Speciality Hair Fibre
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This document discusses various specialty animal hairs used for textiles, including alpaca, angora, camel, cashmere, llama, mohair, quiviut, vicuna, yak, and fur. It describes the animals these hairs come from and some of their properties. Alpaca hair comes from domesticated camelid relatives in South America and comes in two varieties. Angora hair is soft and fine, coming from rabbits in different breeds. Camel hair is lightweight but very insulating. Cashmere comes from cashmere goats and is highly desirable for its fineness. Llama are related to alpaca and were domesticated by Incas in South America. Mohair comes from Angora
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The document provides information about traditional woven textiles from India, including muslin and jamdani fabrics. It discusses the origins, history, production process, and characteristics of dhaka muslin and jamdani textiles. It also provides details about chanderi fabric, including that it is made from silk/cotton or pure silk threads woven with traditional cotton yarn and gold zari to create a luxurious sheer texture. Motifs are handwoven using needles and often feature nature-inspired designs coated in gold, silver, or copper.
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Styles of printing
1. Textile printing involves applying colored patterns and designs to fabric using thickened print pastes containing dyes or pigments.
2. There are several styles of printing including direct, discharge, and resist printing. Direct printing applies color directly to fabric while discharge and resist involve removing or preventing color fixation in certain areas.
3. The printing process typically involves color paste preparation, printing the fabric, fixation with steam or heat, and after-treatment including washing. Alternative techniques to printing include embroidery, knitting with colored yarns, and applique.
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This document discusses the various chemicals and processes used in printing fabrics. It describes the different types of dyes used for silk, polyester, and cotton fibers. It also lists and explains the functions of various auxiliaries used in printing pastes, including wetting agents, dispersing agents, antifoaming agents, thickeners, carriers, binders, and others. The roles of these auxiliaries include helping the dye penetrate and fix to the fiber to produce the desired color and shade when printed on fabrics.
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The document summarizes various dyeing techniques used in textiles, including:
- Direct application and yarn dyeing, where dyes are directly applied to fibers or yarns
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- Modern techniques like ice dyeing where dye is applied to textiles covered in ice to produce unique effects as the ice melts
yarn classification.ppt
This document provides a classification of yarns based on several factors:
1. Length - Spun yarns are made from short staple fibers, while filament yarns are made from continuous filaments. Filament yarns can be monofilament or multifilament.
2. Number of parts - Yarns are simple, novelty, or textured. Simple yarns like singles, plies and cords are uniform. Novelty yarns have irregularities to provide decorative effects. Textured yarns have altered surface, shape or texture.
3. Twist - Twist binds fibers together and gives strength. Direction of twist is S or Z. Number of tw
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Denim wash
1) Denim is a cotton twill textile where the weft passes under two or more warp fibers, producing a diagonal ribbing. There are various types of denim including bubble gum, colored, crushed, etc.
2) Denim washing is done to produce effects like fading, crinkles, and a softened feel. There are mechanical washes like stone washing and chemical washes like bleaching, enzyme washing, and acid washing.
3) Stone washing uses pumice stones to abrade fabric surfaces and create a worn look. Other mechanical washes include microsanding, laser technology, and scrubbing. Chemical washes include bleaching, enzyme washing, and acid washing.
Finishing denim washing
The document discusses various finishing and washing techniques for denim, including stone washing, enzyme washing, acid washing, and bleaching. Stone washing involves tumbling denim with pumice stones to achieve a soft, worn look. Enzyme washing uses cellulose enzymes to selectively remove indigo dye from fabric surfaces. Acid washing involves tumbling denim with peroxide- or permanganate-soaked stones to create a bleached effect. Various uncommon denim types and treatments are also outlined, such as bubblegum, coloured, crushed, vintage, and sandblast denim.
Fabric properties
Fabric structures have a long history dating back to nomadic times. Modern architecture has rediscovered fabric structures for permanent buildings by using advanced, durable fabrics to span large areas. Fabric structures offer various cost efficiencies over traditional materials and are more energy efficient in their production, installation, and ability to use natural lighting. A variety of natural and man-made fabrics are available for different applications like roofing, partitions, and tents. Fabric selection, design, engineering, and installation are important to ensure the structure's performance. Fabrics are typically coated for strength and environmental resistance.
dyeing
This document provides an overview of garment dyeing, including its definition, benefits, popularity, and basic processes. Some key points:
- Garment dyeing involves dyeing fully assembled garments and provides benefits like quick response to fashion trends and improved inventory control.
- It is defined as dyeing cut and sewn garments, knitted fabrics, woven fabrics, or mixed fabrics.
- The popularity of garment dyeing is increasing globally due to its lower costs and faster production times compared to traditional fabric dyeing methods.
- The basic process involves pretreating garments, dyeing them using direct or reactive dyes, washing to fix the dyes, and applying soften
Linen fabric
This document summarizes the key details about linen, including its production from flax plants, physical and chemical properties, and common uses. Linen fibers are extracted from the stem of the flax plant through retting and scutching. The fibers are then spun into yarns and woven or knitted into fabrics. Linen has good strength but low elasticity. It is resistant to acids, alkalis, and bleaching agents. Common applications of linen include clothing, curtains, bed linens, and tablecloths due to its strength and comfort.
Roller printing.
Roller printing is a textile printing technique invented in 1783 that uses engraved copper rollers instead of hand-carved blocks. The design is engraved onto the copper roller, which is then electroplated with chrome for durability. Multiple rollers can be used to print one repeat of a design onto fabric passing over a central cylinder. Defects can occur due to scratches, loose threads, or uneven pressure, but roller printing allows for higher production compared to earlier techniques.
Bio-scouring
This document discusses bio-scouring, an enzymatic process for removing non-cellulosic impurities like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. It involves the use of enzymes like pectinase, lipases and proteases. The mechanism has two stages - pectin removal allows wax to be extracted or emulsified, and further pectin dissolution enables wax emulsification. Key parameters include pH, temperature, wetting and emulsifying agents. Compared to alkaline scouring, bio-scouring is more environmentally friendly as it uses less energy, water, chemicals and time, and produces less effluent. While it cannot remove all waxes and is sensitive to process conditions, bio
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Cotton fiber manufacturing, physical and chemical properties
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The document discusses various preparatory processes that cotton fabric undergoes before dyeing or other chemical processing. It describes how cotton contains natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins, proteins and colouring matter that need to be removed. The preparatory processes involve mechanical operations like brushing to remove loose threads, shearing to cut attached threads, and singeing to burn protruding fibers. This is followed by inspection of grey fabric for defects and stamping with a lot number for identification during processing.
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The document discusses digital printing as a tool for demand activated textile printing. It provides an overview of digital printing technologies such as inkjet printing and compares it to traditional screen printing. Digital printing allows for short runs, customization, and quick turnaround times. However, issues around ink formulations, color matching, and speed have prevented widespread adoption for bulk production. The technology is still being improved to make it viable for production printing in addition to pre-production uses like sampling.
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The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing involves removing added starches used in sizing through processes like hydrolysis or oxidation. Scouring uses alkaline solutions to remove natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins from cotton. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation, with common bleaching agents being sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and peracetic acid. These preparatory processes are important to remove impurities, improve dyeability and finishability of cotton textiles.
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The document discusses chemical processing of knitted fabrics, specifically preparatory processes like scouring and bleaching. It describes the objectives of preparatory processes as removing natural and added impurities to allow for high dye uptake and brightness. Scouring removes oils, waxes and other impurities using alkalis and surfactants while bleaching destroys coloring matter using oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite. Key steps and considerations for each process are outlined, including chemicals used, mechanisms, effects of parameters, and common tests after pretreatment.
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The document provides an overview of the processes involved in converting fibres into garments, including:
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2) Fabrics then undergo chemical processes like dyeing, printing, and finishing to add color and properties before being made into garments.
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Fibre to fabric by gheevar,s groop corrected
The document discusses several animals that produce fiber, including sheep, goats, alpacas, angora goats, llamas, yaks, and their fibers such as wool. Sheep wool is obtained by shearing sheep annually. Goat fur comes in different lengths and colors and is used to make mohair and cashmere. Angora goats have long curly wool called mohair. Alpacas and llamas produce fiber similar to wool. Yaks are found in the Himalayas and produce fiber. These animals' fibers keep them warm and are crafted into various fabrics.
Animales de los paises andinos
The document describes three South American camelids - the vicuña, llama, and alpaca.
The vicuña produces extremely fine wool that can only be shorn every three years, making it very expensive. Under Inca rule and today, vicuñas are protected by law.
Llamas are still used as pack animals in South America and produce soft, lanolin-free fiber. They are social animals that can carry around 25-30% of their body weight.
Alpacas are smaller than llamas and are valued only for their fleece fiber, which is used to make blankets, sweaters and other items. They live in herds that graze
Llamas and alpacas new version
LAMAS & ALPACAS are Social and domesticated members of the South American Camelid family.
They are the oldest domestic animals in the world(domesticated around 6000 years ago)
Hornless, cud-chewing animals having even number of toes and padded feet
Look like long-necked camels without humps
Have the most amazing big eyes with very long eyelashes
Llamas are mainly used as pack and guard animals
Alpacas are generally meant for wool & meat production. UG ppt by D.K THAPA.
Cat Family (Camaligan&Pacis)
This document provides information on various cat breeds. It describes the physical characteristics and origins of breeds such as the American Curl, known for its curled ears; the Bengal, which lives mainly in India; and the Burmese cat, which has short hair and a muscular build. It also discusses other breeds like the Siamese, Scottish Fold, Ragdoll, and American Shorthair. In total, over 40 different cat breeds are outlined in the document.
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Uttarakhand and Karnataka have rich biodiversity. Uttarakhand is home to 4,000 plant species, 102 mammal species, and endangered species like the snow leopard and tiger. It has 6 wildlife sanctuaries and 6 national parks, including Jim Corbett National Park. Karnataka also has high biodiversity, especially in the Western Ghats. Both states are working to protect endangered species like the Indian elephant, Indian leopard, and sloth bear, though most remain on the IUCN Red List due to threats like habitat loss.
Cabárceno´s nature
Cabárceno Nature Park in Cantabria, Spain is home to a variety of animals including bears, horses, giraffes, roe deer, stalkers, hippos, bison, elephants, and ostriches. The park aims to educate visitors about these species - bears are the emblem of Spanish forests, horses are beautiful and highly trained, giraffes are peaceful and sociable, roe deer are the smallest cervids, stalkers prey on smaller animals, hippos live in female-led family groups, bison live in small herds and eat plants, elephants are the largest land mammals living in matriarchal groups, and ostriches are the only native bird species in Africa.
Fibre to fabric by pratham sharma vii
This is a presentation on Class VII Ncert chapter 3 best viewed as slideshow in microsoft powerpoint 2013 or above
fibre to fabric
This document discusses different animals that are sources of wool and the properties of their wool. It lists yak, angora goat, kashmiri goat, camel, alpaca, llama as wool yielding animals. It then provides details about each animal's origin, the properties of wool obtained from it and its uses. The document also summarizes the steps involved in processing wool obtained from sheep into usable fibers like sorting, scouring, dyeing, combing and rolling into yarn.
Introduction to wool,fur,pelt and speciality fibre with respect to processing...
Wool, fur, pelt, and specialty fibers are animal-derived textile fibers with various properties. Wool is obtained from sheep and is elastic, insulating, flame-resistant, and easy to dye. Fur refers to fine hair from wild animals like dogs and cats. Pelt is animal skin with wool or fur still attached. Specialty fibers like mohair and cashmere come from goats. Fibers from camelids like alpacas, vicuñas, guanacos, and llamas are also considered specialty fibers due to their fine diameter and luster. Each fiber type has distinct qualities making it suitable for different textile and clothing applications.
An over view on Angora THE ANIMAL FIBER
It is the one of the textile fiber which is extracted from angora rabbit which come under natural textile fibre
Fibre to fbric
Wool is an animal fiber obtained from the fleece of sheep and other animals like goats. Major wool producing countries include Australia, New Zealand, China, and countries in Europe, Asia, and South America. Cashmere comes from the fine undercoat of cashmere goats and is made into expensive shawls. The production of wool involves rearing sheep, shearing their fleece, cleaning and processing the wool fibers, dyeing them, and making yarn.
South american camelidae
This document summarizes information about South American camelids. It discusses the four main types: llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, and guanacos. Llamas and alpacas have been domesticated as pack animals and for their fiber, while vicuñas and guanacos remain wild. Each camelid has distinct physical characteristics and behaviors. The document provides details on the historical and current uses and conservation status of each South American camelid type.
C:\Fakepath\Raising Alpacas Autoplay
Alpacas are a domesticated herd animal dating back 4000 years. They produce soft, warm fleece and are gentle and low maintenance. Demand for alpaca fiber is high but the US cannot keep up with demand. Alpacas have positive environmental effects as their waste is low odor fertilizer and they do not pollute air or water. Their fleece is used to make yarn, felt and finished clothing products. Alpaca farming benefits Maine's economy as the climate is similar to their native Andes highlands.
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES - ANIMALS
This document summarizes biological resources and animals from different regions of the world. It discusses animals found in Asia, including bears, otters, wolves and birds. It also describes the Bengal tiger. For Antarctica, it focuses on penguins and their characteristics. Animals from Africa discussed include lions, chimpanzees and giraffes. For South America, it mentions the ñandu bird. It also briefly outlines animals found in Central America like the resplendent quetzal, and in North America such as wild horses.
Angora
This slide about 'Angora Rabbit Fiber' made by Samiun Ahammed, Student of Textile Engineering, BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology, Batch: 182
Mark Lloyd M. delas Alas
The document provides information on various cat breeds from around the world. It discusses the origins and characteristics of breeds such as the Turkish Angora, Scottish Fold, Siberian cat, and Singapura. A wide range of natural, hybrid and experimental cat breeds are described in detail.
De marco alpaca presentación en ingles
This document describes a luxurious baby alpaca fur bedspread that is handmade in Peru. Alpaca fur is considered sacred in Inca culture and was historically worn only by royalty. The bedspread is made from the finest baby alpaca fur and provides warmth and insulation. Each piece is unique due to natural variations in the alpaca fur. It is produced sustainably and contributes to the local economy.
28 breeds of cattle found in india
India has 27 indigenous and 7 buffalo breeds of cattle that are categorized into milch, dual-purpose, and draft breeds. Some key milch breeds include Gir and Sahiwal, known for milk yields of 1,200-2,500 kg per lactation. Dual-purpose breeds such as Hariana are used for both milk (up to 1,500 kg) and draft. Draft breeds like Hallikar and Khillari are reared for plowing and transporting goods. Exotic high-yielding breeds have also been introduced, with average milk production of 2,600 kg per lactation in military farms.
Animal types
The document provides information on various animal species. It includes sections on antelope, alpaca, alligators, bears, buffalo, bulls, cats, camels, cows, dogs, donkeys, elephants, earthworms, fish, goats, hens, horses, hippos, kangaroos, lions, llamas, monkeys, moose, owls, pigs, rabbits, rhinos, sheep, snakes, tigers, turkeys, whales, wolves, and zebras. Each section provides some key facts about the species and how they are used by humans.
Fibre to fabric
1. Sheep flock together for protection but some breeds are more solitary. Wool fibers come from sheep fleece and are processed through several steps like shearing, scouring, sorting, and spinning into yarn.
2. Silk fibers are produced by silkworm caterpillars spinning cocoons; the female moth lays eggs and caterpillars eat mulberry leaves then spin cocoons from which fibers are reeled to make silk cloth.
3. Alpacas graze in herds in the Andes mountains and are smaller than llamas, which were domesticated as beasts of burden.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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Speciality Hair Fibre
- 1. SPECIALITY HAIR FIBRES This term is used for hairs that are derived from animals other than sheep. These are classified on the basis of the animal from which the fibre is obtained.
- 2. ALPAC A The alpaca is a relative of the camel and thus bears some resemblance. It is native to South America where domesticated by the Incas in the upper reaches of the Andes mountains.
- 3. Two varieties of Alpaca 1. Huacaya – is the stronger variety with spongier, short hair. 2. Suri – on the other hand, is delicate with extremely long hair which are thinner and have more natural grease than the huacaya.
- 4. ANGO RA These are extremely soft and fine with lengths ranging from 3 to 5 inches.
- 5. Four main breedsof the Angora rabbit: •Englis h •French •German •Satin
- 6. CAMEL During the springtime camels shed hairs from their bodies which are collected and processed into fibres. Two types of Camels1. One Humped Camels – found in the in the Arabic desert. 2. Two Humped Camels – found in Asia (Bactrian Camel.)
- 7. Camel hair has a unique property of being extremely light and at the same time possessing incredible insulation capacity . The extremely soft, fine camel hairs are used alone or blended with wool.
- 8. CASHME RE It is obtained from the downy undercoat of the wild alpine goat (Capra hircus) or cashmere goat which is native to the high plateaus of India, Afghanistan, China, Mongolia and the mountainous region of Iran.
- 9. -The fibre is unarguably one of the world’s most desirable woolens. -The average length range from 1 to 3 inches while the diameter range from 12 to 18 micronaires. -Renowned for its extraordinary fineness and strength, the fibres comes in natural shades of brown, gray, black and rarely white.
- 10. LLAMA (PRONOUNCED ‘YAMA’) This animal is native to South America Andes region which includes Peru, Argentina, Columbia. The Llama was first domesticated by the Incas of Peru who also held them as icons in fertility and spiritual rites.
- 11. MOHAIR This fibre is obtained from the Angora goat which is a native of the mountains of Tibet. -Used in garments as well as home decorating fabrics.
- 12. QUIVIOT Sheared from the downy undercoat of the musk ox, these fibres are very warm and soft. Being expensive, they are often blended with cashmere or silk fibres.
- 13. VICUNA This is a wild member of the South American camel family and a close relative of the Llama and Alpha. The fibres have a natural cinnamon brown colour and possess extraordinary qualities of softness and finess, makinf vicuna the most expensive and rarest of speciality hairs in the world.
- 14. YAK This is the hairy animals commonly found in the Himalayan region of India.
- 15. FUR Furs are animal pelts. The pelts comprises the skin, which needs to be tanned and the hair. -The first clothing of primitive Man was made of fur. Many gods are also depicted sporting furs as clothes or as asanas (seats).
- 16. Fur fibres are produced from a wide range of animals both wild as well as specially bred and farmed animals.
- 17. Thank You For Listening! Presented by: Ailyn R. Dumpor