Gestational diabetes occurs when high blood glucose levels develop during pregnancy due to the pancreas not producing enough insulin to meet needs. It affects about 1 in 15 pregnancies. Women are usually screened between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy through an oral glucose tolerance test. Elevated blood glucose levels during the test can indicate gestational diabetes. Having gestational diabetes can harm both the woman and fetus, so monitoring and treatment if needed is important.
Any feedback an this deck would be much appreciated. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia worldwide. In developed countries, access to iron isn't usually a problem. It's a highly processed diet, and lack of information that leaves us vulnerable. This deck covers a range common questions about iron, in English (as opposed to Latin or Jargon) for the most part. Thanks for reading!
Iron deficiency anemia - all medical information .martinshaji
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia, and it occurs when your body doesn't have enough of the mineral iron. Your body needs iron to make hemoglobin. When there isn't enough iron in your blood stream, the rest of your body can't get the amount of oxygen it needs.
Too few healthy red blood cells due to too little iron in the body.
Without enough iron, red blood cells can't carry enough oxygen to body tissues.
Iron deficiency often causes low blood cell levels (anaemia) and can delay the development of unborn babies.
Treatment includes iron supplements and a focus on any underlying causes.
please comment
thank u
Iron is an essential trace mineral that serves many important functions in the body. It exists in ferrous and ferric forms and is primarily absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum through protein transporters. Iron is found in both heme sources like meat and non-heme plant sources. It is necessary for oxygen transport and storage and is involved in many enzymatic reactions. Iron deficiency is common and can cause fatigue while excess iron can damage organs. Pregnant women have increased needs for iron to support blood volume expansion and fetal development.
The document discusses anemia prevalence globally and in India. Anemia affects 4-5 billion people worldwide, with 51% of women in developing countries like India affected. India has one of the highest prevalence rates at 74.3% with severe anemia. The document then describes blood components like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It focuses on red blood cells and hemoglobin, noting causes of iron deficiency anemia include insufficient dietary iron, absorption issues, bleeding, and parasites. The document recommends ferrous ascorbate and folic acid to treat iron deficiency anemia in adolescents, pregnant/lactating women, describing dosage and advantages of ensuring proper development.
Iron deficiency anaemia is one of the largest problem during pregnancy in a country like India.
So here is a short presentation on iron therapy which we are currently prescribing to our patients.
The document discusses the risks and causes of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, which are driving factors in many chronic health conditions. Key points include:
- Over 60% of Americans are overweight or obese, increasing risks for heart disease, diabetes and some cancers.
- Insulin resistance occurs when the body produces high levels of insulin to manage blood sugar levels, often due to diets high in refined carbs and sugars. This can lead to metabolic syndrome.
- Lifestyle changes like balanced nutrition, exercise, stress management and supplements can help reverse insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome and prevent accelerated aging and related diseases. A 8-week program is outlined to help with these changes.
This document discusses various health issues and how Ganoderma can help address them. It begins by outlining how diseases like cancer, diabetes and heart disease are on the rise due to unhealthy lifestyles. It then describes how the body becomes acidic from foods like sugar and stress, leading to blood circulation problems. Various DXN products are highlighted for their ability to balance pH, improve blood flow, boost immunity and increase oxygen levels to prevent and treat diseases. Testimonials also support the benefits of Ganoderma. The document advocates for prevention through a healthy diet and lifestyle while taking Ganoderma daily.
Blood is a vital fluid that constitutes 7% of body weight and transports gases, nutrients and acts as a messenger throughout the body. It contains various cells like red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets suspended in plasma. Blood tests are important for evaluating health status by analyzing components like iron, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Diet has a direct impact on blood biochemistry since consumed foods are broken down and absorbed into blood circulation, influencing factors such as iron levels, lipid profiles and risk of conditions like cardiovascular disease. Maintaining proper nutrient intake through foods is crucial for ensuring blood remains healthy and able to perform its important functions in the body.
Any feedback an this deck would be much appreciated. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia worldwide. In developed countries, access to iron isn't usually a problem. It's a highly processed diet, and lack of information that leaves us vulnerable. This deck covers a range common questions about iron, in English (as opposed to Latin or Jargon) for the most part. Thanks for reading!
Iron deficiency anemia - all medical information .martinshaji
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia, and it occurs when your body doesn't have enough of the mineral iron. Your body needs iron to make hemoglobin. When there isn't enough iron in your blood stream, the rest of your body can't get the amount of oxygen it needs.
Too few healthy red blood cells due to too little iron in the body.
Without enough iron, red blood cells can't carry enough oxygen to body tissues.
Iron deficiency often causes low blood cell levels (anaemia) and can delay the development of unborn babies.
Treatment includes iron supplements and a focus on any underlying causes.
please comment
thank u
Iron is an essential trace mineral that serves many important functions in the body. It exists in ferrous and ferric forms and is primarily absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum through protein transporters. Iron is found in both heme sources like meat and non-heme plant sources. It is necessary for oxygen transport and storage and is involved in many enzymatic reactions. Iron deficiency is common and can cause fatigue while excess iron can damage organs. Pregnant women have increased needs for iron to support blood volume expansion and fetal development.
The document discusses anemia prevalence globally and in India. Anemia affects 4-5 billion people worldwide, with 51% of women in developing countries like India affected. India has one of the highest prevalence rates at 74.3% with severe anemia. The document then describes blood components like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It focuses on red blood cells and hemoglobin, noting causes of iron deficiency anemia include insufficient dietary iron, absorption issues, bleeding, and parasites. The document recommends ferrous ascorbate and folic acid to treat iron deficiency anemia in adolescents, pregnant/lactating women, describing dosage and advantages of ensuring proper development.
Iron deficiency anaemia is one of the largest problem during pregnancy in a country like India.
So here is a short presentation on iron therapy which we are currently prescribing to our patients.
The document discusses the risks and causes of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, which are driving factors in many chronic health conditions. Key points include:
- Over 60% of Americans are overweight or obese, increasing risks for heart disease, diabetes and some cancers.
- Insulin resistance occurs when the body produces high levels of insulin to manage blood sugar levels, often due to diets high in refined carbs and sugars. This can lead to metabolic syndrome.
- Lifestyle changes like balanced nutrition, exercise, stress management and supplements can help reverse insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome and prevent accelerated aging and related diseases. A 8-week program is outlined to help with these changes.
This document discusses various health issues and how Ganoderma can help address them. It begins by outlining how diseases like cancer, diabetes and heart disease are on the rise due to unhealthy lifestyles. It then describes how the body becomes acidic from foods like sugar and stress, leading to blood circulation problems. Various DXN products are highlighted for their ability to balance pH, improve blood flow, boost immunity and increase oxygen levels to prevent and treat diseases. Testimonials also support the benefits of Ganoderma. The document advocates for prevention through a healthy diet and lifestyle while taking Ganoderma daily.
Blood is a vital fluid that constitutes 7% of body weight and transports gases, nutrients and acts as a messenger throughout the body. It contains various cells like red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets suspended in plasma. Blood tests are important for evaluating health status by analyzing components like iron, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Diet has a direct impact on blood biochemistry since consumed foods are broken down and absorbed into blood circulation, influencing factors such as iron levels, lipid profiles and risk of conditions like cardiovascular disease. Maintaining proper nutrient intake through foods is crucial for ensuring blood remains healthy and able to perform its important functions in the body.
This document discusses various nutritional disorders including obesity, kwashiorkor, marasmus, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa. It notes that kwashiorkor is a childhood protein-energy deficiency characterized by edema, while marasmus is caused by overall lack of calories seen as "skin and bone." Obesity results from calorie intake exceeding utilization and is measured by body mass index. The body regulates energy balance through hormones like leptin from fat cells and ghrelin from the stomach.
Adolescent anemia and its treatment are discussed. Oral iron supplementation is the most appropriate therapy, with a recommended dose of 150-200 mg of elemental iron per day. Ferric ammonium citrate is one of the best tolerated iron supplements as it provides an optimum tolerance and is helpful for maintaining long-term patient compliance. Food fortification is also important for preventing iron deficiency anemia.
White paper "Iron Therapy without problems"Michael Collan
This white paper will discuss iron therapy in general, why it is sometimes problematic,mainly due to tolerance and practical issues for those suffering from iron deficiency.
Important groups that are discussed in this aspect are children, young girls, fertile females, seniors and people with chronic diseases such as IBD, CHF, CKD that affect the iron metabolism and how Heme‐Iron supplementation change this situation.
The target is to inform the medicinal and pharmaceutical communities of this relatively new form of therapy and why it has great benefits compared to the traditional methods.
Iron bis-glycine chelate competes for the nonheme-iron absorption pathwayDuwan Arismendy
BACKGROUND:
The enterocytic absorption pathway of the food fortificant iron bis-glycine chelate has been the subject of controversy because it is not clear whether that substance uses the classic nonheme-iron absorption pathway or a pathway similar to that of heme absorption.
OBJECTIVE:
The objective was to study the absorption pathway of iron bis-glycine chelate in human subjects.
DESIGN:
Eighty-five healthy adult women were selected to participate in 1 of 6 iron-absorption studies. Study A involved the measurement of the dose-response curve of the absorption of ferrous sulfate (through a nonheme-iron absorption pathway); study B involved the competition of iron bis-glycine chelate with ferrous sulfate for the nonheme-iron absorption pathway; study C involved the measurement of the dose-response curve of heme-iron absorption; study D involved the competition of iron bis-glycine chelate with hemoglobin for the heme-iron absorption pathway; and studies E and F were the same as studies A and B, except that the iron bis-glycine chelate was encapsulated in enteric gelatin capsules so that it would not be processed in the stomach.
RESULTS:
Iron from the bis-glycine chelate competed with ferrous sulfate for the nonheme-iron absorption pathway. Iron from the bis-glycine chelate also competed with ferrous sulfate for absorption when liberated directly into the intestinal lumen. Iron from the bis-glycine chelate did not compete with heme iron for the heme-iron absorption pathway.
CONCLUSION:
The iron from iron bis-glycine chelate delivered at the level of the stomach or duodenum becomes part of the nonheme-iron pool and is absorbed as such.
stress is a common complication seen in all age groups which can be controlled through different methods, in this presentation nutrition role is explained.
A heart attack occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, usually due to a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances in the arteries. The main symptoms for men are chest pain, pain radiating to the jaw or arm, nausea and shortness of breath, while the main symptoms for women can include fatigue, weakness and lightheadedness without chest pain. If symptoms occur, it is important not to drive oneself to the hospital and instead to call 911, chew baby aspirin and sit or lay down. Prevention involves smoking cessation, monitoring cholesterol levels, exercise, weight control and diet control.
There are several physiological differences between males and females that are important for athletic performance. Women are more prone to iron deficiency due to menstrual blood loss and tend to have lower calcium intake, putting them at risk for osteoporosis. Eating disorders are also more common among female athletes in appearance-focused sports. For men, vitamin and mineral deficiencies as well as over-reliance on protein supplements without sufficient carbohydrates can hinder performance.
There are several physiological differences between males and females that are important for athletic performance. Women are more prone to iron deficiency due to menstrual blood loss and tend to have lower calcium intake, putting them at risk for osteoporosis. Eating disorders are also more common among female athletes in appearance-focused sports. For men, vitamin and mineral deficiencies as well as over-reliance on protein supplements without sufficient carbohydrates can hinder performance.
Most of the daily iron will be in non-heme form, which is bound in plants or bound chemically in the regular synthetic/artificial supplements. Non-heme iron is not very bioavailable, so more than 95 % will not be absorbed.
Heme iron is taken up at a significantly higher rate and will not produce side-effects like the synthetic/artificial supplements. It is also not affected by other simultaneously ingested food or drink.
This document discusses the link between diabetes and iron. It provides background on diabetes, noting that the number of diabetes cases is rising significantly worldwide. There are three main types of diabetes. The document also discusses the two types of iron (heme and non-heme), their sources, and absorption. Several studies have found an apparent relationship between iron metabolism and type 2 diabetes, with higher iron stores increasing the risk and iron depletion being protective against type 2 diabetes. The conclusion drawn is that higher iron stores seem to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in healthy women, and heme-iron intake from red meat is associated with type 2 diabetes risk, while heme-iron from non-red meat is not linked to diabetes.
This document discusses anemia during pregnancy. It begins by outlining the objectives of identifying iron-rich foods, how iron absorption can be enhanced or inhibited, and making healthier food choices to reduce iron deficiency. It then defines anemia as having too few red blood cells or a decreased ability to carry oxygen or iron, and explains that this can cause poor fetal growth, preterm birth or low birth weight. The document outlines different types of anemia during pregnancy, risk factors, signs and symptoms, how it affects the baby's and mother's health, and treatment which includes iron supplements, eating iron-rich foods, and avoiding things that inhibit absorption like tea, coffee and calcium.
The document discusses ways to prevent heart disease, which is the leading cause of death worldwide. It explains that heart disease is usually caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries known as atherosclerosis. Risk factors include age, family history, high cholesterol, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol consumption. The document recommends adopting a healthy diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, exercising regularly, not smoking, monitoring cholesterol and blood pressure levels, and taking medication as needed to control risk factors and prevent heart disease.
1. The medical report analyzed the health condition of a 72-year-old man with diabetes, hypertension, and other issues. Laboratory tests found several biomarkers outside the optimal ranges, including high homocysteine, triglycerides, fasting insulin, and creatinine levels.
2. The report diagnosed specific risk factors and made recommendations, including nutritional supplements, a personalized diet plan limiting calories and carbohydrates, an exercise regimen, lifestyle changes, and repeating lab tests monthly.
3. Over six months of following the recommendations, the man's biomarkers and health improved significantly. His medications were reduced and stopped, his weight and blood pressure decreased, and he felt less pain and more energy.
Calcium is essential for bone health, muscle function, and other bodily processes. A lack of calcium can lead to osteoporosis, rickets, hypertension during pregnancy, and other disorders. Supplementation with calcium and vitamin D can help prevent pregnancy complications like preeclampsia and preterm labor by supporting fetal bone development and reducing blood pressure. Maintaining adequate calcium intake is important for overall health.
This document discusses how traditional medicine often fails to treat individuals based on their unique biochemical needs, and outlines an alternative approach called the E-juven8 program. The program aims to detect nutritional imbalances and hormonal deficiencies in each individual in order to create customized treatment plans. It is presented as a way to prevent illnesses like heart disease, diabetes and cancer by addressing the underlying causes of metabolic dysfunction and toxicity at the biochemical level for each person. Contact information is provided to learn more about the program, which includes advanced testing, personalized supplements and medications, and ongoing consultations.
1. The patient presented with weak erections and low libido and various lab tests found high fibrinogen, SHBG, and estrogen levels with low free testosterone.
2. The doctor prescribed a personalized regimen including supplements, diet, exercise, and lifestyle changes to target specific biomarkers.
3. After 3 months of adhering to the plan, the patient's labs and symptoms improved, with fibrinogen, SHBG, and estrogen decreasing and free testosterone increasing.
Welcome To Anti-Aging Doctor APP
Anti-Aging Doctor is a specialized mobile app for taking on-line Anti-aging physician consultation. It offers individualized recommendations on nutritional supplements, diet, exercise, and Personalised Anti-aging Medical Report(PAMR) based on specific laboratory blood tests.
https://antiagingdoctor.app/
The document discusses iron in nature, dietary iron sources, iron absorption and transport in the body, iron storage, the iron cycle, roles of iron in the body, iron deficiency, risk groups, causes, signs and symptoms, investigations, consequences, management including oral and parenteral iron therapy and blood transfusions, and prevention of iron deficiency anemia through diet, nutrition education, iron supplementation, and food fortification.
This document discusses iron physiology, including sources of iron from foods, daily iron requirements that vary by age and gender, and the roles of iron in the body. It describes how iron is absorbed in the small intestine, transported by transferrin in the blood, and stored or utilized in tissues. The document also addresses iron deficiency and overload, their causes, symptoms, and treatments.
This document discusses various nutritional disorders including obesity, kwashiorkor, marasmus, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa. It notes that kwashiorkor is a childhood protein-energy deficiency characterized by edema, while marasmus is caused by overall lack of calories seen as "skin and bone." Obesity results from calorie intake exceeding utilization and is measured by body mass index. The body regulates energy balance through hormones like leptin from fat cells and ghrelin from the stomach.
Adolescent anemia and its treatment are discussed. Oral iron supplementation is the most appropriate therapy, with a recommended dose of 150-200 mg of elemental iron per day. Ferric ammonium citrate is one of the best tolerated iron supplements as it provides an optimum tolerance and is helpful for maintaining long-term patient compliance. Food fortification is also important for preventing iron deficiency anemia.
White paper "Iron Therapy without problems"Michael Collan
This white paper will discuss iron therapy in general, why it is sometimes problematic,mainly due to tolerance and practical issues for those suffering from iron deficiency.
Important groups that are discussed in this aspect are children, young girls, fertile females, seniors and people with chronic diseases such as IBD, CHF, CKD that affect the iron metabolism and how Heme‐Iron supplementation change this situation.
The target is to inform the medicinal and pharmaceutical communities of this relatively new form of therapy and why it has great benefits compared to the traditional methods.
Iron bis-glycine chelate competes for the nonheme-iron absorption pathwayDuwan Arismendy
BACKGROUND:
The enterocytic absorption pathway of the food fortificant iron bis-glycine chelate has been the subject of controversy because it is not clear whether that substance uses the classic nonheme-iron absorption pathway or a pathway similar to that of heme absorption.
OBJECTIVE:
The objective was to study the absorption pathway of iron bis-glycine chelate in human subjects.
DESIGN:
Eighty-five healthy adult women were selected to participate in 1 of 6 iron-absorption studies. Study A involved the measurement of the dose-response curve of the absorption of ferrous sulfate (through a nonheme-iron absorption pathway); study B involved the competition of iron bis-glycine chelate with ferrous sulfate for the nonheme-iron absorption pathway; study C involved the measurement of the dose-response curve of heme-iron absorption; study D involved the competition of iron bis-glycine chelate with hemoglobin for the heme-iron absorption pathway; and studies E and F were the same as studies A and B, except that the iron bis-glycine chelate was encapsulated in enteric gelatin capsules so that it would not be processed in the stomach.
RESULTS:
Iron from the bis-glycine chelate competed with ferrous sulfate for the nonheme-iron absorption pathway. Iron from the bis-glycine chelate also competed with ferrous sulfate for absorption when liberated directly into the intestinal lumen. Iron from the bis-glycine chelate did not compete with heme iron for the heme-iron absorption pathway.
CONCLUSION:
The iron from iron bis-glycine chelate delivered at the level of the stomach or duodenum becomes part of the nonheme-iron pool and is absorbed as such.
stress is a common complication seen in all age groups which can be controlled through different methods, in this presentation nutrition role is explained.
A heart attack occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, usually due to a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances in the arteries. The main symptoms for men are chest pain, pain radiating to the jaw or arm, nausea and shortness of breath, while the main symptoms for women can include fatigue, weakness and lightheadedness without chest pain. If symptoms occur, it is important not to drive oneself to the hospital and instead to call 911, chew baby aspirin and sit or lay down. Prevention involves smoking cessation, monitoring cholesterol levels, exercise, weight control and diet control.
There are several physiological differences between males and females that are important for athletic performance. Women are more prone to iron deficiency due to menstrual blood loss and tend to have lower calcium intake, putting them at risk for osteoporosis. Eating disorders are also more common among female athletes in appearance-focused sports. For men, vitamin and mineral deficiencies as well as over-reliance on protein supplements without sufficient carbohydrates can hinder performance.
There are several physiological differences between males and females that are important for athletic performance. Women are more prone to iron deficiency due to menstrual blood loss and tend to have lower calcium intake, putting them at risk for osteoporosis. Eating disorders are also more common among female athletes in appearance-focused sports. For men, vitamin and mineral deficiencies as well as over-reliance on protein supplements without sufficient carbohydrates can hinder performance.
Most of the daily iron will be in non-heme form, which is bound in plants or bound chemically in the regular synthetic/artificial supplements. Non-heme iron is not very bioavailable, so more than 95 % will not be absorbed.
Heme iron is taken up at a significantly higher rate and will not produce side-effects like the synthetic/artificial supplements. It is also not affected by other simultaneously ingested food or drink.
This document discusses the link between diabetes and iron. It provides background on diabetes, noting that the number of diabetes cases is rising significantly worldwide. There are three main types of diabetes. The document also discusses the two types of iron (heme and non-heme), their sources, and absorption. Several studies have found an apparent relationship between iron metabolism and type 2 diabetes, with higher iron stores increasing the risk and iron depletion being protective against type 2 diabetes. The conclusion drawn is that higher iron stores seem to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in healthy women, and heme-iron intake from red meat is associated with type 2 diabetes risk, while heme-iron from non-red meat is not linked to diabetes.
This document discusses anemia during pregnancy. It begins by outlining the objectives of identifying iron-rich foods, how iron absorption can be enhanced or inhibited, and making healthier food choices to reduce iron deficiency. It then defines anemia as having too few red blood cells or a decreased ability to carry oxygen or iron, and explains that this can cause poor fetal growth, preterm birth or low birth weight. The document outlines different types of anemia during pregnancy, risk factors, signs and symptoms, how it affects the baby's and mother's health, and treatment which includes iron supplements, eating iron-rich foods, and avoiding things that inhibit absorption like tea, coffee and calcium.
The document discusses ways to prevent heart disease, which is the leading cause of death worldwide. It explains that heart disease is usually caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries known as atherosclerosis. Risk factors include age, family history, high cholesterol, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol consumption. The document recommends adopting a healthy diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, exercising regularly, not smoking, monitoring cholesterol and blood pressure levels, and taking medication as needed to control risk factors and prevent heart disease.
1. The medical report analyzed the health condition of a 72-year-old man with diabetes, hypertension, and other issues. Laboratory tests found several biomarkers outside the optimal ranges, including high homocysteine, triglycerides, fasting insulin, and creatinine levels.
2. The report diagnosed specific risk factors and made recommendations, including nutritional supplements, a personalized diet plan limiting calories and carbohydrates, an exercise regimen, lifestyle changes, and repeating lab tests monthly.
3. Over six months of following the recommendations, the man's biomarkers and health improved significantly. His medications were reduced and stopped, his weight and blood pressure decreased, and he felt less pain and more energy.
Calcium is essential for bone health, muscle function, and other bodily processes. A lack of calcium can lead to osteoporosis, rickets, hypertension during pregnancy, and other disorders. Supplementation with calcium and vitamin D can help prevent pregnancy complications like preeclampsia and preterm labor by supporting fetal bone development and reducing blood pressure. Maintaining adequate calcium intake is important for overall health.
This document discusses how traditional medicine often fails to treat individuals based on their unique biochemical needs, and outlines an alternative approach called the E-juven8 program. The program aims to detect nutritional imbalances and hormonal deficiencies in each individual in order to create customized treatment plans. It is presented as a way to prevent illnesses like heart disease, diabetes and cancer by addressing the underlying causes of metabolic dysfunction and toxicity at the biochemical level for each person. Contact information is provided to learn more about the program, which includes advanced testing, personalized supplements and medications, and ongoing consultations.
1. The patient presented with weak erections and low libido and various lab tests found high fibrinogen, SHBG, and estrogen levels with low free testosterone.
2. The doctor prescribed a personalized regimen including supplements, diet, exercise, and lifestyle changes to target specific biomarkers.
3. After 3 months of adhering to the plan, the patient's labs and symptoms improved, with fibrinogen, SHBG, and estrogen decreasing and free testosterone increasing.
Welcome To Anti-Aging Doctor APP
Anti-Aging Doctor is a specialized mobile app for taking on-line Anti-aging physician consultation. It offers individualized recommendations on nutritional supplements, diet, exercise, and Personalised Anti-aging Medical Report(PAMR) based on specific laboratory blood tests.
https://antiagingdoctor.app/
The document discusses iron in nature, dietary iron sources, iron absorption and transport in the body, iron storage, the iron cycle, roles of iron in the body, iron deficiency, risk groups, causes, signs and symptoms, investigations, consequences, management including oral and parenteral iron therapy and blood transfusions, and prevention of iron deficiency anemia through diet, nutrition education, iron supplementation, and food fortification.
This document discusses iron physiology, including sources of iron from foods, daily iron requirements that vary by age and gender, and the roles of iron in the body. It describes how iron is absorbed in the small intestine, transported by transferrin in the blood, and stored or utilized in tissues. The document also addresses iron deficiency and overload, their causes, symptoms, and treatments.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common micronutrient deficiency globally, affecting 1.3 billion people. It ranges from subclinical to severe anemia. Risk groups include infants, children under 5, women of childbearing age. Causes include low intake, absorption issues, losses. Symptoms vary by severity but include pallor, fatigue. Treatment involves addressing the cause, iron supplementation orally or parenterally, and transfusion in severe cases.
Iron is an essential trace element that plays many critical roles in the human body. It is required to produce red blood cells and hemoglobin, which transports oxygen throughout the body. A lack of iron can lead to iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Symptoms of iron deficiency include fatigue, dizziness, hair loss, and brittle nails. Good dietary sources of iron include red meat, poultry, lentils, beans, and leafy greens. Iron supplements are often used to treat iron deficiency. Maintaining adequate iron levels is important for health, but too much iron can promote bacterial growth.
Iron is a mineral that serves three main functions in the human body: carrying oxygen, maintaining immune function, and aiding energy production. Insufficient dietary iron can lead to iron deficiency and related health issues. There are two types of iron - heme iron found mainly in meat which is well absorbed, and non-heme iron found in plants which is less well absorbed and can be improved by consuming vitamin C. Maintaining adequate iron levels through diet and supplements when needed is important for overall health and well-being.
Iron Deficiency Anemia occurs when iron levels are too low to support normal red blood cell production. It has various causes like bleeding, low dietary iron intake, or loss of iron in the urine. Symptoms include fatigue and pale skin. Investigations show low hemoglobin, ferritin and iron levels with microcytic red blood cells. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation depending on severity. Complications can include impaired development in children or increased risk of falls in the elderly. Prevention focuses on consuming iron-rich foods and supplements. Differential diagnoses include thalassemia and anemia of chronic disease.
1. Iron deficiency anemia is a condition caused by low levels of iron in the body, which reduces the amount of oxygen carried by red blood cells.
2. Common causes of iron deficiency anemia include blood loss from menstruation or childbirth, a diet low in iron, and an inability to absorb enough iron from food.
3. Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia include fatigue, dizziness, pale skin, headaches, and brittle nails. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplements to replace iron stores in the body.
Iron-deficiency anemia is a common nutritional deficiency that affects approximately 25% of the world's population. It occurs when the body does not have enough iron to produce healthy red blood cells. Key points:
- Iron-deficiency anemia is most prevalent in infants, children under 5, pregnant women, and women of childbearing age. It can cause fatigue, weakness, and developmental delays in children.
- It is diagnosed based on low hemoglobin and iron levels as well as microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells. Treatment involves oral iron supplements to replenish iron stores.
- Risk factors include low iron intake, poor absorption, blood loss, and certain medical conditions. Prevention
Heamatological Disorder-WPS Office.pptxSudipta Roy
Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia caused by low iron levels. It develops when iron loss from bleeding or inadequate dietary iron intake exceeds the amount the body absorbs. Symptoms include fatigue, pale skin, shortness of breath, and irregular heartbeat. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure hemoglobin and iron levels. Treatment focuses on oral iron supplements and improving iron intake through diet.
Anemia is a condition where the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to body tissues. It can cause fatigue, weakness, and other symptoms. Anemia is caused by factors like low iron or vitamin levels, blood loss, and certain illnesses. It is diagnosed with blood tests and treated through dietary changes, supplements, medicines, or procedures like blood transfusions depending on the underlying cause. Maintaining a healthy diet can help prevent and manage types of anemia.
1. The document discusses various blood diseases including different types of anemia (microcytic, macrocytic, normocytic), their causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment approaches.
2. Microcytic anemias like iron deficiency anemia result in small red blood cells, while macrocytic anemias from folate or B12 deficiency produce large cells. Normocytic anemias maintain normal cell size.
3. Diagnostic tests include complete blood counts and smears to identify cell types and sizes. Management involves treating the underlying cause, blood transfusions, and supplements.
This document discusses iron deficiency anemia in infants and children. It defines anemia and recommends universal screening for anemia at age 1 by the WHO and AAP. For positive screens, follow up is essential. Evaluation includes history, exam, and complete blood count to differentiate anemia types. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type and is likely if hemoglobin increases over 1 g/dL with iron supplementation. Prevention focuses on adequate iron during pregnancy, delivery by delayed cord clamping, and supplementation for breastfed infants and children ages 1-3. Iron is important for brain development but supplementation alone does not necessarily improve development in iron deficient non-anemic children.
This document provides an overview of anemia in pregnancy. It defines anemia during pregnancy according to the WHO and CDC and notes that anemia affects nearly half of all pregnant women worldwide. The document discusses the physiology of the hematologic system during pregnancy, including the effect of pregnancy on hemoglobin levels and blood volume changes. It classifies anemias, discusses causes including iron deficiency anemia and megaloblastic anemia, and examines the effects of anemia on pregnancy. The document provides details on diagnosing and treating iron deficiency anemia and megaloblastic anemia in pregnant women.
Nutritional iron deficiency anemia is a global problem, affecting 58% of pregnant women and 31% of children under 5 in developing countries. It occurs due to insufficient iron intake, absorption or stores to meet the body's needs. Common symptoms include pallor, fatigue, listlessness and poor appetite or growth. Diagnosis is based on microcytic, hypochromic anemia and low serum iron and ferritin levels. Treatment involves oral iron supplementation long-term to replenish stores, along with addressing any underlying causes of insufficient intake or absorption.
Iron deficiency anemia is a condition caused by a lack of iron in the body, which reduces the number of red blood cells. Without enough iron, the body cannot produce sufficient hemoglobin in red blood cells to carry oxygen. Common causes include blood loss, an iron-poor diet, inability to absorb iron, and pregnancy. Symptoms include extreme fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves tests of red blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, and iron storage protein levels. Treatment focuses on taking iron supplements with food or vitamin C to aid absorption.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia globally. It develops due to blood loss, poor diet, or impaired iron absorption. The patient presented has low red blood cell and hemoglobin levels, indicating iron deficiency anemia. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation. Oral iron can fully treat most cases of iron deficiency anemia, but often requires 3-6 months for complete recovery. Intravenous iron is recommended when a faster recovery is needed, such as before surgery. Common side effects of oral iron include nausea, abdominal discomfort, and black stools.
Iron is an essential nutrient found mainly in red blood cells that is important for oxygen transport. It is absorbed in the duodenum and transported by transferrin protein to storage sites in the liver and macrophages or to red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow. Iron deficiency can cause anemia, which occurs when iron levels are too low to produce sufficient red blood cells. Common symptoms of iron deficiency anemia include pale skin, dizziness, and fatigue. It often results from blood loss or an inadequate iron intake and is most prevalent in infants, children, pregnant women, and women of childbearing age. Treatment involves dietary changes to increase iron intake as well as iron supplementation.
Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a lack of iron needed to produce hemoglobin. It develops in stages starting with low iron stores, then reduced red blood cell production, and finally anemia when hemoglobin levels drop below normal. Symptoms include fatigue, paleness, and shortness of breath. It is diagnosed through blood tests measuring iron, ferritin and hemoglobin levels. Treatment focuses on increasing iron intake through an iron-rich diet, vitamin C to aid absorption, and iron supplements to restore normal iron levels in the body.
Anaemia is highly prevalent among pregnant women in developing countries. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anaemia in pregnancy. Untreated anaemia can lead to increased risks of maternal and fetal complications including maternal death, preterm birth, low birth weight, and long term health effects in the child. Management involves dietary counselling, iron supplementation, and transfusion for severe cases. Oral iron is usually first line treatment but parental iron may be considered if oral is not tolerated or effective.
Anemia is a common medical disorder in pregnancy that can lead to increased risks of maternal and infant mortality as well as adverse outcomes like premature delivery and low birth weight. Anemia in pregnancy is defined as a hemoglobin level less than 11g/dl and can account for 20-40% of maternal deaths. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia in pregnancy. Treatment involves dietary changes to increase iron intake, iron supplementation, and blood transfusions in severe cases.
Iron deficiency anemia is a condition caused by low levels of iron in the blood. It develops when the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells due to insufficient iron. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and feeling tired. Risk factors include heavy menstrual periods, pregnancy, internal bleeding, poor diet, and certain medical conditions. Prevention involves eating a diet rich in iron from foods like red meat, seafood, beans, and dark leafy greens, along with taking an iron supplement if needed.
This document summarizes serum total protein estimation. It explains that proteins are polymers of amino acids and serve many important functions in the body. Abnormal total protein levels can indicate nutritional status, kidney disease, or liver disease. Hypoproteinemia is a low total protein level caused by excessive protein loss or decreased intake/synthesis. Hyperproteinemia is an increased level caused by dehydration. The biuret method is used to quantify total proteins by developing a color change proportional to protein concentration.
This document discusses the benefits of Isotonix OPC-3, which contains powerful antioxidants called oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs). It provides dosage recommendations, stating that the loading dose (taken for the first 7-30 days) should be higher than the maintenance dose. Taking a sufficient loading dose is important to achieve results, as not doing so could mean symptoms are not fully relieved. It describes how OPCs destroy free radicals, reduce inflammation, support collagen and circulation, balance blood sugar, reduce allergies and more. Live blood cell analysis images show how OPCs can improve cell health and reduce stickiness, aggregation and damage. Examples given show the importance of a sufficient loading dose period for improving
This document provides information about different types of anemia, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and vitamin deficiency anemia in detail. Foods that can help treat anemia are also outlined, such as spinach, red meat, and tomatoes. The document emphasizes seeking medical advice if experiencing symptoms of anemia.
This document discusses hematological disorders in pregnancy, focusing on anemia. It notes that anemia is the most common hematological disorder seen in pregnancy. The majority of cases are due to iron, folate or vitamin B12 deficiency, though other conditions like thalassemia can also cause anemia. Anemia is a major public health concern in developing countries, where incidence ranges from 40-80% compared to developed countries. Treatment involves oral iron supplementation, with intravenous iron used for severe or late-presenting cases. Untreated anemia can increase risks for the mother and baby.
This white paper will discuss iron therapy in general, why it is sometimes problematic,mainly due to tolerance and practical issues for those suffering from iron deficiency.
Important groups that are discussed in this aspect are children, young girls, fertile females, seniors and people with chronic diseases such as IBD, CHF, CKD that affect the iron metabolism and how Heme‐Iron supplementation change this situation.
The target is to inform the medicinal and pharmaceutical communities of this relatively
new form of therapy and why it has great benefits compared to the traditional methods.
1. Gestational Diabetes
During pregnancy, hormonal changes may cause
impaired glucose tolerance and higher
insulin needs. If the pancreas in a pregnant
woman cannot keep up with the insulin
needs, the blood glucose levels will rise above
desired levels. Higher than normal blood
glucose levels are harmful to the woman and
her fetus. About 1 in 15 women
develop gestational diabetes when pregnant.
2. Gestational Diabetes Diagnosed
• Most women have an oral glucose tolerance test between weeks
24-28 during pregnancy, the second trimester. A high blood glucose
test earlier in the pregnancy would alert the doctor to investigate
sooner. The glucose challenge screening test consists of consuming
50 grams of glucose and then testing the level of glucose in the
blood before the test and one hour after consuming the glucose.
The one hour blood glucose should be less than 140 mg/dL. If
higher, a glucose tolerance test may be ordered. A glucose
tolerance diagnostic test for gestational diabetes consists of
drinking 100 grams of glucose and testing blood glucose fasting and
every hour for three hours. The trends in the rise of blood glucose
define the diagnosis. If two or more of these values are exceeded in
the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
• Fasting: greater than 95 mg/dL
• 1 hour: greater than 180 mg/dL
• 2 hour: greater than 155 mg/dL
• 3 hour: greater than 140 mg/dL
3. Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance is closely linked with
inflammation, which is the body’s attempt to
heal itself. It is thought that in prediabetes
and type 2 diabetes the body’s immune
system releases a chemical called cytokines
which is thought to interrupt with the action
of insulin.Therefore, lower insulin sensitivity
and increasing insulin resistance .Type 2
diabetes that is brought on by obesity is a
result of chronic inflammation.
4. Symptoms of insulin resistance
One of the earliest and most noticeable symptoms of
insulin resistance is weight gain, particularly around
the middle .Further symptoms include:
• Lethargy
• Hunger
• Difficulty concentrating (brain fog)
• High blood pressure is another common symptom
which is caused by high circulating levels of insulin in
the blood.
If insulin resistance develops into prediabetes or type 2
diabetes, the symptoms will include include increased
blood glucose levels and more of the classic symptoms
of type 2 diabetes.
5. Causes of insulin resistance:
Research is continuing to look more closely into how insulin
resistance develops .It is thought that the principle cause of
insulin resistance is obesity. One theory suggests that
central obesity (too much fat around the belly) causes the
fat cells to become starved of oxygen and die .It is thought
that the body reacts with an inflammatory response which
then sets off the start of insulin resistance.
With insulin resistance being a key factor in type 2 diabetes,
the same risk factors for type 2 diabetes generally apply for
insulin resistance.
Diets high in saturated fats, trans-fats, refined carbohydrates
and processed foods have been closely linked with chronic
inflammation disorders and insulin resistance.
6. Trace Elements
is a dietary mineral that is needed in very minute
quantities for the proper growth, development,
and physiology of the organism, and are
necessary for their growth, development,
and health. Whereas the shortage of trace
elements in the body may result in stunted
growth or even death, their presence in higher
amounts is also harmful. Also called trace
metals.
7. Role of Iron
Iron plays an important role in the body. One of
the main roles of iron is to help our red blood
cells transport oxygen to all parts of the body.
Iron also plays an important role in specific
processes within the cell that produce the
energy for our body. It is for this reason that
one of the first symptoms of low body iron
stores is tiredness and fatigue.
8. Types of Iron:
Haem Iron:
This type of iron is found in animal-based foods, like red meat,
poultry and fish. Haem iron is easily absorbed by the body.
Non-Haem Iron:
This type of iron is found in plant-based foods like cereals,
vegetables and legumes. In contrast to haem iron, our body
doesn’t absorb non-haem iron as easily. However, because
it is present in the diet in much larger quantities than is
haem iron, it is an important source of this mineral. We
generally obtain around 65% of our iron requirements from
non-haem iron.
9. Importance of Iron in pregnancy:
When you are pregnant, your iron requirements are
much greater than at any other stage in your life.
In fact, the recommended dietary intake for iron
increases by an extra 10-20mg a day during
pregnancy.
The main reason for this increased requirement is
that your growing foetus needs to build up its
own iron reserves and it does this by taking the
iron from your body.
It is therefore important to eat a variety if iron-rich
foods when you are expecting. In some cases, an
additional iron supplement may be required. Ask
your doctor about this
10. Normal Range for Iron in Blood
Approximately two-thirds of the total iron in our
bodies can be found in the oxygen-carrying
protein of red blood cells known as hemoglobin,
according to the National Institutes of Health
Office of Dietary Supplements. Failure to
consume enough iron to keep iron stores in the
body high can cause iron-deficiency anemia, a
condition characterized by a low number of red
blood cells. To diagnose iron-deficiency anemia,
doctors take a sample of blood and run a variety
of tests that work together to determine the
amount of iron in the blood and its ability to
function.
11. Serum Iron:
A serum iron test determines the amount of iron in the liquid portion of the
blood. Because the amount of iron in the blood varies throughout the day,
experts at Lab Tests Online recommend performing iron testing the first
thing in the morning. A normal range for iron in the blood, as reported by
MedlinePlus, is 60mcg/dL to 170 mcg/dL. Iron levels less than that may
indicate blood loss through gastrointestinal bleeding or heavy
menstruation, poor iron absorption, pregnancy or failure to consume
enough dietary iron. Low serum iron levels provide one indication of iron-deficiency
anemia.
Total Iron Binding Capacity:
When doctors order a serum iron test, they usually also order a Total Iron
Binding Capacity test, called a TIBC. A TIBC test helps determine whether
the blood carries too little or too much iron. Iron travels through the liquid
portion of the blood bound to the protein known as transferrin. When
they use it with the Serum Iron test, doctors can determine the transferrin
saturation, a useful indicator of the iron status in the blood. A TIBC test
should range from 240mcg/dL to 450 mcg/dL resulting in a normal
transferrin saturation range of 20 percent to 50 percent.
12. Serum Ferritin:
The human body retains and reuses up to 90 percent of the total amount of iron,
according to the Mayo Clinic. Of the one-third of iron not found in hemoglobin,
most of it binds to the protein ferritin and gets stored in the liver, bone marrow,
spleen and muscles. As blood iron levels become low, the stored iron also
decreases, causing ferritin levels to drop. For women, serum ferritin normally
ranges from 12 to 150 ng/dL while men range from 12ng/dL to 300ng/dL, or
nanograms per deciliter. The lower the number, even within the normal range, the
more likely your iron level is low.
Hemoglobin:
Because most of the iron in the body occurs in hemoglobin, determining the amount
of hemoglobin helps determine the amount of iron in the blood. MayoClinic.com
says normal hemoglobin ranges from 11.1g/dL to 15g/dL. Results lower than that
indicate an iron deficiency causing anemia.
Hematocrit:
The blood also contains white blood cells and platelets. When testing the blood for
iron levels to determine the presence and cause of anemia, it's important to
determine the percentage of red blood cells in the total blood volume, a test
known as a hematocrit. A normal hematocrit result ranges from 34.9 percent to
44.5 percent for women and 38.8 percent to 50 percent for men.
13. Why you need iron during pregnancy
Even before you're pregnant, your body needs iron for several reasons:
It's essential for making hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries
oxygen to other cells.
It's an important component of myoglobin (a protein that helps supply oxygen
to your muscles), collagen (a protein in bone, cartilage, and other
connective tissue), and many enzymes.
It helps you maintain a healthy immune system.
But during pregnancy you need a lot more of this crucial mineral. Here's why:
The amount of blood in your body increases during pregnancy until you have
almost 50 percent more blood than usual, so you need more iron to make
more hemoglobin.
You need extra iron for your growing baby and placenta, especially in the
second and third trimesters.
Many women need more because they start their pregnancy with insufficient
stores of iron.
Iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy is associated with preterm delivery,
low birth weight, and infant mortality.
14. How much iron you need:
Pregnant women: 27 milligrams (mg) of iron per day
Non-pregnant women: 18 mg
You don't have to get the recommended amount of iron every day.
Instead, aim for that amount as an average over the course of a few
days or a week.
Food sources of iron:
Red meat is one of the best sources of iron for pregnant women. (Liver
provides the highest concentration of iron, but because it contains
unsafe amounts of vitamin A, it's best avoided during pregnancy.) If
your diet doesn't include animal protein, you can get iron from
legumes, vegetables, and grains.
There are two forms of iron: non-heme iron, which is found in plants
(as well as in meat, poultry, and fish), and heme iron, which is found
only in animal products. Heme iron is easier for your body to
absorb. (Iron-fortified foods and supplements provide non-heme
iron.) To make sure you're getting enough, eat a variety of iron-rich
foods every day
15. What happens if you don't get enough
iron
When you're not getting enough iron, your stores become depleted over time. If you
no longer have enough iron in your blood to make the hemoglobin you need, you
become anemic.
Iron-deficiency anemia can sap your energy and cause a host of other symptoms,
especially if it's severe. It can also make it harder for your body to fight infection.
It may also have an impact on your pregnancy. Iron-deficiency anemia – especially in
early or mid-pregnancy – has been linked to a greater risk of preterm birth, having
a low-birth-weight baby, and fetal or newborn death. See our complete article on
iron-deficiency anemia.
If you're anemic when you give birth, you're more likely to need a transfusion and
have other problems if you lose a lot of blood at delivery. And some research has
found an association between maternal iron deficiency and postpartum
depression.
Your baby does a good job of taking care of his iron needs while he's in your uterus.
He'll get his share of what's available before you do. That said, if you're severely
anemic, it may compromise your baby's iron stores at birth, raising his risk for
anemia later in infancy and possibly hurting his growth and cognitive
development.
16. Common sources of heme iron:
Red meat, poultry, and fish are all good sources of heme
iron. (For easy reference, 3 ounces of meat is about the
size of a deck of cards.)
3 ounces lean beef chuck: 3.2 mg
3 ounces lean beef tenderloin: 3.0 mg
3 ounces roast turkey, dark meat: 2.0 mg
3 ounces roast turkey breast: 1.4 mg
3 ounces roast chicken, dark meat: 1.1 mg
3 ounces roast chicken breast: 1.1 mg
3 ounces halibut: 0.9 mg
3 ounces pork loin: 0.8 mg
17. Common sources of non-heme iron:
1 cup iron-fortified ready-to-eat cereal: 24 mg
1 cup fortified instant oatmeal: 10 mg
1 cup edamame (boiled soybeans): 8.8 mg
1 cup cooked lentils: 6.6 mg
1 cup cooked kidney beans: 5.2 mg
1 cup chickpeas: 4.8 mg
1 cup lima beans: 4.5 mg
1 ounce roasted pumpkin seeds: 4.2 mg
1 cup cooked black or pinto beans: 3.6 mg
1 tablespoon blackstrap molasses: 3.5 mg
1/2 cup raw firm tofu: 3.4 mg
1/2 cup boiled spinach: 3.2 mg
1 cup prune juice: 3.0 mg
1 slice whole wheat or enriched white bread: 0.9 mg
1/4 cup raisins: 0.75 mg
18. Zinc
Zinc is an essential trace element for humans,
animals and plants. It is vital for many
biological functions and plays a crucial role in
more than 300 enzymes in the human body.
The adult body contains about 2-3 grams of
zinc. Zinc is found in all parts of the body: it is
in organs, tissues, bones, fluids and cells.
Muscles and bones contain most of the body’s
zinc (90%). Particularly high concentrations of
zinc are in the prostate gland and semen.
19. Zinc - vital for growth and cell division
Zinc is especially important during pregnancy, for the growing fetus whose
cells are rapidly dividing. Zinc also helps to avoid congenital abnormalities
and pre-term delivery. Zinc is vital in activating growth - height, weight and
bone development - in infants, children and teenagers.
Zinc – vital for fertility
Zinc plays a vital role in fertility. In males, zinc protects the prostate gland
from infection (prostatitis) and ultimately from enlargement (prostatic
hypertrophy). Zinc helps maintain sperm count and mobility and normal
levels of serum testosterone.
In females, zinc can help treat menstrual problems and alleviate
symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
Zinc – vital for the immune system
Among all the vitamins and minerals, zinc shows the strongest effect on
our all-important immune system. Zinc plays a unique role in the T-cells.
Low zinc levels lead to reduced and weakened T-cells which are not able
to recognize and fight off certain infections. An increase of the zinc level
has proven effective in fighting pneumonia and diarrhea and other
infections. Zinc can also reduce the duration and severity of a common
cold.
20. • Zinc – vital for taste, smell and appetite
Zinc activates areas of the brain that receive and process information from taste
and smell sensors. Levels of zinc in plasma and zinc’s effect on other nutrients, like
copper and manganese, influence appetite and taste preference. Zinc is also used
in the treatment of anorexia.
• Zinc – vital for skin, hair and nails
Zinc accelerates the renewal of the skin cells. Zinc creams are used for babies to
soothe diaper rash and to heal cuts and wounds. Zinc has also proven effective in
treating acne, a problem that affects especially adolescents, and zinc has been
reported to have a positive effect on psoriasis and neurodermitis.
Zinc is also used as an anti-inflammatory agent and can help sooth the skin tissue,
particularly in cases of poison ivy, sunburn, blisters and certain gum diseases.
Zinc is important for healthy hair. Insufficient zinc levels may result in loss of hair,
hair that looks thin and dull and that goes grey early. There are also a number of
shampoos which contain zinc to help prevent dandruff.
Zinc – vital for vision
High concentrations of zinc are found in the retina. With age the retinal zinc
declines which seems to play a role in the development of age-related macular
degeneration (AMD), which leads to partial or complete loss of vision. Zinc may
also protect from night blindness and prevent the development of cataracts.
21. Dietary Sources of Zinc & their Average Zinc Content (mg/100g)
Oysters 25
Meat ( especially red meat) 5.2
Nuts 3
Poultry 1.5
Eggs 1.3
Milk products 1.2
Cereals 1
Bread 1
Fish 0.8
Sugars & preserves 0.6
Canned vegetables 0.4
Green vegetables 0.4
Potatoes 0.3
Fresh fruits 0.09
22. • How much zinc do we need?
Our body regularly needs zinc. Recommended
daily intakes are:
• Infants 5 mg
• Children 10 mg
• Women 12 mg
• Pregnant Women 15 mg
• Lactating Women 16 mg
• Men 15 mg
23. Zinc in your pregnancy diet
Why you need zinc during pregnancy:
Your body needs zinc for the production, repair, and
functioning of DNA – the body's genetic blueprint
and a basic building block of cells. So getting
enough zinc is particularly important for the rapid
cell growth that occurs during pregnancy. This
essential mineral also helps support your immune
system, maintain your sense of taste and smell,
and heal wounds.
Deficiencies in the United States are rare, but
studies link a zinc deficiency to miscarriage,
toxemia, low birth weight, and other problems
during pregnancy, labor, and delivery.
24. How much zinc you need
Pregnant women, 19 and older: 11 milligrams (mg) per day
Pregnant, 18 and younger: 13 mg
Breastfeeding women, 19 and older: 12 mg
Breastfeeding, 18 and younger: 14 mg
Non-pregnant women: 8 mg
You don't have to get the recommended amount of zinc every day. Instead,
aim for that amount as an average over the course of a few days or a
week.
Food sources of zinc
Fortified cereals and red meat are good sources of this nutrient. You can also
get it from some shellfish, poultry, beans, nuts, whole grains, and dairy
products.
Oysters are actually the richest food source of zinc – just one of them will give
you more than a full day's supply – but experts caution against eating raw
oysters during pregnancy because of the risk of food-borne illness. What's
more, oysters harvested from some areas contain high levels ofmercury.
25. Here are some good sources of zinc for pregnant women:
1 cup fully fortified breakfast cereal: 15 mg
1 cup canned baked beans with pork: 14 mg
3 ounces Alaskan king crab meat: 6.5 mg
3 ounces lamb shoulder: 6.2 mg
3 ounces braised pot roast, fat trimmed: 5.7 mg
3 ounces ground beef (85 percent lean): 5.5 mg
3 ounces roasted turkey, dark meat: 3.8 mg
1/4 cup raw pumpkin seeds: 2.6 mg
1/2 cup trail mix with chocolate chips, nuts, and seeds: 2.3 mg
1/2 cup tofu, firm: 2.0 mg
3 ounces cooked chicken, dark meat: 1.8 mg
1 cup fruit-flavored yogurt: 1.8 mg
1 cup milk: 1.8 mg
1/2 cup chickpeas (garbanzo beans): 1.3 mg
5 ounces raw crimini mushrooms: 1.6 mg
1/2 cup boiled spinach: .69 mg
(Note that 3 ounces of meat or fish is about the size of a deck of cards.)
26. What if we don’t get enough zinc?
Zinc deficiency is a serious problem in many developing countries. Zinc deficiency is
ranked as the 5th leading risk factor in causing disease, especially diarrhea and
pneumonia in children, which can lead to high mortality rates in these
underdeveloped regions. Other severe deficiency symptoms include stunted
growth and impaired development of infants, children and adolescents. Early zinc
deficiency also leads to impaired cognitive function, behavioral problems, memory
impairment and problems with spatial learning and neuronal atrophy. Public
health programs involving zinc supplementation and food fortification could help
overcome these problems.
In industrialized countries cases of mild zinc deficiency can be observed. The most
common symptoms include dry and rough skin, dull looking hair, brittle finger
nails, white spots on nails, reduced taste and smell, loss of appetite, mood swings,
reduced adaptation to darkness, frequent infections, delayed wound healing,
dermatitis and acne.
Mild zinc deficiency symptoms can usually be corrected by supplying the body with
the right amount of zinc each day. Supplemental zinc not exceeding the
recommended daily allowance might be taken. Therapies involving larger doses of
zinc should always be discussed with your physician. Therapeutical doses typically
range from 20 mg – 30 mg, in some rare cases doses might be higher.
27. The signs of a zinc deficiency:
Zinc deficiency is rare in the United States, but it
can cause impaired sense of smell or taste, a
loss of appetite, failure to grow (for children),
and a lower immunity to infections.
28. copper
Importance and Uses
Copper is present in minute amounts in the animal body and is essential to
normal metabolism. It is a component of hemocyanin, the blue, oxygen-carrying
blood pigment of lobsters and other large crustaceans. It is
needed in the synthesis of hemoglobin, the red, oxygen-carrying pigment
found in the blood of humans, although it is not a component of
hemoglobin.
The chief commercial use of copper is based on its electrical conductivity
(second only to that of silver); about half the total annual output of
copper is employed in the manufacture of electrical apparatus and wire.
Copper is also used extensively as roofing, in making copper utensils, and
for coins and metalwork. Copper tubing is used in plumbing, and, because
of its high heat conductivity, in heat-exchanging devices such as
refrigerator and air-conditioner coils. Powdered copper is sometimes used
as a pigment in paints. An important use of copper is in alloys such
as brass, bronze, gunmetal, Monel metal, and German silver. Compounds
of copper are widely used as insecticides and fungicides; as pigments in
paints; as mordants (fixatives) in dyeing; and in electroplating.
29. Copper in your pregnancy diet
Why you need copper during pregnancy:
Copper, a trace mineral found in all plant and
animal tissues, is essential for forming red blood
cells. This is especially important during
pregnancy, when your blood supply doubles.
Copper also boosts your body's ability to mend
tissues and break down sugars. And it keeps your
hair growing and looking healthy.
During pregnancy, copper helps form your baby's
heart, blood vessels, and skeletal and nervous
systems.
30. How much copper you need:
Pregnant women: 1 milligram (mg) per day
Breastfeeding women: about 1.3 mg
You don't have to get the recommended amount
of copper every day. Instead, aim for that
amount as an average over the course of a few
days or a week.
31. Food sources of copper:
Here are some typical amounts of copper found in some good food sources:
3 ounces canned crabmeat: 1.0 mg
1/4 cup roasted pumpkin and squash seed kernels, no salt (pepitas): 0.8 mg
1 ounce raw cashews: 0.6 mg
1/4 cup toasted sunflower seeds, no salt: 0.6 mg
1/4 cup raw hazelnuts: 0.6 mg
3 ounces steamed oysters: 0.5 mg
1/4 cup sesame seeds: 0.5 mg
3 ounces cooked tempeh: 0.5 mg
1 medium baked potato, without skin: 0.3 mg
1/2 cup grilled sliced portabella mushrooms: 0.3 mg
1/2 cup cooked garbanzo beans: 0.3 mg
1/2 cup cooked kidney beans: 0.23 mg
1/2 cup cooked navy beans: 0.3 mg
1/2 cup cooked lentils 0.23 mg
32. The signs of a copper deficiency:
Copper deficiencies are uncommon, though
women sometimes come up short in their
childbearing years. If you're concerned that
you're not getting enough copper, talk with
your healthcare provider before
supplementing.