Sports Science 1. Biomechanics (Performance Improvement, Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation 2. Physiology (Exercise Physiology) - Pre-competition, During Competition, Post-competition 3. Nutrition 4. Psychology (Sports Psychology)

1. SPORTS SCIENCE
A negotiated topic
In
MPE-212 (Sports Medicine &
Psychology)
Presented by:

2. Sports science is a discipline that studies how the
healthy human body works during exercise, and how sport
and physical activity promote health and performance from
cellular to whole body perspectives. The study of sports
science traditionally incorporates the following areas:
I. Biomechanics
II. Physiology (exercise physiology)
III. Nutrition
IV. Psychology (sports psychology)

3. Biomechanics

4. Biomechanics
• Biomechanics in sport incorporates a detailed analysis of sports
movement in order to minimize the risk of injury and improve
sports performance.
• In other words, sport biomechanics is the science of explaining
how and why the human body moves in the way that it does.
• In sport and exercise, that definition is often extended to also
consider the interaction between the performer and their
equipment and environment

5. The following are
some of the areas
where biomechanics
is applied, to either
support the
performance of
athletes or solve
issues in sport or
exercise:
• The identification of optimal
technique for enhancing sports
performance
• The analysis of body loading to
determine the safest method for
performing a particular sport or
exercise task
• The assessment of muscular
recruitment and loading

6. Biomechanics
PRIMARY
GOAL
Performa
nce
Improve
ment
SECONDARY
GOAL
Injury
Prevention
&
Rehabilitat

7. Performa
nce
Improve
ment
Technique
Improvement
Equipment
Improvement
Training
Improvement

8. Injury
Preventio
n &
Rehabilita
tion
Techniques to
Reduce Injury
Equipment
Design to
Reduce Injury

9. Exercise Physiology

10. Exercise Physiology
Respiratory System
The Respiratory system helps us to get the oxygen into our body
and get rid of carbon dioxide.
Breathing – the first thing that happens in the
respiratory system is when we breathe in oxygen and
and breathe out carbon dioxide. Your body needs
oxygen to stay alive.
• When we breathe in, the diaphragm contracts
and when we breathe out, it relaxes
• The diaphragm expands the lungs to allow more
oxygen in the lungs deflate and push carbon

11. Lungs – the lungs are located in your chest behind
your rib cage which protects your lungs. The rib cage
cage protects the lungs by going over it. The lungs
lungs rest on top of the diaphragm.
• The bronchus allows air to enter each lung. The
bronchus is connected to the bronchioles’ which are
tiny tubes.
• The alveoli fill up with air when you breathe in,
which allows oxygen to pass through your blood.Blood – the next part that is important to the
respiratory system is the blood. First, the oxygen is
transferred onto the blood cells. Next the blood takes
the oxygen around the body. Finally carbon dioxide
is transferred into the lungs to breathe out.

12. Circulatory System
The next system involved in exercise is the circulatory system. The
circulatory system related to the heart which pumps blood around the body.
Three types of circulation
• Coronary circulation – is the circulation to the
cardiac muscle which is the heart. Coronary vessels
vessels carry blood around the heart and give it
oxygen and nutrients.
• Pulmonary circulation – carries blood to and from the
lungs. Bronchiole circulation supplies blood to the
tissue of the larger airways in the lungs.

13. Three types of muscular system
• Skeletal muscles – used in different situations such
as writing, exercising and moving the body when
needed. Skeletal muscles are connected to bones,
your biceps, triceps and thighs are examples of this.
this.
• Smooth muscles – are the walls of hollow structures
in the body, the intestines and stomach are examples
examples of this.
Muscular System

14. Nutrition

15. Nutrition
PRE-COMPETITION (Carbohydrate loading)
 The goal of carbohydrate loading is to
overload muscles with glycogen to delay
fatigue and enable you to maintain high
intensity exercise for longer
 When competing for over 90 minutes normal
glycogen stores will not be enough to
maintain exercise. Carbohydrate loading is a
method of increasing stored glycogen by 200-
300%, thereby allowing the athlete to delay
fatigue.

16. DURING COMPETITION
 The goals of your diet during your event are
to prevent hydration, prevent depletion of
glycogen/energy stores, maintain blood
glucose, maintain electrolyte balance, and
prevent stomach upsets.
POST-COMPETITION
 The goals of your diet following your event
are to restore fluid and electrolyte balance,
replenish depleted glycogen stores, and
provide nutrients to help repair muscle
damage.

17. Main points about Sports nutrition
 Pre-event nutrition is vital to ensure glycogen
stores are topped up, hydration is optimal and
stomach upsets and hunger are prevented. Eat at
least 200g of familiar foods in the four hours
before competing and drink enough fluid to be
comfortable. To read some expert advice on why
it is best not to eat at least 3 hours before your
event for peak performance click here

18.  During your endurance event consume
30-60g carbohydrate per hour and aim
to replace fluid losses. Begin eating
and drinking early in your event
 Post-event nutrition restores fluid
and electrolyte balance, and
replenishes depleted glycogen
stores, reducing recovery time
Main points about Sports nutrition

19. Psychology

20. Psychology Sport psychology is the study of the
psychological basis, processes and effects of
sport (Gross, 2005).
 Sports psychology is the science of psychology
applied to athletes and the athletic situation
(Straub 1980).
 According to Ikulayo (1990), sports psychology
is said to be a branch of sports science
involving the science of psychology applied to
sportsmen/women in athletic situations
 Similarly, Vipene (2005) defined sport
psychology as a science that deals with the

21.  The sport psychology in Sports Performance Enhancement Sports
Psychology has a lot of roles to play in the realization of the nation’s
sporting objectives.
 The following are therefore some of the roles which Sports Psychology can
play in enhancing performance.
1.Since the totality of the athlete's personality is
involved on the playing field, one of the major
roles of the sports psychologist is in the area
of behavioural control of the athlete
 This could be used for performance
through the modification of undesirable attitudes

22. 2.The sports psychologist work on the
emotional conflict of each individual and
needs of the individual athlete, which makes
him take decisions that are crucial to success
or failure during play
 They must be treated as individual realizing
differences, hence the need of one person must
separated from those of another person who
from a different background
3.Ikulayo (1990 & 2003) says the Sports
Psychologist is also involved in crisis
intervention
 Crisis is viewed as an acute situation with
emotional responses that interfere with an
athlete's ability to perform excellently

23. 4.Mental preparation is also taken up by the
psychologist, this involves according to Adedeji
(1987) our understanding of those factors that
yield a lot of influence on the athlete
 Social status, home, economic background, their
religious setting, physical tolerance, the moral
background, social status, value system in the
society
5.The sports psychologist is also involved in
performance enhancement of the athlete, to
facilitate the learning process, errors that
athletes make may be corrected during skill
acquisition

24. officials. This may also involve interpersonal
communication among athletes.
 As soon as communication is established, a
relationship has been established and treatment
plan' can be made which varies from individual
individual.
 Treatment may involve simply talking with the
individual which may help to restore the
confidence, if he is not confident in himself or
herself.
7.Teaching the athlete how to cope with pain
 According to Adedeji (1987), an athlete needs to
understand what pain is and how pain relate to
improvement in sports, so he/she should
develop a positive ~ mental attitude towards
pain

25. 8.The sports psychologist will use his/her
knowledge of human behaviour in motivating
athletes
 Motivation does not mean material rewards like
money, house, car etc. this time motivating the
athlete in training by varying training methods,
makes them have feedback of progress in
and also makes them to have a say in the
plan
9.Stress management is another important area
where the sport psychologist helps in
enhancing sports performance
 Coping with stress is developed in the athletes
 There are various techniques that can be
adopted in dealing with stress

26. athletes
 The discipline of sports man/woman affords the
individual to develop very high self-esteem
is said to enhance performance, create
making the athlete satisfied to feel involved in
sports (Weinbeing and Gould 1995).
 Athletes who develop self-esteem can get more
motivated and become more productive (Core
1990).
 Sports Psychology is said to teach the
individual to be positive, supportive and
sensitive.