This document provides an overview of key concepts related to relational database management systems (RDBMS) including:
- It discusses characteristics of relational tables, keys such as primary and foreign keys, and integrity rules.
- It introduces entity relationship diagrams (ERDs) and how they are used to model relationships between entities/tables through attributes and relationships.
- It reviews key terms in the relational model including the differences between logical and physical names, as well as data definition language (DDL) and data manipulation language (DML).
Download Complete Material - https://www.instamojo.com/prashanth_ns/
This RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) contains 9 Units and each unit contains 40 to 50 slides in it.
Contents…
• Define a Database Management System
• Describe the types of data models
• Create an entity-relationship model
• List the types of relationships between entities
• Define a Relational Database Management System
• Describe the operators that work on relations
• Identify tips of logical database design
• Map an ER diagram to a table
• Describe data redundancy
• Describe the first, second, and third normal forms
• Describe the Boyce-Codd Normal Form
• Appreciate the need for denormalization.
Download Complete Material - https://www.instamojo.com/prashanth_ns/
This RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) contains 9 Units and each unit contains 40 to 50 slides in it.
Contents…
• Define a Database Management System
• Describe the types of data models
• Create an entity-relationship model
• List the types of relationships between entities
• Define a Relational Database Management System
• Describe the operators that work on relations
• Identify tips of logical database design
• Map an ER diagram to a table
• Describe data redundancy
• Describe the first, second, and third normal forms
• Describe the Boyce-Codd Normal Form
• Appreciate the need for denormalization.
Purpose of the data base system, data abstraction, data model, data independence, data definition
language, data manipulation language, data base manager, data base administrator, data base users,
overall structure.
ER Models, entities, mapping constrains, keys, E-R diagram, reduction E-R diagrams to tables,
generatio, aggregation, design of an E-R data base scheme.
Oracle RDBMS, architecture, kernel, system global area (SGA), data base writer, log writer, process
monitor, archiver, database files, control files, redo log files, oracle utilities.
SQL: commands and data types, data definition language commands, data manipulation commands,
data query language commands, transaction language control commands, data control language
commands.
Joins, equi-joins, non-equi-joins, self joins, other joins, aggregate functions, math functions, string
functions, group by clause, data function and concepts of null values, sub-querries, views.
PL/SQL, basics of pl/sql, data types, control structures, database access with PL/SQL, data base
connections, transaction management, data base locking, cursor management.
This presentation contains the concepts related to database design using ER Diagram. The content is adapted from the contents of the authors of the book mentioned in the reference.
This Presentation would make you understand the Fundamentals of Database Design, Data Models (Conceptual, Logical & Physical), ERD, ERM. Also, have real-life examples and case study to understand better.
Overview of Object-Oriented Concepts Characteristics by vikas jagtapVikas Jagtap
Object-oriented data base systems are proposed as alternative to relational systems and are aimed at application domains where complex objects play a central role.
The approach is heavily influenced by object-oriented programming languages and can be understood as an attempt to add DBMS functionality to a programming language environment
A collection of conceptual tools for describing
data
data relationships
data semantics
data constraints
Relational model
Entity-Relationship model
Other models:
object-oriented model
semi-structured data models
Older models: network model and hierarchical model
Schema Integration, View Integration and Database Integration, ER Model & Dia...Mobarok Hossen
What is ER Model & Diagrams?
How can you design ER Model & Diagram?
What is Object-Oriented Model?
What is Schema Integration? how can you Schema Integrate?
What is View Integration? how can you View Integrate?
What is Database Integration? how can you Database Integrate?
Purpose of the data base system, data abstraction, data model, data independence, data definition
language, data manipulation language, data base manager, data base administrator, data base users,
overall structure.
ER Models, entities, mapping constrains, keys, E-R diagram, reduction E-R diagrams to tables,
generatio, aggregation, design of an E-R data base scheme.
Oracle RDBMS, architecture, kernel, system global area (SGA), data base writer, log writer, process
monitor, archiver, database files, control files, redo log files, oracle utilities.
SQL: commands and data types, data definition language commands, data manipulation commands,
data query language commands, transaction language control commands, data control language
commands.
Joins, equi-joins, non-equi-joins, self joins, other joins, aggregate functions, math functions, string
functions, group by clause, data function and concepts of null values, sub-querries, views.
PL/SQL, basics of pl/sql, data types, control structures, database access with PL/SQL, data base
connections, transaction management, data base locking, cursor management.
This presentation contains the concepts related to database design using ER Diagram. The content is adapted from the contents of the authors of the book mentioned in the reference.
This Presentation would make you understand the Fundamentals of Database Design, Data Models (Conceptual, Logical & Physical), ERD, ERM. Also, have real-life examples and case study to understand better.
Overview of Object-Oriented Concepts Characteristics by vikas jagtapVikas Jagtap
Object-oriented data base systems are proposed as alternative to relational systems and are aimed at application domains where complex objects play a central role.
The approach is heavily influenced by object-oriented programming languages and can be understood as an attempt to add DBMS functionality to a programming language environment
A collection of conceptual tools for describing
data
data relationships
data semantics
data constraints
Relational model
Entity-Relationship model
Other models:
object-oriented model
semi-structured data models
Older models: network model and hierarchical model
Schema Integration, View Integration and Database Integration, ER Model & Dia...Mobarok Hossen
What is ER Model & Diagrams?
How can you design ER Model & Diagram?
What is Object-Oriented Model?
What is Schema Integration? how can you Schema Integrate?
What is View Integration? how can you View Integrate?
What is Database Integration? how can you Database Integrate?
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It's a slide on business related topics. For example it would increase your knowledge on business facts. Business is a must onowning factor in todays world. The whole world runs on business. Without business its not possible to maintain balance. In the world we should do business for living well. Throughout the earth its very important for the mankind.
Data modeling is a process used to define and analyze data requirements needed to support the business processes within the scope of corresponding information systems in organizations.
RDBMS.ppt What is RDBMS RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.SHAKIR325211
What is RDBMS RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System. RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.
All modern database management systems like SQL, MS SQL Server, IBM DB2, ORACLE, My-SQL, and Microsoft Access are based on RDBMS.
It is called Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) because it is based on the relational model introduced by E.F. Codd.Brief History of RDBMS
From 1970 to 1972, E.F. Codd published a paper to propose using a relational database model.
RDBMS is originally based on E.F. Codd's relational model invention.A relational database is the most commonly used database. It contains several tables, and each table has its primary key.
Due to a collection of an organized set of tables, data can be accessed easily in RDBMS.Everything in a relational database is stored in the form of relations. The RDBMS database uses tables to store data. A table is a collection of related data entries and contains rows and columns to store data. Each table represents some real-world objects such as person, place, or event about which information is collected. The organized collection of data into a relational table is known as the logical view of the database.
A row of a table is also called a record or tuple. It contains the specific information of each entry in the table. It is a horizontal entity in the table. For example, The above table contains 5 records.
Properties of a row:
No two tuples are identical to each other in all their entries.
All tuples of the relation have the same format and the same number of entries.
The order of the tuple is irrelevant. They are identified by their content, not by their position.The domain refers to the possible values each attribute can contain. It can be specified using standard data types such as integers, floating numbers, etc. For example, An attribute entitled Marital_Status may be limited to married or unmarried values.
NULL Values
The NULL value of the table specifies that the field has been left blank during record creation. It is different from the value filled with zero or a field that contains space.
Data Integrity
There are the following categories of data integrity exist with each RDBMS:Entity integrity: It specifies that there should be no duplicate rows in a table.
Domain integrity: It enforces valid entries for a given column by restricting the type, the format, or the range of values.
Referential integrity specifies that rows cannot be deleted, which are used by other records.
User-defined integrity: It enforces some specific business rules defined by users. These rules are different from the entity, domain, or referential integrity.Generalization is like a bottom-up approach in which two or more entities of lower level combine to form a higher level entity if they have some attributes in common.
In generalization, an entity of a higher level can also combine with the entities of the lower level to form a further higher level entity.
Generalization
How to create a Makerspace (or Hacker Space) using a proven method/by example. Additional Makerspace resources are provided to assist you with your Makerspace.
Ron McFarland is an American Poet. Love and Loss is a collection of contemporary American poems that speak to spirituality, youth, love, growing old, loss and many other emotions that we each share.
Quarkus Hidden and Forbidden ExtensionsMax Andersen
Quarkus has a vast extension ecosystem and is known for its subsonic and subatomic feature set. Some of these features are not as well known, and some extensions are less talked about, but that does not make them less interesting - quite the opposite.
Come join this talk to see some tips and tricks for using Quarkus and some of the lesser known features, extensions and development techniques.
Large Language Models and the End of ProgrammingMatt Welsh
Talk by Matt Welsh at Craft Conference 2024 on the impact that Large Language Models will have on the future of software development. In this talk, I discuss the ways in which LLMs will impact the software industry, from replacing human software developers with AI, to replacing conventional software with models that perform reasoning, computation, and problem-solving.
Accelerate Enterprise Software Engineering with PlatformlessWSO2
Key takeaways:
Challenges of building platforms and the benefits of platformless.
Key principles of platformless, including API-first, cloud-native middleware, platform engineering, and developer experience.
How Choreo enables the platformless experience.
How key concepts like application architecture, domain-driven design, zero trust, and cell-based architecture are inherently a part of Choreo.
Demo of an end-to-end app built and deployed on Choreo.
Enhancing Research Orchestration Capabilities at ORNL.pdfGlobus
Cross-facility research orchestration comes with ever-changing constraints regarding the availability and suitability of various compute and data resources. In short, a flexible data and processing fabric is needed to enable the dynamic redirection of data and compute tasks throughout the lifecycle of an experiment. In this talk, we illustrate how we easily leveraged Globus services to instrument the ACE research testbed at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility with flexible data and task orchestration capabilities.
Cyaniclab : Software Development Agency Portfolio.pdfCyanic lab
CyanicLab, an offshore custom software development company based in Sweden,India, Finland, is your go-to partner for startup development and innovative web design solutions. Our expert team specializes in crafting cutting-edge software tailored to meet the unique needs of startups and established enterprises alike. From conceptualization to execution, we offer comprehensive services including web and mobile app development, UI/UX design, and ongoing software maintenance. Ready to elevate your business? Contact CyanicLab today and let us propel your vision to success with our top-notch IT solutions.
Paketo Buildpacks : la meilleure façon de construire des images OCI? DevopsDa...Anthony Dahanne
Les Buildpacks existent depuis plus de 10 ans ! D’abord, ils étaient utilisés pour détecter et construire une application avant de la déployer sur certains PaaS. Ensuite, nous avons pu créer des images Docker (OCI) avec leur dernière génération, les Cloud Native Buildpacks (CNCF en incubation). Sont-ils une bonne alternative au Dockerfile ? Que sont les buildpacks Paketo ? Quelles communautés les soutiennent et comment ?
Venez le découvrir lors de cette session ignite
Multiple Your Crypto Portfolio with the Innovative Features of Advanced Crypt...Hivelance Technology
Cryptocurrency trading bots are computer programs designed to automate buying, selling, and managing cryptocurrency transactions. These bots utilize advanced algorithms and machine learning techniques to analyze market data, identify trading opportunities, and execute trades on behalf of their users. By automating the decision-making process, crypto trading bots can react to market changes faster than human traders
Hivelance, a leading provider of cryptocurrency trading bot development services, stands out as the premier choice for crypto traders and developers. Hivelance boasts a team of seasoned cryptocurrency experts and software engineers who deeply understand the crypto market and the latest trends in automated trading, Hivelance leverages the latest technologies and tools in the industry, including advanced AI and machine learning algorithms, to create highly efficient and adaptable crypto trading bots
Understanding Globus Data Transfers with NetSageGlobus
NetSage is an open privacy-aware network measurement, analysis, and visualization service designed to help end-users visualize and reason about large data transfers. NetSage traditionally has used a combination of passive measurements, including SNMP and flow data, as well as active measurements, mainly perfSONAR, to provide longitudinal network performance data visualization. It has been deployed by dozens of networks world wide, and is supported domestically by the Engagement and Performance Operations Center (EPOC), NSF #2328479. We have recently expanded the NetSage data sources to include logs for Globus data transfers, following the same privacy-preserving approach as for Flow data. Using the logs for the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) as an example, this talk will walk through several different example use cases that NetSage can answer, including: Who is using Globus to share data with my institution, and what kind of performance are they able to achieve? How many transfers has Globus supported for us? Which sites are we sharing the most data with, and how is that changing over time? How is my site using Globus to move data internally, and what kind of performance do we see for those transfers? What percentage of data transfers at my institution used Globus, and how did the overall data transfer performance compare to the Globus users?
Modern design is crucial in today's digital environment, and this is especially true for SharePoint intranets. The design of these digital hubs is critical to user engagement and productivity enhancement. They are the cornerstone of internal collaboration and interaction within enterprises.
Your Digital Assistant.
Making complex approach simple. Straightforward process saves time. No more waiting to connect with people that matter to you. Safety first is not a cliché - Securely protect information in cloud storage to prevent any third party from accessing data.
Would you rather make your visitors feel burdened by making them wait? Or choose VizMan for a stress-free experience? VizMan is an automated visitor management system that works for any industries not limited to factories, societies, government institutes, and warehouses. A new age contactless way of logging information of visitors, employees, packages, and vehicles. VizMan is a digital logbook so it deters unnecessary use of paper or space since there is no requirement of bundles of registers that is left to collect dust in a corner of a room. Visitor’s essential details, helps in scheduling meetings for visitors and employees, and assists in supervising the attendance of the employees. With VizMan, visitors don’t need to wait for hours in long queues. VizMan handles visitors with the value they deserve because we know time is important to you.
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One app for all industries – a Visitor Management System that works for any organisation.
Stress-free Sign-up
Visitor is registered and checked-in by the Receptionist
Host gets a notification, where they opt to Approve the meeting
Host notifies the Receptionist of the end of the meeting
Visitor is checked-out by the Receptionist
Host enters notes and remarks of the meeting
Customizable Components
Scheduling Meetings – Host can invite visitors for meetings and also approve, reject and reschedule meetings
Single/Bulk invites – Invitations can be sent individually to a visitor or collectively to many visitors
VIP Visitors – Additional security of data for VIP visitors to avoid misuse of information
Courier Management – Keeps a check on deliveries like commodities being delivered in and out of establishments
Alerts & Notifications – Get notified on SMS, email, and application
Parking Management – Manage availability of parking space
Individual log-in – Every user has their own log-in id
Visitor/Meeting Analytics – Evaluate notes and remarks of the meeting stored in the system
Visitor Management System is a secure and user friendly database manager that records, filters, tracks the visitors to your organization.
"Secure Your Premises with VizMan (VMS) – Get It Now"
OpenFOAM solver for Helmholtz equation, helmholtzFoam / helmholtzBubbleFoamtakuyayamamoto1800
In this slide, we show the simulation example and the way to compile this solver.
In this solver, the Helmholtz equation can be solved by helmholtzFoam. Also, the Helmholtz equation with uniformly dispersed bubbles can be simulated by helmholtzBubbleFoam.
Innovating Inference - Remote Triggering of Large Language Models on HPC Clus...Globus
Large Language Models (LLMs) are currently the center of attention in the tech world, particularly for their potential to advance research. In this presentation, we'll explore a straightforward and effective method for quickly initiating inference runs on supercomputers using the vLLM tool with Globus Compute, specifically on the Polaris system at ALCF. We'll begin by briefly discussing the popularity and applications of LLMs in various fields. Following this, we will introduce the vLLM tool, and explain how it integrates with Globus Compute to efficiently manage LLM operations on Polaris. Attendees will learn the practical aspects of setting up and remotely triggering LLMs from local machines, focusing on ease of use and efficiency. This talk is ideal for researchers and practitioners looking to leverage the power of LLMs in their work, offering a clear guide to harnessing supercomputing resources for quick and effective LLM inference.
Globus Compute wth IRI Workflows - GlobusWorld 2024Globus
As part of the DOE Integrated Research Infrastructure (IRI) program, NERSC at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and ALCF at Argonne National Lab are working closely with General Atomics on accelerating the computing requirements of the DIII-D experiment. As part of the work the team is investigating ways to speedup the time to solution for many different parts of the DIII-D workflow including how they run jobs on HPC systems. One of these routes is looking at Globus Compute as a way to replace the current method for managing tasks and we describe a brief proof of concept showing how Globus Compute could help to schedule jobs and be a tool to connect compute at different facilities.
First Steps with Globus Compute Multi-User EndpointsGlobus
In this presentation we will share our experiences around getting started with the Globus Compute multi-user endpoint. Working with the Pharmacology group at the University of Auckland, we have previously written an application using Globus Compute that can offload computationally expensive steps in the researcher's workflows, which they wish to manage from their familiar Windows environments, onto the NeSI (New Zealand eScience Infrastructure) cluster. Some of the challenges we have encountered were that each researcher had to set up and manage their own single-user globus compute endpoint and that the workloads had varying resource requirements (CPUs, memory and wall time) between different runs. We hope that the multi-user endpoint will help to address these challenges and share an update on our progress here.
Into the Box Keynote Day 2: Unveiling amazing updates and announcements for modern CFML developers! Get ready for exciting releases and updates on Ortus tools and products. Stay tuned for cutting-edge innovations designed to boost your productivity.
Prosigns: Transforming Business with Tailored Technology SolutionsProsigns
Unlocking Business Potential: Tailored Technology Solutions by Prosigns
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BoxLang is more than just a language; it's a community. By choosing a Visionary License, you're not just investing in your success, you're actively contributing to the ongoing development and support of BoxLang.
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SOCRadar Research Team: Latest Activities of IntelBrokerSOCRadar
The European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) has suffered an alleged data breach after a notorious threat actor claimed to have exfiltrated data from its systems. Infamous data leaker IntelBroker posted on the even more infamous BreachForums hacking forum, saying that Europol suffered a data breach this month.
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5. 5
CHARACTERISTICS OF A RELATIONAL
TABLE
Characteristics of a Relational Table (TutorialsPoint, 2020)
6. 6
KEYS
Consist of one or more attributes that
determine other attributes
Used to
Ensure that each row in a table is uniquely
identifiable
Establish relationships among tables and ensure data
integrity
Primary key (PK)—Attribute or combination of
attributes that uniquely identifies a row
Source: Microsoft Images
11. 11
WAYS TO HANDLE NULLS
NOT NULL constraint—Placed on a column to ensure that every
row in the table has a value for that column
UNIQUE constraint—Restriction placed on a column to ensure that
no duplicate values exist for that column
Is a field NOT NULL or UNIQUE in your database model? Be sure
to indicate this in your Data Dictionary.
13. 13
DATA MODELING OBJECTIVES
Understand concepts of data modeling and its purpose
Learn how relationships between entities are defined and refined, and how
they are incorporated into the database design process
Learn how ERD components affect database design and implementation
Learn how to interpret the modeling symbols
14. 14
IMPORTANCE OF DATA MODEL
Blueprint—official documentation
blueprint of house
Employees w/o DB knowledge can understand
a data model diagram vs. a list of tables
an effective communication tool
improves interaction among managers,
designers, and end users
Independence from a particular DBMS
network DB, object-oriented DB, etc.
15. 15
DATA MODEL
Model—an abstraction of a real-world
object or event
useful in understanding complexities of the
real-world environment
Data model
a diagram that displays a set of tables and
the relationships between them
a foundation
next slides: Draw.io Entity Relationship
Diagram (ERD) examples
West and Fowler (1999)
16. 16
ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
(ERD) PROCEDURE
Relatively simple representations of complex real-world data
structures
Data modeling is an iterative process.
A "complete" and "100% error free" data model is impossible!
An "optimized" data model is possible …
19. 19
WHAT IS AN ERD?
ERD is a data modeling technique used in
software engineering to produce a conceptual
data model of an information system.
ERDs illustrate the logical structure of
databases.
ERDs represent 'business' or 'use' cases
21. 21
DATA MODEL—ERD
The data modeling
revolves around
discovering and analyzing
organizational and user's
data requirements (use
cases).
Requirements based on
policies, meetings,
procedures, system
specifications, etc.
• Identify what data is
important
• Identify what data should
be maintained
22. 22
DATA
MODEL—
ERD
The major activity of this phase is
identifying entities, attributes, and
their relationships to construct model
using the Entity Relationship Diagram.
"Logical" (or design) names include:
Entity/Attribute/Relationship
"Physical" implementation names
include: Table, Column, Line
Entity à table
Attribute à column
Relationship à line
24. 24
ENTITY
An Entity is a collection of data, using
a rectangle with attributes listed inside
the entity ‘box.'
For example, an entity STUDENT could
include the attributes StudentID, Name,
Registered, Region, etc.
A second entity following this example
would be COURSE, which would
include the attributes Title, Credit,
Quota.
27. 27
ENTITY
An entity is a collection of data, using a
rectangle with attributes listed inside the
entity "box." For example, STUDENT
could include the attributes student_id,
student_name, student_address, etc.
A second entity following this example
would be COURSE, which would include
the attributes course_name,
course_number, etc.
28. 28
CROW'S FOOT NOTATION
FOR ENTITY
Entity:
Represented by a rectangle, with its name on the top. The name is singular (entity)
rather than plural (entities). Entity name can be upper case (ENTITY) or lower case
(entity).
29. 29
HOW TO FIND ENTITIES
Entity—a person, place, object, or event about which you can store
information (e.g. supplier, machine tool, employee, utility pole, airline
seat, etc.).
Tangible: CUSTOMER, PRODUCT
Intangible: ORDER, ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
Look for singular nouns (beginner)
Some ″standards″ place entity names in UPPER CASE (not required)
A proper noun is not a good candidate …
30. 30
ATTRIBUTES
Within the Entity (for example, within the student entity) are
attributes describing the student.
Crow's foot Chen style
31. 31
ATTRIBUTES
Describe details about an
entity
Entity: Employee
Attributes:
Employee-Name
Address (composite)
Phone Extension
Date-of-Hire
Job-Skill-Code
Salary
32. 32
ATTRIBUTES
• The individual bits of data that make up an
entity.
• Attributes are listed within the entity.
• If an attribute is used to identify the entity, it
is the primary key and is underlined or
preceded with an *.
• If it refers to the identifying attribute of
another entity, it is a foreign key and is
commonly italicized (not in this model).
• If you aren't actually storing an attribute, but
calculating it from other attributes, it's a
derived attribute, and has a dashed outline.
33. 33
HOW TO FIND ATTRIBUTES
Attributes are
Data objects that either identify or
describe entities (property of an
entity).
Descriptors whose values are
associated with individual entities of a
specific entity type.
To identify attributes, find and extract the
names that appear to be descriptive noun
phrases.
34. 34
TERMINOLOGY: ENTITY INSTANCE
Entity instance—a single occurrence within the entity.
This example contains six entity instances.
Student
ID
Last
Name
First
Name
2144 Arnold Betty
3122 Taylor John
3843 Simmons Lisa
9844 Macy Bill
2837 Leath Heather
2293 Wrench Tim
Entity:
STUDENT
instanc
e
35. 35
TYPES OF ENTITIES
A weak entity is shown as a double rectangle in a
data model, because it doesn't have its own unique
key—it only exists in relation to the entity it belongs
to.
An associative entity (easier to see in the second type
of diagram), is shown with a dashed outline and
connector. This type of entity is needed wherever you
have many-to-many relationships. To create an
associative entity in the first style of diagram, add an
entity shape and a relationship shape, and group the
two shapes together.
37. 37
SIMPLE/COMPOSITE ATTRIBUTE
A simple attribute cannot be subdivided.
Examples: age, gender, marital status
A composite attribute can be further subdivided to yield
additional attributes.
Examples:
ADDRESS à Street, City, State, Zip
PHONE NUMBER à Area code, Exchange
38. 38
IDENTIFIER (PRIMARY KEY AND
COMPOSITE IDENTIFIER)
Attributes that uniquely identify
entity instances become a
Primary Key (PK) in an RDBMS
39. 39
DERIVED ATTRIBUTE
Not physically stored within the database
Derived by using an algorithm
Example 1: Late Charge of 2%
MS Access: InvoiceAmt * 0.02
Example 2: Age can be derived from the date of birth and the current date.
MS Access: int(Date() – Emp_Dob)/365)
40. 40
SINGLE-VALUED ATTRIBUTE
Can have only a single (atomic) value.
Examples:
A person can have only one social security number.
A manufactured part can have only one serial number.
A single-valued attribute is not necessarily a simple attribute.
Part No: CA-08-02-189935
Location: CA, Factory#:08, shift#: 02, part#: 189935
41. 41
MULTI-VALUED ATTRIBUTES
Can have many values.
Examples:
A person may have several college degrees.
A household may have several phones with different
numbers.
A car can be one or more colors.
42. 42
RELATIONSHIPS Relationships (relationship lines) show
how entities are related to each other.
Relationships occur between each pair of
entities.
Relationship lines are bidirectional
(operate in both directions).
Relationship connectors use Crow's foot
notation to show how many of each
entity are related to another entity.
Example (relationship between student
and enrollment)
oOne student has one or more enrollments
oOne enrollment has only one student
43. 43
HOW TO FIND RELATIONSHIPS
o Relationships are associations between
two or more entities.
o Typically, a relationship is indicated by a
verb connecting two or more entities.
o Relationships should be classified in terms
of cardinality.
§Cardinality: one-to-one, one-to-
many, etc.
44. 44
MORE ABOUT RELATIONSHIP
Business rule of a relationship should be bidirectional.
A student must be enrolled in many curriculums (student to
curriculum).
Each curriculum might be studied by many students (curriculum
to student).
45. 45
CROW'S FOOT—1:1, OPTIONAL RELATIONSHIP
(OR) ON ONE SIDE
A person might or might not be a programmer, but a programmer
must be a person.
SUB TYPE
ProgrammerPerson 2
Crow's Foot – 1: 1 (McFarland, 2020)
46. 46
CROW'S FOOT—1:M RELATIONSHIP
Each department hires many employees, and each
employee is hired by one department.
EMPLOYEEDEPARTMT
HIRES
IS_HIRED_BY
Crow's Foot – 1:M (McFarland, 2020)
47. 47
CROW'S FOOT—1:M WITH OR ON
MANY SIDE
A person might be or might not be a member, but could be found multiple
times (if the member entity represents membership in multiple clubs, for
instance). A member must have only a single person.
CHILD
MEMBERPERSON
48. 48
CROW'S FOOT: 1:M WITH OR ON
BOTH SIDE
A person might have no phone, one phone, or lots of
phones, and that phone might be unowned or can only be
owned by a person.
POSSESSION
PHONEPERSON 4
49. 49
CROW'S FOOT—M:N RELATIONSHIP
Each student takes many classes, and a class must be
taken by many students.
Note: Many-to-many relationships cannot be allowed in the data
model because they cannot be represented by the relational
model.
STUDENTCLASS
TAKES
IS_TAKEN_BY
51. 51
REVIEW: KEY TERMS IN THE
RELATIONAL MODEL
What is a
Database?
How is a
Database
different from
a Database
Management
System?
What is a
Schema?
What is
Metadata?
52. 52
TERMINOLOGY OF THE RDBMS
Logical Name Physical
Implementation Name
Tuple Row (or record)
Attribute Field (or column)
Entity Table
55. 55
REVIEW: PRIMARY KEY AND FOREIGN KEY
Primary key (PK)—A unique identifier for
a record. Each PK must be unique.
Foreign key (FK)—A field within a table
that is a PK in another table.
56. 56
DATABASE SCHEMA OR ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM (ERD)
An Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
serves as a 'blueprint' for the database.
An ERD is also known as a Database
Schema.
57. 57
DATABASE SCHEMA OR ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM (ERD)
What is the Primary Key for lab_orders,
patient_info, primary_care_doctors, and
hospitals?
What are the FKs in each Table?
What type of relationship notation is shown
on the ERD? (tough question)
62. 62
INTERSECTION TABLE AND COMPOSITE KEY (ERD)
A composite key is two or more
fields used to define a primary key
in a table.
63. 63
INTERSECTION TABLE AND COMPOSITE KEY
(TABLE)
A composite key is two or more fields
used to define a primary key in a
table.
64. 64
RDBMS
DML: Data Manipulation Language
DDL: Data Definition Language
Metadata: Data about data
Data Schema: Design of the data
(supported by an ERD)
DBMS vs. Database
65. 65
REFERENCES
Draw.io. (2020). Diagrams.net—free flowchart maker and diagrams online. Retrieved November 23, 2020, from
https://app.diagrams.net/
SQLite Browser. (2020, November 09). DB Browser for SQLite. Retrieved November 23, 2020, from
https://sqlitebrowser.org/
SQLite. (2020). SQLite Main Website. Retrieved November 23, 2020, from https://sqlite.org/index.html
McFarland, R. (2020). Published Articles: Ron McFarland. Retrieved December 03, 2020,
from https://medium.com/@highervista
Tutorialspoint. (2020). SQLite Tutorial. Retrieved November 23, 2020, from
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/sqlite/index.htm
Watt, A. and Eng, W. (2020). Database Design, 2nd edition. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.
Matthew West and Julian Fowler (1999). Developing High Quality Data Models. The European Process Industries
STEP Technical Liaison Executive (EPISTLE).
67. 67
ABOUT THIS COURSE
This course is distributed free. I use several
sources. But importantly, I use the book noted
on the next slide.
If you are using these PowerPoints, please
attribute Highervista, LLC and me (Ron
McFarland). IN ADDITION, please attribute
the author noted on the next slide, as the
author’s textbook provides essential
information for this course.
Source: Microsoft Images
68. 68
INTRODUCTION
This course is offered to you free. HOWEVER, please
purchase the following book, as it is a primary resource for
this course. I do not make any $ from this course or this
book. So, since a handful of good content is derived from the
following text, please support this author!
Title: SQL Quickstart Guide
Author: Walter Shields
Available: Amazon, B&N, and through ClydeBank media
website at:
https://www.clydebankmedia.com/books/programming-
tech/sql-quickstart-guide