Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as
machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat-treating ovens, switching in telephone networks, steering and
stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications with minimal or reduced human intervention. Some
processes have been completely automated. The motor speed is controlled via the driver as an open loop control.
To make a more precise closed loop control of motor speed we will use a tachometer to measure the speed and
feed it back to the PLC, which compares to the desired value and take a control action, then the signal is
transferred to the motor – via driver – to increase / decrease the speed. We will measure the speed of the motor
using an incremental rotary encoder by adjusting parameters (PLC, driver) and also we need to reduce the
overall cost of the system. Our control system will be held using the available Siemens PLC. In addition, we will
monitor motor parameters via SCADA system.
The batteries used in electric and hybrid vehicles
consists of several cells with voltages between 3.6V battery and
4.2 V in series or parallel combinations of configurations for
obtaining the necessary available voltages in the operation of a
hybrid electric vehicle. How malfunction of a single cell affects
the behavior of the entire battery pack, BMS main function is to
protect individual cells against over-discharge, overload or
overheating. This is done by correct balancing of the cells. In
addition BMS estimates the battery charge status
Speed Control of Induction Motor Using PLC and SCADA SystemIJERA Editor
This document discusses a speed control system for an induction motor using a programmable logic controller (PLC) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. The system uses a Siemens PLC and Micro Master 440 variable frequency drive to control the speed of a three-phase induction motor based on feedback from an incremental rotary encoder. The encoder measures motor speed, which is fed back to the PLC for closed-loop control. Motor parameters are monitored via a SCADA system for remote monitoring and control. The system aims to precisely control motor speed at low cost using available PLC and SCADA technologies.
An overview of a continuous monitoring and control system for 3 phase inductIAEME Publication
This document provides an overview of a continuous monitoring and control system for 3-phase induction motors using programmable logic controller (PLC) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) technology. The system allows for constant speed control of induction motors despite varying loads. It uses a PLC to control a variable frequency drive which regulates motor speed based on feedback sensors. All motor performance data is sent to a personal computer via the PLC for analysis. This provides improved control, flexibility and reliability compared to conventional control systems.
Analysis of Induction Motor Speed Control Using SCADA Based Drive Operated Sy...IJSRD
This document analyzes induction motor speed control using a variable frequency drive (VFD) system operated by a programmable logic controller (PLC) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. It describes how a VFD can be used to efficiently control the speed of a three-phase induction motor and provide energy savings compared to direct connection to the main supply. A PLC is used to control the VFD based on inputs from proximity sensors on a conveyor belt. A SCADA system allows for remote monitoring and control of the motor speed through the PLC and VFD from a computer interface. The system provides flexible and efficient control of induction motor speed for applications requiring variable speed operation like conveyor belts
Design and development of programmable controller for air sampling machineeSAT Journals
Abstract A programmable Controller is designed and developed for time pedestal controlling of Air Sampling Machine. The major purpose of the designed system is to reduce filter damage of Air Sampling Machine. The main function of the controller is to automatically switching the Air Sampling Machine with predefined On-Off time interval for 24 hours operation. This is a low cost system which is designed using locally available components and user friendly. The controlling operation is maintained by ATMEL AT89C52 microcontroller. A programmable real time clock PCF8583 is used to produce timing control signal for automatic switching of the Air Sampling Machine. Control signals generated by real time clock operate opto-isolator and an electromechanical relay for switching the Air Sampling Machine. EEPROM (M24C64) is used to store necessary data. The instruction firmware for the designed controller has been developed in BASIC platform using BASCOM-8051 software. The designed system is functioning properly and serving the purpose of the design. Keywords: Programmable Controller, AT89C52 microcontroller, RTC, EEPROM, I2C Protocol, BASCOM-8051 IDE
A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is an industrial digital computer which has been ruggedized and adapted for the control of manufacturing processes, such as assembly lines, or robotic devices, or any activity that requires high reliability, ease of programming and process fault diagnosis.
The document summarizes a technical seminar on accident avoidance using a dynamic speed governor. It includes an introduction describing how an ultrasonic sound sensor and microcontroller can detect vehicles and control speed externally. It then provides block diagrams of the electronic speed governor system and its main parts, including an RF section, ultrasonic sensor, and speed governor. It describes the working of the system and its advantages, such as increased road safety, reduced engine strain and fuel consumption, and lower maintenance costs. The conclusion states that the system can easily be implemented near populated areas and its speed limits and controls can be changed through software updates.
This document describes a collision avoidance system using ultrasonic sensors and a microcontroller. The system works by transmitting ultrasonic pulses and measuring the time it takes for the echo to return, allowing it to calculate the distance to any obstacles. If an obstacle gets too close, the system can activate emergency braking. It also monitors vehicle speed and alerts the driver if the speed limit is exceeded. The system aims to help avoid accidents by detecting obstacles and enforcing speed limits.
The batteries used in electric and hybrid vehicles
consists of several cells with voltages between 3.6V battery and
4.2 V in series or parallel combinations of configurations for
obtaining the necessary available voltages in the operation of a
hybrid electric vehicle. How malfunction of a single cell affects
the behavior of the entire battery pack, BMS main function is to
protect individual cells against over-discharge, overload or
overheating. This is done by correct balancing of the cells. In
addition BMS estimates the battery charge status
Speed Control of Induction Motor Using PLC and SCADA SystemIJERA Editor
This document discusses a speed control system for an induction motor using a programmable logic controller (PLC) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. The system uses a Siemens PLC and Micro Master 440 variable frequency drive to control the speed of a three-phase induction motor based on feedback from an incremental rotary encoder. The encoder measures motor speed, which is fed back to the PLC for closed-loop control. Motor parameters are monitored via a SCADA system for remote monitoring and control. The system aims to precisely control motor speed at low cost using available PLC and SCADA technologies.
An overview of a continuous monitoring and control system for 3 phase inductIAEME Publication
This document provides an overview of a continuous monitoring and control system for 3-phase induction motors using programmable logic controller (PLC) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) technology. The system allows for constant speed control of induction motors despite varying loads. It uses a PLC to control a variable frequency drive which regulates motor speed based on feedback sensors. All motor performance data is sent to a personal computer via the PLC for analysis. This provides improved control, flexibility and reliability compared to conventional control systems.
Analysis of Induction Motor Speed Control Using SCADA Based Drive Operated Sy...IJSRD
This document analyzes induction motor speed control using a variable frequency drive (VFD) system operated by a programmable logic controller (PLC) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. It describes how a VFD can be used to efficiently control the speed of a three-phase induction motor and provide energy savings compared to direct connection to the main supply. A PLC is used to control the VFD based on inputs from proximity sensors on a conveyor belt. A SCADA system allows for remote monitoring and control of the motor speed through the PLC and VFD from a computer interface. The system provides flexible and efficient control of induction motor speed for applications requiring variable speed operation like conveyor belts
Design and development of programmable controller for air sampling machineeSAT Journals
Abstract A programmable Controller is designed and developed for time pedestal controlling of Air Sampling Machine. The major purpose of the designed system is to reduce filter damage of Air Sampling Machine. The main function of the controller is to automatically switching the Air Sampling Machine with predefined On-Off time interval for 24 hours operation. This is a low cost system which is designed using locally available components and user friendly. The controlling operation is maintained by ATMEL AT89C52 microcontroller. A programmable real time clock PCF8583 is used to produce timing control signal for automatic switching of the Air Sampling Machine. Control signals generated by real time clock operate opto-isolator and an electromechanical relay for switching the Air Sampling Machine. EEPROM (M24C64) is used to store necessary data. The instruction firmware for the designed controller has been developed in BASIC platform using BASCOM-8051 software. The designed system is functioning properly and serving the purpose of the design. Keywords: Programmable Controller, AT89C52 microcontroller, RTC, EEPROM, I2C Protocol, BASCOM-8051 IDE
A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is an industrial digital computer which has been ruggedized and adapted for the control of manufacturing processes, such as assembly lines, or robotic devices, or any activity that requires high reliability, ease of programming and process fault diagnosis.
The document summarizes a technical seminar on accident avoidance using a dynamic speed governor. It includes an introduction describing how an ultrasonic sound sensor and microcontroller can detect vehicles and control speed externally. It then provides block diagrams of the electronic speed governor system and its main parts, including an RF section, ultrasonic sensor, and speed governor. It describes the working of the system and its advantages, such as increased road safety, reduced engine strain and fuel consumption, and lower maintenance costs. The conclusion states that the system can easily be implemented near populated areas and its speed limits and controls can be changed through software updates.
This document describes a collision avoidance system using ultrasonic sensors and a microcontroller. The system works by transmitting ultrasonic pulses and measuring the time it takes for the echo to return, allowing it to calculate the distance to any obstacles. If an obstacle gets too close, the system can activate emergency braking. It also monitors vehicle speed and alerts the driver if the speed limit is exceeded. The system aims to help avoid accidents by detecting obstacles and enforcing speed limits.
An external plunge grinding machine with control panel automation techniqueIAEME Publication
This document describes an external plunge grinding machine automated with a control panel using a Mitsubishi PLC system. It discusses how programmable logic controllers have improved manufacturing productivity by providing flexible, reliable control. The PLC controls inputs like push buttons and outputs like motors and lights. Ladder logic programming is used to automate the machine's grinding and loading/unloading sequences. Servo and induction motors precisely position the grinding wheel. A human-machine interface allows users to input part programs. Communication between the PLC and computer allows storing and monitoring machine data. Overall, automating the machine's control panel with a PLC improves productivity and efficiency compared to traditional control techniques.
Automotive days 2014 ts-54 xx-v1.1 (Full Version)Interlatin
This document describes an automotive functional testing seminar taking place in Mexico from May 19-23, 2014. It then provides details on Keysight Technologies' TS-54XX functional test platform, including various switch load unit and load card options. This scalable platform is suitable for testing applications with high current and voltage requirements, such as automotive functional testing. The document discusses the platform's modular design, integrated measurement and switching capabilities, and support for automation software.
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a control system architecture comprising computers, networked data communications and graphical user interfaces(GUI) for high-level process supervisory management, while also comprising other peripheral devices like programmable logic controllers (PLC) and discrete proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers to interface with process plant or machinery. The use of SCADA has been considered also for management and operations of project-driven-process in construction.
This document provides a technique for improving real-time control of an internal indexer bipolar stepper motor driver like the DRV8811/18/21/24/25. It details how to implement programmable acceleration and deceleration profiles, speed control, and position control using a microcontroller like the MSP430. The technique uses the microcontroller to send control signals to the motor driver over an I2C interface to control the stepper motor's speed, position, acceleration, and deceleration in a precise manner.
This summary provides the key details about the document in 3 sentences:
The document describes the design and implementation of a speedometer and speed controller for radio-controlled cars using inexpensive Hall effect sensors to measure speed. It details how the speedometer was validated using a motion capture system and how a PID controller was implemented to regulate the car's speed at a desired level based on feedback from the speedometer. Experimental results showed the speedometer measurements matched the motion capture system and the PID controller was able to regulate the car's speed accurately based on validation tests under no-load conditions.
Iskra Medium Voltage Automation and Protection (Protection relays)Minka Grdesic
The document provides information on the NEO 3000 substation automation and protection system from EnergySector. The system includes substation SCADA software, a system communication unit, numerical protection relays, and acquisition and control modules designed to provide protection, monitoring, control, and communication capabilities at multiple substation levels. Key components of the NEO 3000 system include the MCE 940 SCADA software, SCU 810 communication unit, FPC 680 feeder protection relay, CAU 380 bay computer, and CAU 36X remote terminal units. The modular design of the NEO 3000 system allows for scalability and integration with third-party devices.
PC Based Industrial Automation With AVR Atmega 16 - Project ReportRobo India
Robo India Presents A project Report on PC Based Industrial Automation using AVR family's Atmel Atmega 16 microcontroller.
It uses Serial communication technology to communicate between PC and embedded system.
You will learn following aspects-
1. serial communication
2. Input output programming
3. Embedded system
4. AVR atmega 16
6. Controlling
This report also contains complete codding of the project.
Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat treating ovens, switching in telephone networks, steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications with minimal or reduced human intervention. Some processes have been completely automated.
The biggest benefit of automation is that it saves labour, however, it is also used to save energy and materials and to improve quality, accuracy and precision.
Please share your views and queries, we are found at-
Website- http://roboindia.com
mail- info@roboindia.com
The document discusses the integrated serial port feature of the 8052 microcontroller. It explains that the serial port allows easy reading and writing of data without having to manually clock individual bits. It also describes how the 8052 handles transmission and reception of serial data automatically. The document then discusses how this project uses an 8052 microcontroller to control electrical appliances and vary fan speed from a PC using a serial connection. It provides block diagrams of the power supply and MAX232 serial interface circuitry.
This document describes a home automation system that uses a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and SCADA software to control lighting and HVAC systems. The system allows remote or centralized control of appliances via the PLC and monitoring of system status through the SCADA interface. The PLC controls appliances through electronic circuits like PWM for HVAC control and relays for lighting. Components include a PLC, RS-232 to RS-485 converter, filters, breakers, supplies, and sensors. The SCADA software interfaces with the PLC to allow control via buttons and display current status. The system could be expanded to control additional home automation functions.
The document discusses supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It defines SCADA and provides a brief history. It describes common SCADA components like remote terminal units (RTU), programmable logic controllers (PLC), human-machine interfaces, and data acquisition servers. It discusses the system components, future trends moving to networked systems, and applications in power system automation including intelligent electronic devices and automation processes. It concludes that India is moving towards greater power grid automation for increased efficiency and standardization.
This is density based traffic light control system using Programmable logic controller(PLC). Then side which have more vehicles(density) will be getting on first. This process will take place according to number of vehicles.
The document is a presentation about Rockwell Automation and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) given by Anil Maurya. It discusses how Rockwell Automation was founded in 1903 and acquired Allen-Bradley in 1985. PLCs were developed to replace relays and began being used widely in manufacturing in the 1970s and 1980s. The presentation covers components of automation systems including PLCs, variable frequency drives, and SCADA/HMI. It provides examples of how PLCs can be used to control systems like traffic lights and conveyor belts.
This document provides a report on industrial automation based on programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It includes an introduction to industrial automation, PLCs, and SCADA. The report was submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in electrical engineering and covers automation technologies used from June to July 2014 during an internship.
The document discusses substation automation, including its basic functions, levels (station and bay), equipment, communication protocols, and advantages. It describes the station computer, GPS receiver, bay control units, protection relays, communication facilities using Ethernet switches, and remote monitoring capabilities. The document also outlines open system architecture following IEC 61850 standards, advanced functions like power quality monitoring, and future integration opportunities. Drawbacks are listed related to legacy systems, skills, expertise, funding, and management philosophy.
Position control of a single arm manipulator using ga pid controllerIAEME Publication
This document discusses using a genetic algorithm to optimize the gains of a PID controller for a fixed arm manipulator system. It begins by describing the hardware and software implementation of the fixed arm system, including sensors, actuators, and control interfaces. It then applies a system identification technique to develop a transfer function model of the system based on experimental input/output data. Finally, it uses a genetic algorithm offline to search for the optimal PID gain values that minimize errors for the identified system model. The optimal PID gains found using the genetic algorithm are then applied to the real fixed arm system for control.
The presentation gives you the basics of Programmable logic controller(PLC) and its use in industrial Automation along with
Supervisory control and Data Acquisition(SCADA).
contact for any info "nikhilbrahmas@gmail.com"
This document discusses the use of a programmable logic controller (PLC) for the complete operation and monitoring of a circulating water pump house protection interlock system in a power plant. It provides an overview of how PLCs offer advantages over traditional hardwired control systems by allowing flexible, reliable automation with less wiring. The document describes the specific application of using a PLC to control circulating water pumps and butterfly valves through permissive and interlock logic to safely start, stop, open and close them from the control room. It details the components, programming, and monitoring capabilities of the PLC system for this application.
1. Madhya Pradesh Power Transmission Company Ltd. awarded a turnkey contract in September 2013 to establish a state-of-the-art transmission SCADA system to improve operational efficiency.
2. The project included establishing 3 control centers to monitor over 300 substations across the state, implementing the system for 2 years, and providing maintenance and support for 5 additional years.
3. Benefits of the SCADA system include automatic monitoring and reporting, improved control and operation of substations, reduced transmission losses and improved power supply quality.
Introduction of Programmable Logic Controller to Electric Overhead Travelling...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, we are using PLC programmes to control the crane movement. The application of PLC could simplify circuits and make the design easier, safer and more reliable. Earlier in Industry, relays and contactors are adopted to control the crane motion in desired directions. Starting of the cranes and speed control of the crane is realized through convectional starters and resistance series. This kind of design has low reliability, complex operation, high electrical failure rate, power waste and low efficiency .These problems can be rectified by using programmable logic controller.
A low cost short range wireless embedded system for multiple parameter controleSAT Publishing House
1. The document describes a low-cost wireless embedded system for monitoring and controlling multiple parameters like temperature and fluid level from a remote site.
2. The system uses a microcontroller, RF transmitter and receiver, sensors and actuators to monitor and control the temperature of a heater and fluid level in a tank.
3. Experimental results show the system can accurately control the temperature and fluid level based on setpoint values by adjusting the power to the heater and a pump motor.
The document discusses various topics related to signal conditioning including:
1. Signal conditioning is the process of converting sensor signals into a format suitable for data acquisition and machine control. It involves signal amplification and conversion.
2. A data acquisition system collects signals from sensors, conditions the signals, converts them to digital values, and transfers the data to a computer for processing. It includes sensors, conditioning circuitry, analog-to-digital converters, and data acquisition hardware and software.
3. Microprocessors are now widely used in metrology and measurement systems as they provide accurate, fast measurements and allow automated error correction. Microprocessor-based systems can perform complex measurements and log errors in real-time.
IRJET- AC Motor Fault Analyser by Characteristic AnalysisIRJET Journal
This document presents a portable motor fault analyzer system that can test motors in place. It uses variable frequency drives and servo drives to analyze induction motors and servo motors. Characteristic waveforms from the motors are displayed on a human-machine interface to detect and analyze common faults like overcurrent, overvoltage, and positional errors. The system is comprised of an AC or servo motor, appropriate drive, programmable logic controller to connect the drive and HMI, and an HMI to display the motor waveforms for fault analysis. This allows on-site motor testing without dismantling equipment.
An external plunge grinding machine with control panel automation techniqueIAEME Publication
This document describes an external plunge grinding machine automated with a control panel using a Mitsubishi PLC system. It discusses how programmable logic controllers have improved manufacturing productivity by providing flexible, reliable control. The PLC controls inputs like push buttons and outputs like motors and lights. Ladder logic programming is used to automate the machine's grinding and loading/unloading sequences. Servo and induction motors precisely position the grinding wheel. A human-machine interface allows users to input part programs. Communication between the PLC and computer allows storing and monitoring machine data. Overall, automating the machine's control panel with a PLC improves productivity and efficiency compared to traditional control techniques.
Automotive days 2014 ts-54 xx-v1.1 (Full Version)Interlatin
This document describes an automotive functional testing seminar taking place in Mexico from May 19-23, 2014. It then provides details on Keysight Technologies' TS-54XX functional test platform, including various switch load unit and load card options. This scalable platform is suitable for testing applications with high current and voltage requirements, such as automotive functional testing. The document discusses the platform's modular design, integrated measurement and switching capabilities, and support for automation software.
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a control system architecture comprising computers, networked data communications and graphical user interfaces(GUI) for high-level process supervisory management, while also comprising other peripheral devices like programmable logic controllers (PLC) and discrete proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers to interface with process plant or machinery. The use of SCADA has been considered also for management and operations of project-driven-process in construction.
This document provides a technique for improving real-time control of an internal indexer bipolar stepper motor driver like the DRV8811/18/21/24/25. It details how to implement programmable acceleration and deceleration profiles, speed control, and position control using a microcontroller like the MSP430. The technique uses the microcontroller to send control signals to the motor driver over an I2C interface to control the stepper motor's speed, position, acceleration, and deceleration in a precise manner.
This summary provides the key details about the document in 3 sentences:
The document describes the design and implementation of a speedometer and speed controller for radio-controlled cars using inexpensive Hall effect sensors to measure speed. It details how the speedometer was validated using a motion capture system and how a PID controller was implemented to regulate the car's speed at a desired level based on feedback from the speedometer. Experimental results showed the speedometer measurements matched the motion capture system and the PID controller was able to regulate the car's speed accurately based on validation tests under no-load conditions.
Iskra Medium Voltage Automation and Protection (Protection relays)Minka Grdesic
The document provides information on the NEO 3000 substation automation and protection system from EnergySector. The system includes substation SCADA software, a system communication unit, numerical protection relays, and acquisition and control modules designed to provide protection, monitoring, control, and communication capabilities at multiple substation levels. Key components of the NEO 3000 system include the MCE 940 SCADA software, SCU 810 communication unit, FPC 680 feeder protection relay, CAU 380 bay computer, and CAU 36X remote terminal units. The modular design of the NEO 3000 system allows for scalability and integration with third-party devices.
PC Based Industrial Automation With AVR Atmega 16 - Project ReportRobo India
Robo India Presents A project Report on PC Based Industrial Automation using AVR family's Atmel Atmega 16 microcontroller.
It uses Serial communication technology to communicate between PC and embedded system.
You will learn following aspects-
1. serial communication
2. Input output programming
3. Embedded system
4. AVR atmega 16
6. Controlling
This report also contains complete codding of the project.
Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat treating ovens, switching in telephone networks, steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications with minimal or reduced human intervention. Some processes have been completely automated.
The biggest benefit of automation is that it saves labour, however, it is also used to save energy and materials and to improve quality, accuracy and precision.
Please share your views and queries, we are found at-
Website- http://roboindia.com
mail- info@roboindia.com
The document discusses the integrated serial port feature of the 8052 microcontroller. It explains that the serial port allows easy reading and writing of data without having to manually clock individual bits. It also describes how the 8052 handles transmission and reception of serial data automatically. The document then discusses how this project uses an 8052 microcontroller to control electrical appliances and vary fan speed from a PC using a serial connection. It provides block diagrams of the power supply and MAX232 serial interface circuitry.
This document describes a home automation system that uses a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and SCADA software to control lighting and HVAC systems. The system allows remote or centralized control of appliances via the PLC and monitoring of system status through the SCADA interface. The PLC controls appliances through electronic circuits like PWM for HVAC control and relays for lighting. Components include a PLC, RS-232 to RS-485 converter, filters, breakers, supplies, and sensors. The SCADA software interfaces with the PLC to allow control via buttons and display current status. The system could be expanded to control additional home automation functions.
The document discusses supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It defines SCADA and provides a brief history. It describes common SCADA components like remote terminal units (RTU), programmable logic controllers (PLC), human-machine interfaces, and data acquisition servers. It discusses the system components, future trends moving to networked systems, and applications in power system automation including intelligent electronic devices and automation processes. It concludes that India is moving towards greater power grid automation for increased efficiency and standardization.
This is density based traffic light control system using Programmable logic controller(PLC). Then side which have more vehicles(density) will be getting on first. This process will take place according to number of vehicles.
The document is a presentation about Rockwell Automation and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) given by Anil Maurya. It discusses how Rockwell Automation was founded in 1903 and acquired Allen-Bradley in 1985. PLCs were developed to replace relays and began being used widely in manufacturing in the 1970s and 1980s. The presentation covers components of automation systems including PLCs, variable frequency drives, and SCADA/HMI. It provides examples of how PLCs can be used to control systems like traffic lights and conveyor belts.
This document provides a report on industrial automation based on programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It includes an introduction to industrial automation, PLCs, and SCADA. The report was submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in electrical engineering and covers automation technologies used from June to July 2014 during an internship.
The document discusses substation automation, including its basic functions, levels (station and bay), equipment, communication protocols, and advantages. It describes the station computer, GPS receiver, bay control units, protection relays, communication facilities using Ethernet switches, and remote monitoring capabilities. The document also outlines open system architecture following IEC 61850 standards, advanced functions like power quality monitoring, and future integration opportunities. Drawbacks are listed related to legacy systems, skills, expertise, funding, and management philosophy.
Position control of a single arm manipulator using ga pid controllerIAEME Publication
This document discusses using a genetic algorithm to optimize the gains of a PID controller for a fixed arm manipulator system. It begins by describing the hardware and software implementation of the fixed arm system, including sensors, actuators, and control interfaces. It then applies a system identification technique to develop a transfer function model of the system based on experimental input/output data. Finally, it uses a genetic algorithm offline to search for the optimal PID gain values that minimize errors for the identified system model. The optimal PID gains found using the genetic algorithm are then applied to the real fixed arm system for control.
The presentation gives you the basics of Programmable logic controller(PLC) and its use in industrial Automation along with
Supervisory control and Data Acquisition(SCADA).
contact for any info "nikhilbrahmas@gmail.com"
This document discusses the use of a programmable logic controller (PLC) for the complete operation and monitoring of a circulating water pump house protection interlock system in a power plant. It provides an overview of how PLCs offer advantages over traditional hardwired control systems by allowing flexible, reliable automation with less wiring. The document describes the specific application of using a PLC to control circulating water pumps and butterfly valves through permissive and interlock logic to safely start, stop, open and close them from the control room. It details the components, programming, and monitoring capabilities of the PLC system for this application.
1. Madhya Pradesh Power Transmission Company Ltd. awarded a turnkey contract in September 2013 to establish a state-of-the-art transmission SCADA system to improve operational efficiency.
2. The project included establishing 3 control centers to monitor over 300 substations across the state, implementing the system for 2 years, and providing maintenance and support for 5 additional years.
3. Benefits of the SCADA system include automatic monitoring and reporting, improved control and operation of substations, reduced transmission losses and improved power supply quality.
Introduction of Programmable Logic Controller to Electric Overhead Travelling...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, we are using PLC programmes to control the crane movement. The application of PLC could simplify circuits and make the design easier, safer and more reliable. Earlier in Industry, relays and contactors are adopted to control the crane motion in desired directions. Starting of the cranes and speed control of the crane is realized through convectional starters and resistance series. This kind of design has low reliability, complex operation, high electrical failure rate, power waste and low efficiency .These problems can be rectified by using programmable logic controller.
A low cost short range wireless embedded system for multiple parameter controleSAT Publishing House
1. The document describes a low-cost wireless embedded system for monitoring and controlling multiple parameters like temperature and fluid level from a remote site.
2. The system uses a microcontroller, RF transmitter and receiver, sensors and actuators to monitor and control the temperature of a heater and fluid level in a tank.
3. Experimental results show the system can accurately control the temperature and fluid level based on setpoint values by adjusting the power to the heater and a pump motor.
The document discusses various topics related to signal conditioning including:
1. Signal conditioning is the process of converting sensor signals into a format suitable for data acquisition and machine control. It involves signal amplification and conversion.
2. A data acquisition system collects signals from sensors, conditions the signals, converts them to digital values, and transfers the data to a computer for processing. It includes sensors, conditioning circuitry, analog-to-digital converters, and data acquisition hardware and software.
3. Microprocessors are now widely used in metrology and measurement systems as they provide accurate, fast measurements and allow automated error correction. Microprocessor-based systems can perform complex measurements and log errors in real-time.
IRJET- AC Motor Fault Analyser by Characteristic AnalysisIRJET Journal
This document presents a portable motor fault analyzer system that can test motors in place. It uses variable frequency drives and servo drives to analyze induction motors and servo motors. Characteristic waveforms from the motors are displayed on a human-machine interface to detect and analyze common faults like overcurrent, overvoltage, and positional errors. The system is comprised of an AC or servo motor, appropriate drive, programmable logic controller to connect the drive and HMI, and an HMI to display the motor waveforms for fault analysis. This allows on-site motor testing without dismantling equipment.
This document presents information on various automation topics including variable frequency drives (VFDs), programmable logic controllers (PLCs), and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses the working and programming of VFDs and provides advantages of automation, VFDs, and PLCs. It describes the major components of PLCs and examples of PLC programming software. It also provides information on SCADA systems, including how they work in control rooms and examples of SCADA software. The conclusion discusses how automation can improve efficiency, accuracy, documentation, security, and customer service.
This document presents information on automation topics including variable frequency drives (VFDs), programmable logic controllers (PLCs), and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses the working and programming of VFDs and PLCs, highlighting their advantages such as improved efficiency and productivity. SCADA systems are described as software that collects and distributes data from remote sensors to control equipment. In conclusion, automation can improve various factors like accuracy, documentation, security, and customer service.
This document presents information on various automation topics including variable frequency drives (VFDs), programmable logic controllers (PLCs), and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses the working and programming of VFDs and provides examples of PLC programming software. It also describes the typical components of a PLC and SCADA system including hardware such as I/O modules, processors, and programming devices as well as software packages. The document outlines advantages of automation, VFDs, PLCs, and concludes that automation can improve efficiency, accuracy, documentation, security, and customer service.
IRJET - Automated Monitoring Test Rig for Circuit Breaker OperationIRJET Journal
1) The document describes an automated monitoring system for circuit breakers that records voltage, current, and switching time data.
2) The system uses a microprocessor, sensors, and wireless communication to acquire and transmit data from multiple circuit breakers to a central computer for analysis.
3) Analyzing circuit breaker operation data and the sequence of events during faults can help evaluate breaker performance, detect issues, and ensure the power system's topology and protection operate as intended.
This document presents a sensor-less speed control method for induction motors using alpha-cut fuzzy logic field oriented control (FOC). It develops a non-linear induction motor model that accounts for errors in flux estimation. FOC is used to decouple the current components for flux generation and torque generation. Clarke and Park transformations are applied to control the d-q axis currents for flux and torque regulation using PI controllers. Simulations show the motor speed closely follows the reference speed even under load, maintaining stability. The stator current and electromagnetic torque responses indicate the control system effectively regulates load current and torque.
This document discusses Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). It describes the typical architecture of a three-layer SCADA system, including a supervisory control layer, process control layer, and field instrumentation layer. The process control layer often uses PLCs to control devices and sensors are in the field instrumentation layer. Benefits of SCADA systems include increased reliability, lower costs, and assisting operators with decision making, while disadvantages include high initial costs and security issues from internet accessibility.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Pradeep Solanki to fulfill the requirements for a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. The report discusses automation using programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It provides an overview of automation technologies, including feedback control, sequential control, and computer control. The report also examines the history and applications of automation in various industries.
Protection of induction motor using plc by dev krishanRituRaj254
This document describes a PLC-based protection system for three-phase induction motors. The system monitors operational parameters like currents, voltages, temperature to detect faults like under voltage, over voltage, single phasing or overloading. It uses sensors, analog and digital I/O to interface with the motor. A PLC is used for motor control and protection. The system provides accurate monitoring, protection and cost-effective maintenance for induction motors used in industries like textiles, pumps and elevators.
Monitoring and Controlling Of Electric Overhead Travelling Crane Using PLC an...paperpublications3
Abstract: PLC and SCADA are the two new approaches used to control the motion of Electric Overhead travelling crane. Ladder logic diagram for EOT Cranes are designed for motion using variable frequency drives and contactor logic and performance of various parameters are analyzed and compared and image of E.O.T crane are designed in SCADA software and communication between PLC and Scada is done with the help of Siemens simulator .There is a provision of hydraulic motor for motion in main hoist if power failure of cranes takes place to avoid the unsafe condition and work under extreme condition.
This document discusses the design and implementation of a SCADA system to control an induction motor. It begins with an introduction to SCADA technology and its applications. It then describes the hardware components used, including the induction motor, PLC, and other electrical components. The document outlines the working of the overall control system, with the PLC controlling the motor based on inputs to the SCADA interface. It also discusses the development of the SCADA interface and screens to monitor and control the motor remotely. Screenshots are provided of the SCADA screens under different operating conditions of the induction motor.
Wireless Speed Control of an Induction Motor Using Pwm Technique with GsmIOSR Journals
This document describes a wireless speed control system for an induction motor using pulse width modulation (PWM) technique with global system for mobile communications (GSM). The system uses a microcontroller to control IGBT inverters and implement volt-hertz (V/F) control of a 1HP 3-phase induction motor. It can remotely control motor speed by sending SMS messages to the controller via GSM. Experimental results show that the V/F control method maintains a constant voltage-to-frequency ratio to provide stable speed control of the induction motor from 5% to 100% of its base speed range. The system provides a low-cost solution for remote wireless control of industrial motors and appliances.
Presentation on Industrial Automation by Vivek Atalkar Vivek Atalkar
Industrial automation is the use of technology and control systems to operate, monitor, and optimize industrial processes, machinery, and equipment. It involves the use of various technologies, including programmable logic controllers (PLCs), sensors, and robotics, to automate repetitive and complex tasks, improve efficiency, and reduce costs.
The primary benefit of industrial automation is improved productivity. By automating repetitive tasks, machines can work faster and more accurately, leading to increased output and lower production costs. Automation can also lead to better quality control, reducing defects and waste. Industrial automation can also help businesses to save on labor costs, as machines can perform tasks that would otherwise require human labor.
Another significant benefit of industrial automation is increased safety. Automation can help to reduce the risk of injury to workers by performing hazardous tasks or operating in dangerous environments. It can also help to reduce the risk of human error, which can lead to accidents and injuries.
There are several types of industrial automation, including process automation, discrete automation, and hybrid automation. Process automation involves controlling the flow of materials and products through a manufacturing process. This type of automation is commonly used in chemical plants, food processing, and other industries where there is a continuous flow of materials.
Discrete automation involves controlling individual machines or components, such as robotic arms, conveyors, or assembly lines. This type of automation is commonly used in automotive manufacturing, electronics, and other industries where there is a need to perform specific tasks.
Hybrid automation involves combining process and discrete automation to optimize production. This type of automation is commonly used in industries such as aerospace, defense, and medical device manufacturing, where there is a need to balance the efficiency of the manufacturing process with the precision and accuracy required to produce complex products.
Industrial automation also offers several advantages beyond increased productivity, safety, and quality control. It can help to improve energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact by optimizing the use of resources such as water, electricity, and raw materials. Automation can also improve data collection and analysis, providing valuable insights into production processes that can help to identify areas for improvement and optimize performance.
In recent years, industrial automation has become increasingly accessible to smaller businesses, thanks to advancements in technology and the availability of off-the-shelf automation solutions. As a result, industrial automation is no longer just for large corporations with vast resources, but is becoming more widely adopted across a range of industries and business sizes.
Scada Based Online Circuit Breaker Monitoring SystemIOSR Journals
This document discusses the design and implementation of an online monitoring system for circuit breakers using SCADA technology. The system would monitor key parameters of circuit breakers like currents, voltages, pressures and temperatures. Sensors would collect data which would be sent to a data acquisition unit and then to a central computer via a communication network. The computer would store data histories and use SCADA software to allow remote monitoring. The system architecture includes sensors, intelligent electronic devices for data collection, and a central computer running analysis software to evaluate breaker condition and guide maintenance. The online monitoring allows reliable supervision of circuit breakers to improve power system reliability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IRJET- Automatic Load Balancing and Phase Balancing by PLC and ScadaIRJET Journal
This document describes an automatic load balancing and phase balancing system using a programmable logic controller (PLC) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA). The proposed system aims to automatically shed non-essential loads in the event of a generator tripping to balance power consumption and generation. A PLC is used for data logging, control operations, and communication between individual systems. A human-machine interface (HMI) is also developed to allow engineers to monitor the process and modify load priority settings. The system is intended to help industries maintain normal plant operations when relying on multiple power sources.
The document describes a system that uses a PIC16F877A microcontroller to control the speed of a DC motor. The microcontroller is programmed using Flow Code to implement a closed-loop feedback control system. The microcontroller receives feedback on the motor's actual speed and compares it to the desired speed, making adjustments to maintain the motor at the target speed even with changes in load. An LCD display is used to show the motor's current speed. The system was able to control the motor's speed to within 500-600 rpm as desired. Programming the microcontroller with Flow Code made implementation easier compared to other programming methods.
Computer Applications in Power Systems 2023 SECOND.pdfhussenbelew
The document discusses real-time applications of computers in power systems. It describes how SCADA systems are used for monitoring, control, and management of electric power grids. Key functions of SCADA include data acquisition, remote control, supervision, historical data analysis, and various control applications specific to power generation, transmission, and distribution. Real-time monitoring and control allow for faster response to disturbances, optimized system operation, and more reliable power delivery.
The document discusses control systems and distributed control systems (DCS). It defines a control system as using feedback to maintain or alter quantities according to a desired state. A DCS uses distributed controllers and communication networks to control large, complex industrial processes. Key components of a DCS include field devices, input/output modules, controllers, human-machine interfaces, and control engineering software. DCS are suitable for large chemical plants, refineries, and other industrial applications where centralized control is not feasible.
Similar to Speed Control of Induction Motor Using PLC and SCADA System (20)
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Speed Control of Induction Motor Using PLC and SCADA System
1. Ayman Seksak Elsaid et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 4) January 2016, pp.98-104
www.ijera.com 98 |p a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
Speed Control of Induction Motor Using PLC and SCADA
System
Ayman Seksak Elsaid, Wael A. Mohamed, Salah Ghazy Ramadan
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Benha Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Egypt
ABSTRACT
Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as
machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat-treating ovens, switching in telephone networks, steering and
stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications with minimal or reduced human intervention. Some
processes have been completely automated. The motor speed is controlled via the driver as an open loop control.
To make a more precise closed loop control of motor speed we will use a tachometer to measure the speed and
feed it back to the PLC, which compares to the desired value and take a control action, then the signal is
transferred to the motor – via driver – to increase / decrease the speed. We will measure the speed of the motor
using an incremental rotary encoder by adjusting parameters (PLC, driver) and also we need to reduce the
overall cost of the system. Our control system will be held using the available Siemens PLC. In addition, we will
monitor motor parameters via SCADA system.
Keywords- Variable Frequency Drive, Programmable Logic Controller, Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition, Incremental rotary encoder, Simatic manager software V5.5, WINCC explorer software V7.2
I. INTRODUCTION
In any industry the induction motor plays an
important role due to its low cost and simplicity. By
implementing a monitoring and control system for
the speed of motor, the induction motor can be used
in high performance variable-speed applications. To
control the speed of these motor, a motor drive and
control system with different methods can be used.
An induction motor’s speed enables affected by the
supply frequency, change the number of motor
stators, adjust the power input. In an induction motor,
there is no electrical connection to the rotor, but
currents are induced in the rotor circuit. The rotor
conductors carry current in the stator magnetic field
and thereby have a force exerted upon them tending
to move them at right angles to the field. When the
stator winding of a three phase AC supply, a rotating
magnetic field is established and rotates at
synchronous speed. The direction of rotation of the
field can be reversed by interchanging the connection
to the supply of any two leads of a three phase
induction motor. [1]
The control of equipment has been performed
through the use of computers. Most equipment's use
programmable logic controllers (PLC) to connect
with computers to monitor each load and electricity
consuming devices. A PLC interacts with the external
world through its inputs and outputs. Especially in
manufacturing companies, an automaton network
concept developed under the name of Totally
Integrated Automation (TIA). TIA includes actuator
sensor level, field level, cellular level and process
level control, which makes use of actuator-sensor
interface, PROFIBUS and industrial Ethernet
respectively. Through TIA, it is possible to view or
control all the levels all the way to the actuators from
process control level. In recent years, many
companies started opening divisions in many
countries around the world, and wanted to connect
and control any device from another or any place
around the world (Distributed Management).
Distributed management can be realized through
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
system. It is a common process control application
that collects data from sensors on the shop floor or in
remote locations and sends them to a central
computer for management and control. A SCADA
system includes input/output signal hardware,
controllers, Human Machine Interface (HMI),
networks, communication, database and software.
The term SCADA usually refers to a system with a
central unit that monitors and controls a complete site
or a system spread out over a long distance. The bulk
of the site control is actually performed automatically
by a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) or by a
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). [2, 3]
A PLC-SCADA based monitoring and control system
for a Variable Frequency Drive system was
developed which controls a three-phase induction
motor. The integration of PLC and SCADA for
industrial automation comprises of: a human-machine
interface which is the device presenting processed
data to a human operator, who monitors and controls
the process; a Remote Terminal Unit collects the
information by connecting to sensors in the process,
converting sensor signals to digital data and sending
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Ayman Seksak Elsaid et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 4) January 2016, pp.98-104
www.ijera.com 99 |p a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
digital data to the supervisory system after which that
information is displayed on a number of operator
screens; PLC used as field devices for their
economical, versatile, flexible and configurable
attributes.
1.1 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC
CONTROLLER (PLC)
Control engineering has evolved over time. In
the past humans was the main Method for controlling
a system. More recently, electricity has been used for
control and early electrical control was based on
relays. These relays allow power to be switched on
and off without a mechanical switch. It is common to
use relays to make simple logical control decisions.
The development of low cost computer has brought
the most recent revolution, the Programmable Logic
Controller (PLC). advantages of PLC include Cost
effective for controlling complex systems; Flexible
and can be applied to control other systems quickly
and easily; Computational abilities allow control that
is more sophisticated; Troubleshooting aids make
programming easier and reduce downtime; Reliable
components make these likely to operate for years
before failure. [4]
A PLC based control system was set up comprising
of a Siemens PLC.
1.2 VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE
(VFD)
A Variable Frequency Drive is used for
applications wherein speed control is of an essential
importance due to load changes wherein the speed
needs to be increased or decreased accordingly.
operating variable-speed drives with inverters offers
a range of advantages compared to operation directly
on the mains circuit: Prevents inrush current from
occurring, as the inverter increases the frequency
from 0 Hz instead of delivering a surge current of 50
Hz at motor startup; Any required degree of soft start
and braking can be obtained by specifying the
acceleration and deceleration time; If a different
delivery rate is required for conveying liquid or
gases, there is no need for the motor to work in its
full capacity, thus leading to energy savings.
V/f method of speed control
The motor speed can be controlled by varying the
supply frequency. The voltage induced in the stator is
directly proportional to product of supply frequency
and air-gap flux. If stator drop is neglected, terminal
voltage can be considered proportional to product of
frequency and flux. V1 α f.Φ Effect of supply
frequency change without terminal voltage change:
1. Reduction of supply frequency without change in
terminal voltage will cause an increase in the air gap
flux thereby saturating the motor. This will cause the
increase in magnetizing current, core loss and stator
copper loss and cause distortion in line current and
voltage and produce high-pitch noise.
2. An increase of supply frequency without change in
terminal voltage will cause decrease in flux, therefore
leading to reduction of torque capability of the motor.
A driver used in control system is Siemens (micro
master 440). [5]
1.3 ENCODER
Controlling the speed of a motor is a basic
functionality of modern electric drives. In order to
precisely control the speed of an electric motor, it is
necessary to measure the actual speed of the motor.
This measurement can be done with various tools and
methods. In most cases, it is usually done with a
sensor built in the motor or mounted to its shaft
externally. These sensors vary in their principle,
output signal and resolution. Encoders can be used in
applications, where long positions, speed or an
angular position are measured. They transform
mechanical movements into electrical signals and can
be divided into incremental and absolute measuring
systems.
Incremental rotary encoders generate pulses, where
the number of pulses can be a measure of speed,
length or position. In absolute encoders, every
position corresponds to a unique code pattern, so that
even after a power cut the actual position is
recognized, when power is re-applied. We used
incremental encoder instead of the encoder (Siemens)
because the incremental encoder is cheaper and
performs the same action as encoder (Siemens) so
that we adjust the parameters of count in hardware
configuration for controlling the frequency
measurement and adjust the parameters of PI control
to obtain the determine speed in PLC programming.
1.4 SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA
ACQUISITION SYSTEMS (SCADA)
SCADA is an acronym for Supervisory Control
and Data Acquisition. SCADA systems are used to
monitor and control a plant or equipment in
industries such as telecommunications, water and
waste control, energy, oil and gas refining and
transportation. These systems encompass the transfer
of data between a SCADA central host computer,
number of Remote Terminal Units (RTUs),
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), the central
host and the operator terminals.
SCADA systems consist of one or more field data
interface devices, usually RTUs, or PLCs, which
interface to field sensing devices and local control
switchboxes and valve actuators, a communications
system used to transfer data between field data
interface devices and control units and the computers
in the SCADA central host, A central host computer
server or servers (sometimes called a SCADA
3. Ayman Seksak Elsaid et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 4) January 2016, pp.98-104
www.ijera.com 100 |p a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
Center, master station, or Master Terminal Unit
(MTU). [6]
II. PROJECT OVERVIEW
Fig.1 Method of Project Implementation
In this section, it will discuss an overall overview of
“Speed Control of Induction Motor uses a PLC and
SCADA system” project. The introduction to system
task will also briefly explain in this chapter. Finally,
the entire decision making will be addressed in this
section. Basically, software and hardware design will
be used in order to implement this project. In
addition, there some methods must be executed to
keep this project implemented successfully as shown
in Figure1.
III. HARDWARE DESIGN
In the hardware design part, overall component
such as PLC S7-300 (Siemens), Encoder, motor, and
drive micro master 440 (Siemens) will be integrated
to form the complete prototype as shown in figure 2.
The hardware components are the backbone of the
system. More detailed information of each section
will be discussed in the following sections.
Fig.2 Connections between PLC, drive and motor.
3.1 THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Induction motors are the most common motors
used for various equipment in the industry. Their
popularity is due to their simple design, they are
inexpensive and easy to maintain, and can be directly
connected to an AC power source. An induction
motor has two main electrical components
A- Rotor (Squirrel-cage rotor and Wound rotor)
B- Stator.
3.1.1 SPEED OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR
The magnetic field created in the stator rotates at a
synchronous speed (NS).
(1)
Where:
NS = the synchronous speed of the stator magnetic
field in RPM
P = the number of poles on the stator
F = the supply frequency in Hertz
The magnetic field produced in the rotor because of
the induced voltage is alternating in nature. To reduce
the relative speed, with respect to the stator, the rotor
starts running in the same direction as that of the
stator flux and tries to catch up with the rotating flux.
However, in practice, the rotor never succeeds in
“catching up” to the stator field. The rotor runs
slower than the speed of the stator field. This speed is
called the Base Speed (Nb). The difference between
NS and Nb is called the slip. The slip varies with the
load. An increase in load will cause the rotor to slow
down or increase slip. A decrease in the Lord will
cause the rotor to speed up or decrease slip. The slip
is expressed as a percentage and can be determined
with the following formula:
(2)
Where:
NS = the synchronous speed in RPM
4. Ayman Seksak Elsaid et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 4) January 2016, pp.98-104
www.ijera.com 101 |p a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
N b = the base speed in RPM. [7]
We controlled the speed of an AC induction motor in
our application by using:-
1- Open loop control system.
2- Closed loop control system
3.2 CONVERTER (MICRO MASTER 440)
The MICROMASTER 440 is frequency inverters
for speed control of three-phase motors. The various
models available cover the performance range from
120W to 200 KW (for constant torque (CT),
alternatively up to 250KW (for variable torque (VT)).
The inverters are microprocessor-controlled and use
state-of-the art insulated gate bipolar transistor
(IGBT) technology. This makes them reliable and
versatile. A special pulse- width modulation method
with selectable pulse frequency permits quiet motor
operation. With the factory default settings, the
MICROMASTER 440 is suitable for many variable
speed applications. Using the functionally grouped
parameters, the MICROMASTER 440 can adapt to
more demanding applications. The
MICROMASTWR 440 can be used in both “stand-
alone” applications as well as being integrated into
“automation systems”. Performance Characteristics:-
Vector Control, V/f Control, Built-in DC injection
brake, Compound braking to improve braking
performance, Built-in braking chopper, Ramp
function generator, Free Function Blocks, Positioning
Ramp down.
3.2.1 COMMISSIONING
In the standard version, the MICROMASTER
440 is fitted with the status display panel (SDP) with
which it is possible to use the inverter with the pre-
assigned factory settings for a large range of
applications. If these factory settings are not suitable,
you can adapt them to suit your equipment conditions
using the basic operator panel (BOP) or the advanced
operator panel (AOP). The BOP and AOP are
available as options. We used BOP in the
commissioning as shown in figure 3. [8]
Fig.3 Basic Operator Panel (BOP)
3.2.2 QUICK COMMISSIONING (BASIC
MODE)
Quick Commissioning is very important because
it sets the correct motor and control parameters.
Induction Motor Technical Specifications
V=230/400V, HZ=50, A=0.88/0.51, KW=0.12, COS
φ=0.64, RPM=645/min.
1- In the open loop system
P0100=0 USA default settings read from DIP switch,
P0304 =220V Rated motor voltage, P0305
=0.88A Rated motor current, P0307=0.12KW
Rated motor power, P0308=0.64 Rated motor COS
PHI, P0310 =50HZ Rated motor efficiency, P0311
=645/min rated motor speed (RPM), P0700=1
From BOP (keyboard), P1000=1 MOP set point,
P1080=0 Min.Frequency,P1082=50 Max.Frequency,
P3900=1Complete commissioning learns motor
model
2- In the closed loop system
We used the same command in the open loop system
except: -P0700 which means selection of command
source and P1000 which means selection of
frequency set point. [9]
Therefore, we putted in a closed loop system
P0700=6 CB on COM link (CB= communications
module), P1000=6 CB on COM link (CB=
communications module)
3.3 INCREMENTAL ROTARY ENCODER
Figure 4 shows the incremental rotary encoder
which we used it in this project to control the speed
of induction motor instead of the encoder of Siemens
Fig.4 Incremental rotary encoder
Specification of Incremental rotary encoder
Table 3.1 Specification of Incremental encoder
O/p type: - A, B, Z phase, Phase difference at o/p: -
phase difference between A, B phase T/4 +T/8(cycle
of phase = T), Max. Response frequency: - 300KHZ,
Power voltage: - 12-24V D.C+5%
Mode HE50B
Shaft external diameter 8
Pulse number per
revolution
250
Phase type 3:A, B, Z
Output type T: Totem-pole
Power voltage 24
5. Ayman Seksak Elsaid et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 4) January 2016, pp.98-104
www.ijera.com 102 |p a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
Fig.5 output wave of incremental rotary encoder
Connection method wire
1- The black wire OUT (A)
2- The white wire OUT (B)
3- The orange wire OUT (Z)
4- The brown wire +V (12-24 V D.C)
5- The blue wire 0 V(GND)
Fig. 6 wiring diagram for Incremental rotary encoder
Connections between PLC and incremental rotary
encoder
Fig. 7 Connections between PLC and encoder [10]
IV. WORKING OF THE SYSTEM
Through this project, Siemens S7-300 PLC,
Variable Frequency Drive (Micro Master 440), a
three-phase induction motor controlled by ladder
logic software
Hardware Configuration of PLC
1- Double click on short Cut for SIMATIC
Manager that is on the desktop
2- Open the menu file from the menu bar and
select New Project
3- Open the menu Insert then Station and select
somatic 300 stations
4- Open Hardware Configuration Editor and
Insert Rack
From the catalog:
1- Click on the SIMATIC 300
2- Click on Rack 300
3- Double Click on the Rail
4- Selecting the CPU from the list by order number,
then by version. If any product selected from the list
you will find the order number and Micro Master 440
from the list PROFIBUS DP then list of SIMOVERT
5- Open the properties of countable and select
frequency counting
6- Save & Compile Hardware Configuration
7- Downloading HW Configuration to the PLC
Fig. 8 Hardware Configuration
Software Configurations
The experiments were conducted based on ladder
logic programming which is a software installed on a
personal computer according to which the PLC takes
the sensor inputs, processes them according to the
program and gives the output to the VFD which again
processes this input within the drive and finally
controls the speed and position of the motor
Through this project, we used SFB 48 (system
function block) for controlling the Frequency
Measurement and Continuous Control with SFB 41
"Continues control" to control technical processes
with continuous input and output variables on
SIMATIC S7-300 programmable logic controllers.
In SFB 41:- We putted set point as floating-point
number and adjusted the Gain so that
1- High-limit speed of the motor is "16000.0"
equal to 50 HZ on The Micro- Master 440.
2- Half limit the speed of the motor is "8000.0"
equal to 25 HZ on the Micro- Master 440.
3- Quarter limit speed of the motor is "4000.0" equal
to 12 HZ on the Micro- Master 440
Fig.9 show maximum frequency when we putted set
point equal to "16000.0", the frequency appeared on
micro-master 440 equal to 50HZ
6. Ayman Seksak Elsaid et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 4) January 2016, pp.98-104
www.ijera.com 103 |p a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
Fig.9 Maximum of frequency on Micro-Master
SCADA program output
The SCADA program was also written using ladder
logic and then run simultaneously from the SCADA
screen developed by using WINCC explorer
program. The SCADA software enables human
operator to control the entire operation away from the
plant and just by using the virtual inputs designated
on his computer screen. Table 4 shows the input-
output address of the SCADA program.
We used two input/output fields; we have chosen the
tag of gain that is linked to a PLC address (MD230)
and the tag of set point that is linked to a PLC
address (MD220)
In input/output field for internal setup point of PI
control: We putted set point per scaling and adjusted
the gain so that:-
1- High-limit of set point is 100% equal to 50 HZ on
the micro- master 440 as shown in fig.
2- Half limit of set point is 50% equal to 25 HZ on
the micro- master 440
3- Quarter limit of set point is 25% equal to 12.5 HZ
on the micro- master 440.
Fig.10 WINCC online trend and table control when
set point change from 12000.0 to 16000.0
V. Conclusion
The goal of this project was motivated to control
Speed of motor using PLC (Siemens) S7-300,
converter micro master 440, incremental rotary
encoder instead of the encoder (Siemens) because the
incremental encoder is cheaper than encoder
(Siemens) and performs the same action as encoder
(Siemens) so that we adjust the parameters of count
in hardware configuration for controlling the
frequency measurement and adjust the parameters of
PI control to obtain the determine the speed in PLC
programming as shown in the results of the above
figures. Also in this project we were motivated to
monitor the speed of three phase induction motor
using a SCADA system. The control system is
designed based on the most advanced technology
which gives a high amount of flexibility and
efficiency. Monitoring system gives facility of
analyzing the operation of induction motor in an
online / offline mode, which makes the system to be
safe from any fault/error conditions.
Acknowledgements
I am so grateful to Allah, Prof. Salah Ghazy,
Dr. Wael Abd El-Rahman Mohamed and Eng. Said
Farhat for their inspiring guidance, valuable advice,
and contentious encouragement throughout the
progress of this research.
REFERENCES
[1] S.R.Venupriya, K.P.Thanusre, P.Saranya, "A
Novel Method Of Induction Motor Speed
Control Using PLC", International Journal for
Research in Applied Science & Engineering
Technology (IJRASET) , 3(2), 2015
[2] Yasar Birbir, H.Selcuk Nogay, "Design and
Implementation of PLC-Based Monitoring
Control System for Three-Phase Induction
Motors Fed by PWM Inverter", international
journal of systems applications, engineering
&development, 2( 3), 2008
[3] Ali Gulabi," Development of an Embedded
SCADA System with PLC and Java
Application for Synchronous Operation of
Standard Servo Drives", Master thesis, Faculty
of Engineering and Computer Science of the
University of Applied Sciences Hamburg, May
2007
[4] Hugh Jack, "automating manufacturing
systems with PLCs", April 2005
[5] Rinchen Geongmit Dorjee, "Monitoring and
Control of a Variable Frequency Drive Using
PLC and SCADA", International Journal on
Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing
and Communication, 2 (10), October 2014
[6] National Communications System,
"Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA) Systems", October 2004
7. Ayman Seksak Elsaid et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 4) January 2016, pp.98-104
www.ijera.com 104 |p a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e P a g e
[7] Rakesh Parekh, Microchip Technology Inc.,"
AC Induction Motor Fundamentals", 2003
[8] Siemens, MICRO MASTER 440 operating
instructions manual, December 2002
[9] https://cache.industry.siemens.com/dl/files/M
M440_PList_Engl_B1.pdf,"available to
20/5/2015"
[10] Siemens, Simatic automation system S7-300
Getting Started Collection manual, December
2003