(e.g. varchar, integer, decimal, date, etc.).
• The size parameter specifies the maximum length of the column of the table.