introduction, classification, causes which are sports specific

3. What is SPORTS MEDICINE????
Sports medicine, also known as sport
and exercise medicine, is a branch of
medicine that deals with physical
fitness and the treatment and
prevention of injuries related to sports
and exercise.

4.  The “sports medicine team” includes
speciality physicians & surgeons, athletic
trainers, physical therapist, coaches, and of
course an athlete.
 Sport medicine does not only include
musculoskeletal injuries, however other
condition includes sports cardiology issues,
unexplained underperformance syndrome,
exercise induced asthma, screening of
cardiac abnormalities and diabetes etc. in
sports.

5. What is the basic aim of sports medicine ?
It is to prepare and educate an athlete
to achieve the optimal physical
efficiency with safety.
Like all other branch sport medicine
also aims to complete physical, mental
and spiritual well being of the sport
person.

6. Occurrence of sports injuries :
 Incidence describes the rate of injuries in a given time frame,
in a given population.
 It is usually expressed as new injuries sustained per 1000 hours
of participation time.
 For eg: if a marathon runner trains for 52 weeks of the year at
10 hours per week, this gives them an injury exposure time of
520hrs
 If they sustain 5 injuries in this time frame the incidences 9.62
injuries per 1000hrs participation (5÷520*1000)
 The incidence calculation can also be used to accurately inform
of injuries in training versus competition, across levels of
participation. For e.g. ACL sprains in skiing
 Looking at sports injury incidence also allows like-for-like injury
comparison across sports without participation rate bias. For
e.g. soccer carries the highest risk of sports injury because
more people participates in this sport.

8.  Prevalence describes the percentage of athletes
in a given population that have a sports injury in a
given time.
 For e.g. if you were working with a tennis club
and 5 out of the 50 club players reported lateral
elbow pain the prevalence would be
10%(5÷50*100)
 The term incidence is best suited to describe
acute injuries, while prevalence is best suited to
describe occurrence of overuse injuries.

9. CLASSIFICATION OF SPORTS
INJURIES:

10.  WILLIAMS Classification:
Sports injury
Consequential
Primary
Extrinsic Intrinsic
Secondary
Long term Short term
Non-
Consequential

11.  PRIMARY :
1) Extrinsic
• Vehicular
• Environmental
• Occupational
2) Intrinsic
• Incidental (strains , sprains)
• Overuse
a. acute
b. chronic
 SECONDARY :
1) Short term (quadriceps weakness)
2) Long term (degenerative arthritis)

12.  Other classification:
1) According to tissues type injured:
Soft
•muscles
•Ligament
•Tendon
•Skin
•Deep fascia
•fibro
cartilage
Hard
•Bone
•Joints
•Articular
cartilage
Special
•Brain
•Peripheral
nerves
•Eyes
•Nose
•Sinuses
•Organs
•Dental
•Blood vessels

13. 2) According to severity :
Mild
• Lasts for 1-
7 days
• Include
hematoma,
blisters,
DOMS
Moderate
• Lasts for 8-
20 days
• Include
muscle
strains,
ligament
sprains
Severe
• Lasts for
21 days
• Can lead to
permanent
damage
• Eg :
fractures
high grade
strains &
sprains

14. 3) According to time taken for the tissues to become
injured:
Acute
• Occurs due to sudden trauma to the tissue.
• e.g. hamstring strain in 100 m sprinting
• Common acute injuries include sprains, strains, fractures, dislocations
Overuse
• Occurs over a period of time, usually due to repetitive loading of the
tissues, with symptoms presenting gradually.
• e.g. overuse injury common to marathon runners is iliotibial band
syndrome
• Common overuse injuries include patello-femoral dysfunction, medial
tibial stress syndrome, iliotibial band syndrome.
Distinguishing between overuse & acute injuries can be difficult. For e.g. DOMS &
blisters are overuse injuries due to mechanism of injury, although there symptoms
present relatively quickly.

15. Causes :
1) Intrinsic causes:
• Relate to the make-up of the body. Leg length
differences & body misalignment can lead to
unequal forces being transferred to the tissues of
the ankle , knee , hip & back. Eg : an excessive
Q-angle can put strain on ligaments of knee &
ankle.
Anatomical
factors
• Relates to how the body operates & facilitates
movement. Injury can occur due to early onset of
fatigue , reduced flexibility due to tightness,
hyperflexibility , muscle weakness.
Physiological
factors

16. • Specific to each individual & their medical
history. Previous injuries & conditions can make
a person more at risk of injury. Eg : ligament
injuries, recurrent sprain in same ankle.
Individual
difference
factors
• As the body ages it alters : less able to produce
force , recovers slower & soft tissue lose their
ability to stretch. An young , growing body can
also be at risk of injury as tissues develop at
different rates & cannot withstand strain
placed upon them. Eg : overuse injuries are
common in young athletes.
Age factors

17. 2) Extrinsic causes:
• Relate to design of training programs. Excessive repetitive
loading of the tissues is needed for successful adaptation,
however, without suitable recovery tissues never have the
chance to adapt and can fail. Sudden increase in
frequency, intensity & duration or simply changing training
method can go beyond the tissues fail tolerance level
leading to increased risk of injury. For e.g. poor shot
technique in tennis increases the risk of tennis elbow.
Training
related
factors
• Relate to the suitability of equipment. Incorrct footwear
will not protect foot & ankle adequately nor distribute
forces effectively, leading to an increase risk of injury.
Training or competing with equipment that is not the
correct size or weight can make movements
biomechanically inefficient & put tissues under strain.
Equipment
selection
factors

18. • Include environmental temperature & the surface participation
takes place on. Surfaces that are too hard & too soft can lead to
excessive forces going through the body or lead to a greater risk of
sprains. For e.g. feet/ legs stuck in wet turf. Uneven surfaces, such
as cambered paths or roads, can increase forces placed through one
side of the body.
Environmental
factors
• Relate to the psychological demands of training/ competition & how
individuals respond to these demands. Being over or under-aroused
can lead to poor decision making and possible injury. When
competing individuals can become over assertive or aggressive which
can lead to them harming themselves or others.
Psychological
factors
• Include adequate glycogen stores, hydration & protein intake.
Adequate glycogen stores reduce the time taken to become fatigued.
Correct hydration reduces the effect of dehydration, prevents
hyponatremia & overheating of the body. Without correct protein
intake, an individuals soft tissue may not recover or adapt properly,
& can lead to DOMS & overheating syndrome.
Nutritional
factors

19. THANK YOU
Dr. Pracheta Raval (P.T.)