This document summarizes a study on analyzing urban development in Sulaimani, Iraq between 1990-2010 using satellite images. The study used Landsat images from 1990, 2000, and 2010 to measure urban expansion. The images were preprocessed including combining bands, cropping to the study area, and enhancing. The preprocessed images were then analyzed using GIS software to digitize the 1990 urban boundary and classify developed versus empty areas for each time period. This allowed calculating that development within Sulaimani's 1990 boundary was limited from 1990-2000, with a 68.7% population increase but using only empty inner-city lands. More rapid development occurred after 2003, including west and south of the original boundary.
Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Statistical Methods along the Asian Hi...Sangey Pasang
This document summarizes a study that generated landslide susceptibility maps along 80.9 km of the Asian Highway in Bhutan using information value, weight of evidence, and logistic regression statistical methods. The study area experiences frequent landslides during the monsoon season due to deforestation and slope cutting during road construction. The researchers compared the predictive performance of the three statistical methods by validating the models using an area under the curve analysis on training and control samples. The information value method was found to have the best predictive performance, accurately predicting 89.3% of control landslide samples. The generated landslide susceptibility maps could help road engineers plan landslide prevention and mitigation works.
Topographic Information System as a Tool for Environmental Management, a Case...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
A Survey on Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Soft Computing Techniquesiosrjce
Landslide is a common phenomenon especially in tectonically fragile and sensitive mountainous
terrain which causes damage to both human lives and environment. The complex geological setting of the areas
in the mountainous region makes the land highly susceptible to landslides. Hence, landslide susceptibility
mapping is an important step towards landslide hazard and risk management. The accurate prediction of the
occurrence of the landslide is difficult and in the recent years various models for landslide susceptibility
mapping has been presented. GIS is a key factor for the modeling of landslide susceptibility maps. This paper
presents the review of ongoing research on various landslide susceptibility mapping techniques in the recent
years.
A geographic information system (GIS) is a system used to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and present geographical data. GIS integrates cartography, statistical analysis, and computer science to allow users to create interactive maps, analyze spatial information, and make decisions based on the results. GIS represents real-world objects digitally and stores data in vector or raster formats. It can analyze spatial relationships, model hydrological and transportation networks, perform map overlays, and support decision-making across many fields.
Statistical techniques in geographical analysisakida mbugi
The document discusses several statistical techniques used in geographical analysis, including probability, hypothesis testing, data selection, and statistical inference. Probability allows analysts to make predictions when hard data is lacking. Hypothesis testing allows meaningful comparisons of data. Data selection involves choosing representative, unbiased samples. Statistical inference permits analysts to generalize conclusions beyond the immediate sample area. Strong statistical methods are crucial to performing meaningful analyses in geographical analysis.
The document discusses how Honolulu, Hawaii is using 3D modeling and GIS to plan for an elevated rail system and transit-oriented development (TOD). Three core models were created - walkability, urban growth, and densification. Esri CityEngine was used to develop 3D geometry and textures of the proposed rail corridor and TOD. Holograms were also created from the 3D models to provide unique views for stakeholders and the public to communicate how the changes could positively impact the community by controlling urban sprawl and reducing traffic. The goal was to build support for the rail project and TOD approach through collaborative planning and visualization tools.
Comparison among Height Observation of GPS, Total Station and Level and their...IRJET Journal
This document compares the accuracy of GPS, total station, and level instruments for measuring elevation in mining works by using GIS technology. Statistical analysis showed the level measurements had the lowest variation while GPS had the highest. Topographic maps were created from observations from each instrument, showing they produced similar overall elevation patterns. The document concludes that while GPS and total station measurements have some error, their accuracy is sufficient for mining works. GIS allows easy analysis and use of elevation data from any of the three instruments.
Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Statistical Methods along the Asian Hi...Sangey Pasang
This document summarizes a study that generated landslide susceptibility maps along 80.9 km of the Asian Highway in Bhutan using information value, weight of evidence, and logistic regression statistical methods. The study area experiences frequent landslides during the monsoon season due to deforestation and slope cutting during road construction. The researchers compared the predictive performance of the three statistical methods by validating the models using an area under the curve analysis on training and control samples. The information value method was found to have the best predictive performance, accurately predicting 89.3% of control landslide samples. The generated landslide susceptibility maps could help road engineers plan landslide prevention and mitigation works.
Topographic Information System as a Tool for Environmental Management, a Case...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
A Survey on Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Soft Computing Techniquesiosrjce
Landslide is a common phenomenon especially in tectonically fragile and sensitive mountainous
terrain which causes damage to both human lives and environment. The complex geological setting of the areas
in the mountainous region makes the land highly susceptible to landslides. Hence, landslide susceptibility
mapping is an important step towards landslide hazard and risk management. The accurate prediction of the
occurrence of the landslide is difficult and in the recent years various models for landslide susceptibility
mapping has been presented. GIS is a key factor for the modeling of landslide susceptibility maps. This paper
presents the review of ongoing research on various landslide susceptibility mapping techniques in the recent
years.
A geographic information system (GIS) is a system used to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and present geographical data. GIS integrates cartography, statistical analysis, and computer science to allow users to create interactive maps, analyze spatial information, and make decisions based on the results. GIS represents real-world objects digitally and stores data in vector or raster formats. It can analyze spatial relationships, model hydrological and transportation networks, perform map overlays, and support decision-making across many fields.
Statistical techniques in geographical analysisakida mbugi
The document discusses several statistical techniques used in geographical analysis, including probability, hypothesis testing, data selection, and statistical inference. Probability allows analysts to make predictions when hard data is lacking. Hypothesis testing allows meaningful comparisons of data. Data selection involves choosing representative, unbiased samples. Statistical inference permits analysts to generalize conclusions beyond the immediate sample area. Strong statistical methods are crucial to performing meaningful analyses in geographical analysis.
The document discusses how Honolulu, Hawaii is using 3D modeling and GIS to plan for an elevated rail system and transit-oriented development (TOD). Three core models were created - walkability, urban growth, and densification. Esri CityEngine was used to develop 3D geometry and textures of the proposed rail corridor and TOD. Holograms were also created from the 3D models to provide unique views for stakeholders and the public to communicate how the changes could positively impact the community by controlling urban sprawl and reducing traffic. The goal was to build support for the rail project and TOD approach through collaborative planning and visualization tools.
Comparison among Height Observation of GPS, Total Station and Level and their...IRJET Journal
This document compares the accuracy of GPS, total station, and level instruments for measuring elevation in mining works by using GIS technology. Statistical analysis showed the level measurements had the lowest variation while GPS had the highest. Topographic maps were created from observations from each instrument, showing they produced similar overall elevation patterns. The document concludes that while GPS and total station measurements have some error, their accuracy is sufficient for mining works. GIS allows easy analysis and use of elevation data from any of the three instruments.
SPATIO-TEMPORAL URBAN CHANGE DETECTION, ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION OF KATHMANDU ...Kamal Shahi
research performed by three students of Geomatics engineering faculty of Kathmandu University as the final year project. in this study we tried to detect the change in the spatial extent of the urban area, change pattern of urban area and simulation of the future urban area of Kathmandu valley by using the application of geospatial technologies i.e. remote sensing, GIS, Spatial metrics, Urban Growth Prediction Model(SLEUTH Model).
Spatial temporal urban change extraction and modeling of Kathmandu ValleyJanak Parajuli
Spatial temporal extraction and modeling of urban growth of Kathmandu valley is the project done by Kathmandu University GE final year students: Dhruba Poudel, Janak Parajuli and Kamal Shahi...it has three sections: first one is extraction of built up features second one is its quantification and change detection while the third one is its modeling so as to predict urban growth for upcoming years.
Maps are everywhere—on the Internet, in our car, and even on our mobile phone. Moreover, maps of the twenty-first century are not just paper diagrams folded like an accordion. Maps today are colorful, searchable, interactive, and shared. This transformation of the static map into dynamic and interactive multimedia reflects the integration of technological innovation and vast amounts of geographic data. The key technology behind this integration, and subsequently the maps of the twenty-first century, is geographic information systems or GIS.
Bringing Geospatial Analysis to the Social Studies: an Assessment of the City...Universität Salzburg
Current poster presents an example of Landsat TM image processing using ENVI GIS. Research area: Taipei, Taiwan. Located on the north of the island, Taipei is Taiwan’s core urban, political and economic center; population >2.6 M continuing to expand affecting urban landscapes. Research aim: spatio- temporal analysis of urban dynamics in study area during 15 years (1990- 2005) Research objective: application of GIS methodology and remote sens- ing data to spatial analysis for a case study of Taipei. Data: Landsat TM images taken from the USGS. Software: ENVI GIS. Workflow includes following steps: 1) Preliminary processing 2) Creation color composites 3) Classification using K-means algorithm 4) Mapping using classification results 5) Accuracy assessment. The preliminary data processing includes image contrast stretching, which is useful as by default, ENVI displays images with a 2\% linear contrast stretch. For better contrast the histogram equalization contrast stretch was applied to the image in order to enhance the visual quality. The analysis of landscape changes was performed by geospatial analysis. 2 satellite images Landsat TM were processed and classified using ENVI GIS. Result of classification: areas occupied by different land cover types were calculated and analyzed. It has been detected that different parts of the city of Taipei were developing with different rate and intensity. 3 different residential types of the city were recognized and mapped. The results demonstrated following outcomes: 1) intensive urban development of the city of Taipei; 2) decline of green areas and natural spaces and, on the contrary, increase in anthropogenic urban spaces; 3) not parallel urban development in different districts of the city of Taipei during the 15-year period of 1990-2005.
Comparison of the landsat 7 etm+ and nigeriasat-1 imagery for the revision of...Alexander Decker
This document describes a study that used Landsat-7 ETM+ and NigeriaSat-1 satellite imagery from 2006 to revise the outdated 1964 topographic map of Onitsha Metropolis, Nigeria at a scale of 1:50,000. The two images were classified and their classifications were compared. Pixel-based analysis found NigeriaSat-1 had slightly higher overall classification accuracy of 86.90% compared to 85.77% for Landsat-7ETM+. Land cover maps were vectorized and integrated with contours generated from 2000 SRTM data to produce the revised 2006 topographic map. NigeriaSat-1 was recommended for revising medium-scale topographic maps in Nigeria.
Gis spatial analysis for digital elevation model dem applicationIAEME Publication
This document discusses using GIS spatial analysis to analyze digital elevation models (DEMs) before and after construction of the Alsukhna city project in Egypt. Two DEMs were created, one before and one after construction, using field surveys, satellite images, and topographic maps. GIS was used to compare the DEMs and determine the volume of cutting and filling during construction. The analysis found that the total volume of cutting from mountains was 116,405,841 cubic meters and the total volume of filling was 113,612,511 cubic meters, with 98% of cut material used for filling. The cutting and filling process helped protect the project area from rainfall risks and mountain collapse.
This document discusses how geographic information systems (GIS) can be used for traffic management systems. Some key points:
- GIS allows for providing alternate routes to drivers, informing passengers, optimizing traffic signals, minimizing accidents, and reducing congestion.
- GIS can minimize accidents by creating a database of high-accident locations and informing drivers to be cautious in those areas.
- A case study describes how GIS was used in Kaduwela, Sri Lanka to identify needed improvements to the road network to reduce wasted time and resources by analyzing spatial data on roads, road conditions, and population accessibility.
This PPT gives a brief description about Geomatics, the disciplines and techniques constituting Geomatics, Geographic Information System or GIS, GIS data (Spatial Data and Non- Spatial Data), GIS data models, GIS application in Petroleum Exploration, Coordinate System, Geodetic Datum and ArcGIS.
Geomatics is the discipline of gathering, storing, processing, and delivering geographic information or spatially referenced information. It involves topics such as geodesy, topography, land surveying, cartography, photogrammetry, remote sensing, GPS, laser scanning, GIS, decision support systems, expert systems, and webGIS. Geomatics uses techniques from geography, computer science, and ontology to systematically collect, integrate, analyze, and distribute geospatial data for applications such as climate change monitoring, resource management, urban planning, and more.
Application of remote sensing,population identificationSATISH KUMAR
GIS
Remote Sensing
POPULATION IDENTIFICATION-REMOTE SENSING
Application of remote sensing
Statistical Modelling of Population
Dasymetric Mapping of Population
Cape cod example
Consideration of adjustments to density
Determining the Absolute Height of the Ground using the Global Mapper Program...YogeshIJTSRD
The main goal is to use modern GAT technologies to determine the absolute height of the ground using the Global Mapper program and to create a relief of eroded lands on the basis of an automated system and to create and apply maps that will increase a number of economic savings based on regional data. Shoxrux Fayziev | Zulfizar Esanova | Nuriddin Abdiraxmatovich Abdiraxmatov "Determining the Absolute Height of the Ground using the Global Mapper Program and Creating the Relief of Eroded Lands on the Basis of an Automated System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Research Development and Scientific Excellence in Academic Life , March 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38723.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/38723/determining-the-absolute-height-of-the-ground-using-the-global-mapper-program-and-creating-the-relief-of-eroded-lands-on-the-basis-of-an-automated-system/shoxrux-fayziev
This document provides an overview of geography awareness week and GIS. It discusses what GIS is, including how it can be used as a geodatabase, for geovisualization, and spatial analysis. It then discusses several applications of GIS in areas such as natural resource management, emergency response, social science, history, and trends in online GIS, cloud/mobile GIS, 3D-GIS, and volunteered geographic information.
The document summarizes a project to create an accurate slope model for Jefferson County, West Virginia using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data. Field measurements of slope were taken at 34 locations and compared to slope models derived from 10-meter, 3-meter, and 1-meter digital elevation models. The 1-meter LiDAR data was found to most accurately represent the terrain with a higher R2 value and finer detail. The created slope model using this data could potentially be used for planning purposes when combined with other data layers.
Remote sensing uses sensors on satellites or aircraft to obtain information about objects without physical contact. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, analyzing and displaying geographical data. GIS integrates remote sensing data with maps to allow analysis of environmental and natural resources. Remote sensing and GIS help monitor natural disasters like floods and droughts in real-time, issue early warnings, and quickly assess damage through analysis of satellite imagery and spatial data.
This document provides a short introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It discusses the purposes of GIS, including using GIS to understand phenomena that have both geographic and temporal dimensions. It also describes how GIS allows users to enter, analyze, and present georeferenced data. The document outlines how GIS represents real world features through models like maps and databases and discusses spatial databases specifically. It positions GIS as existing at the intersection of geography and information science and technology.
GIS offers archaeologists an exciting tool to analyze and interpret spatial and temporal archaeological data. Main applications include cultural resource management, landscape analysis, and site catchment analysis. GIS allows visualization of 3D relationships, time series analysis, and predictive modeling. It provides advantages like integrating diverse data types, interpreting landscapes at various scales, and analyzing issues like site distributions. However, GIS also has limitations like being dependent on original data quality and having a bias towards spatial over other types of analysis. Future uses may include more 3D modeling and accounting for seasonal landscape changes.
Uttam Pudasaini gives a presentation on geomatics, which involves determining the precise position of objects on Earth and representing spatial information digitally. Geomatics incorporates fields like geodesy, surveying, GPS, remote sensing, photogrammetry, GIS and programming for spatial data analysis. It is a rapidly developing industry focused on collecting and analyzing location-based information. Geomatics engineers design systems to gather and study data about land, oceans, natural resources and man-made structures to support decision-making. The career was entered due to advice, scholarships and its dynamic nature combining mathematics, computers, travel and policy work.
Accurate and rapid big spatial data processing by scripting cartographic algo...Universität Salzburg
Accurate and rapid big spatial data processing by scripting cartographic algorithms: advanced seafloor mapping of the deep-sea trenches along the margins of the Pacific Ocean
1. The document discusses how GIS can be used to aid in selecting optimal routes for transcontinental natural gas pipelines by analyzing cost and environmental factors.
2. GIS specialists use data to evaluate potential routes and determine the most suitable path between starting and ending points.
3. A case study found that routes developed using GIS facilitated greater cost reductions than manually developed routes.
The document discusses maps and geographic information systems. It defines maps as any geographic image of the environment, including mental maps held solely in our minds. Traditionally, cartography focused on producing maps through scaling, generalization, symbolization and transformation. However, geographic information systems now provide capabilities for more sophisticated mapping and analysis by combining automated mapping with linkages that allow complex queries, overlays and spatial modeling. The document argues future systems should address more complex geographic problems and better communicate results using various methods.
Evaluation criteria for Urbanism based on Sustainability and Spatial JusticeRoberto Rocco
This document discusses evaluating projects and designs through the dimensions of sustainability and spatial justice. It provides an overview of key concepts related to sustainability, including the economic, social, and environmental dimensions. It also discusses the importance of considering the ethical dimension to ensure projects are both sustainable and fair. The document then explores the concept of spatial justice in more detail, relating it to ideas like the right to the city. It proposes using criteria derived from sustainability and spatial justice, like whether a project promotes redistribution and enhances prosperity, to evaluate projects and their alignment with these goals.
This document discusses using spatial analysis to address sustainable urban development problems in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. It analyzes population growth trends, transportation infrastructure, and parcel-level characteristics to identify candidate cities and clusters of parcels well-suited for sustainable redevelopment. Statistical analyses and GIS tools are used to examine patterns of development, employment, and land use. The findings identify common traits of areas with redevelopment potential, such as proximity to jobs and transit. Limitations and opportunities for further research integrating additional data and design tools are also discussed.
SPATIO-TEMPORAL URBAN CHANGE DETECTION, ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION OF KATHMANDU ...Kamal Shahi
research performed by three students of Geomatics engineering faculty of Kathmandu University as the final year project. in this study we tried to detect the change in the spatial extent of the urban area, change pattern of urban area and simulation of the future urban area of Kathmandu valley by using the application of geospatial technologies i.e. remote sensing, GIS, Spatial metrics, Urban Growth Prediction Model(SLEUTH Model).
Spatial temporal urban change extraction and modeling of Kathmandu ValleyJanak Parajuli
Spatial temporal extraction and modeling of urban growth of Kathmandu valley is the project done by Kathmandu University GE final year students: Dhruba Poudel, Janak Parajuli and Kamal Shahi...it has three sections: first one is extraction of built up features second one is its quantification and change detection while the third one is its modeling so as to predict urban growth for upcoming years.
Maps are everywhere—on the Internet, in our car, and even on our mobile phone. Moreover, maps of the twenty-first century are not just paper diagrams folded like an accordion. Maps today are colorful, searchable, interactive, and shared. This transformation of the static map into dynamic and interactive multimedia reflects the integration of technological innovation and vast amounts of geographic data. The key technology behind this integration, and subsequently the maps of the twenty-first century, is geographic information systems or GIS.
Bringing Geospatial Analysis to the Social Studies: an Assessment of the City...Universität Salzburg
Current poster presents an example of Landsat TM image processing using ENVI GIS. Research area: Taipei, Taiwan. Located on the north of the island, Taipei is Taiwan’s core urban, political and economic center; population >2.6 M continuing to expand affecting urban landscapes. Research aim: spatio- temporal analysis of urban dynamics in study area during 15 years (1990- 2005) Research objective: application of GIS methodology and remote sens- ing data to spatial analysis for a case study of Taipei. Data: Landsat TM images taken from the USGS. Software: ENVI GIS. Workflow includes following steps: 1) Preliminary processing 2) Creation color composites 3) Classification using K-means algorithm 4) Mapping using classification results 5) Accuracy assessment. The preliminary data processing includes image contrast stretching, which is useful as by default, ENVI displays images with a 2\% linear contrast stretch. For better contrast the histogram equalization contrast stretch was applied to the image in order to enhance the visual quality. The analysis of landscape changes was performed by geospatial analysis. 2 satellite images Landsat TM were processed and classified using ENVI GIS. Result of classification: areas occupied by different land cover types were calculated and analyzed. It has been detected that different parts of the city of Taipei were developing with different rate and intensity. 3 different residential types of the city were recognized and mapped. The results demonstrated following outcomes: 1) intensive urban development of the city of Taipei; 2) decline of green areas and natural spaces and, on the contrary, increase in anthropogenic urban spaces; 3) not parallel urban development in different districts of the city of Taipei during the 15-year period of 1990-2005.
Comparison of the landsat 7 etm+ and nigeriasat-1 imagery for the revision of...Alexander Decker
This document describes a study that used Landsat-7 ETM+ and NigeriaSat-1 satellite imagery from 2006 to revise the outdated 1964 topographic map of Onitsha Metropolis, Nigeria at a scale of 1:50,000. The two images were classified and their classifications were compared. Pixel-based analysis found NigeriaSat-1 had slightly higher overall classification accuracy of 86.90% compared to 85.77% for Landsat-7ETM+. Land cover maps were vectorized and integrated with contours generated from 2000 SRTM data to produce the revised 2006 topographic map. NigeriaSat-1 was recommended for revising medium-scale topographic maps in Nigeria.
Gis spatial analysis for digital elevation model dem applicationIAEME Publication
This document discusses using GIS spatial analysis to analyze digital elevation models (DEMs) before and after construction of the Alsukhna city project in Egypt. Two DEMs were created, one before and one after construction, using field surveys, satellite images, and topographic maps. GIS was used to compare the DEMs and determine the volume of cutting and filling during construction. The analysis found that the total volume of cutting from mountains was 116,405,841 cubic meters and the total volume of filling was 113,612,511 cubic meters, with 98% of cut material used for filling. The cutting and filling process helped protect the project area from rainfall risks and mountain collapse.
This document discusses how geographic information systems (GIS) can be used for traffic management systems. Some key points:
- GIS allows for providing alternate routes to drivers, informing passengers, optimizing traffic signals, minimizing accidents, and reducing congestion.
- GIS can minimize accidents by creating a database of high-accident locations and informing drivers to be cautious in those areas.
- A case study describes how GIS was used in Kaduwela, Sri Lanka to identify needed improvements to the road network to reduce wasted time and resources by analyzing spatial data on roads, road conditions, and population accessibility.
This PPT gives a brief description about Geomatics, the disciplines and techniques constituting Geomatics, Geographic Information System or GIS, GIS data (Spatial Data and Non- Spatial Data), GIS data models, GIS application in Petroleum Exploration, Coordinate System, Geodetic Datum and ArcGIS.
Geomatics is the discipline of gathering, storing, processing, and delivering geographic information or spatially referenced information. It involves topics such as geodesy, topography, land surveying, cartography, photogrammetry, remote sensing, GPS, laser scanning, GIS, decision support systems, expert systems, and webGIS. Geomatics uses techniques from geography, computer science, and ontology to systematically collect, integrate, analyze, and distribute geospatial data for applications such as climate change monitoring, resource management, urban planning, and more.
Application of remote sensing,population identificationSATISH KUMAR
GIS
Remote Sensing
POPULATION IDENTIFICATION-REMOTE SENSING
Application of remote sensing
Statistical Modelling of Population
Dasymetric Mapping of Population
Cape cod example
Consideration of adjustments to density
Determining the Absolute Height of the Ground using the Global Mapper Program...YogeshIJTSRD
The main goal is to use modern GAT technologies to determine the absolute height of the ground using the Global Mapper program and to create a relief of eroded lands on the basis of an automated system and to create and apply maps that will increase a number of economic savings based on regional data. Shoxrux Fayziev | Zulfizar Esanova | Nuriddin Abdiraxmatovich Abdiraxmatov "Determining the Absolute Height of the Ground using the Global Mapper Program and Creating the Relief of Eroded Lands on the Basis of an Automated System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Research Development and Scientific Excellence in Academic Life , March 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38723.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/38723/determining-the-absolute-height-of-the-ground-using-the-global-mapper-program-and-creating-the-relief-of-eroded-lands-on-the-basis-of-an-automated-system/shoxrux-fayziev
This document provides an overview of geography awareness week and GIS. It discusses what GIS is, including how it can be used as a geodatabase, for geovisualization, and spatial analysis. It then discusses several applications of GIS in areas such as natural resource management, emergency response, social science, history, and trends in online GIS, cloud/mobile GIS, 3D-GIS, and volunteered geographic information.
The document summarizes a project to create an accurate slope model for Jefferson County, West Virginia using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data. Field measurements of slope were taken at 34 locations and compared to slope models derived from 10-meter, 3-meter, and 1-meter digital elevation models. The 1-meter LiDAR data was found to most accurately represent the terrain with a higher R2 value and finer detail. The created slope model using this data could potentially be used for planning purposes when combined with other data layers.
Remote sensing uses sensors on satellites or aircraft to obtain information about objects without physical contact. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, analyzing and displaying geographical data. GIS integrates remote sensing data with maps to allow analysis of environmental and natural resources. Remote sensing and GIS help monitor natural disasters like floods and droughts in real-time, issue early warnings, and quickly assess damage through analysis of satellite imagery and spatial data.
This document provides a short introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It discusses the purposes of GIS, including using GIS to understand phenomena that have both geographic and temporal dimensions. It also describes how GIS allows users to enter, analyze, and present georeferenced data. The document outlines how GIS represents real world features through models like maps and databases and discusses spatial databases specifically. It positions GIS as existing at the intersection of geography and information science and technology.
GIS offers archaeologists an exciting tool to analyze and interpret spatial and temporal archaeological data. Main applications include cultural resource management, landscape analysis, and site catchment analysis. GIS allows visualization of 3D relationships, time series analysis, and predictive modeling. It provides advantages like integrating diverse data types, interpreting landscapes at various scales, and analyzing issues like site distributions. However, GIS also has limitations like being dependent on original data quality and having a bias towards spatial over other types of analysis. Future uses may include more 3D modeling and accounting for seasonal landscape changes.
Uttam Pudasaini gives a presentation on geomatics, which involves determining the precise position of objects on Earth and representing spatial information digitally. Geomatics incorporates fields like geodesy, surveying, GPS, remote sensing, photogrammetry, GIS and programming for spatial data analysis. It is a rapidly developing industry focused on collecting and analyzing location-based information. Geomatics engineers design systems to gather and study data about land, oceans, natural resources and man-made structures to support decision-making. The career was entered due to advice, scholarships and its dynamic nature combining mathematics, computers, travel and policy work.
Accurate and rapid big spatial data processing by scripting cartographic algo...Universität Salzburg
Accurate and rapid big spatial data processing by scripting cartographic algorithms: advanced seafloor mapping of the deep-sea trenches along the margins of the Pacific Ocean
1. The document discusses how GIS can be used to aid in selecting optimal routes for transcontinental natural gas pipelines by analyzing cost and environmental factors.
2. GIS specialists use data to evaluate potential routes and determine the most suitable path between starting and ending points.
3. A case study found that routes developed using GIS facilitated greater cost reductions than manually developed routes.
The document discusses maps and geographic information systems. It defines maps as any geographic image of the environment, including mental maps held solely in our minds. Traditionally, cartography focused on producing maps through scaling, generalization, symbolization and transformation. However, geographic information systems now provide capabilities for more sophisticated mapping and analysis by combining automated mapping with linkages that allow complex queries, overlays and spatial modeling. The document argues future systems should address more complex geographic problems and better communicate results using various methods.
Evaluation criteria for Urbanism based on Sustainability and Spatial JusticeRoberto Rocco
This document discusses evaluating projects and designs through the dimensions of sustainability and spatial justice. It provides an overview of key concepts related to sustainability, including the economic, social, and environmental dimensions. It also discusses the importance of considering the ethical dimension to ensure projects are both sustainable and fair. The document then explores the concept of spatial justice in more detail, relating it to ideas like the right to the city. It proposes using criteria derived from sustainability and spatial justice, like whether a project promotes redistribution and enhances prosperity, to evaluate projects and their alignment with these goals.
This document discusses using spatial analysis to address sustainable urban development problems in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. It analyzes population growth trends, transportation infrastructure, and parcel-level characteristics to identify candidate cities and clusters of parcels well-suited for sustainable redevelopment. Statistical analyses and GIS tools are used to examine patterns of development, employment, and land use. The findings identify common traits of areas with redevelopment potential, such as proximity to jobs and transit. Limitations and opportunities for further research integrating additional data and design tools are also discussed.
Horizon 2020 - Challenge 6 - Innovative spatial and urban planning and design Housing Europe
Contribution of CECODHAS Housing Europe to a Stakeholders' Brainstorming Workshop held in Rome on 28 March 2013.
Presentation by Julien Dijol, CECODHAS Housing Europe Policy Coordinator
This document presents an algorithm for imperceptibly embedding a DNA-encoded watermark into a color image for authentication purposes. It applies a multi-resolution discrete wavelet transform to decompose the image. The watermark, encoded into DNA nucleotides, is then embedded into the third-level wavelet coefficients through a quantization process. Specifically, the watermark nucleotides are complemented and used to quantize coefficients in the middle frequency band, modifying the coefficients. The watermarked image is reconstructed through inverse wavelet transform. Extraction reverses these steps to recover the watermark without the original image. The algorithm aims to balance imperceptibility and robustness through this wavelet-based, blind watermarking scheme.
This document presents a novel technique for solving the transcendental equations of selective harmonics elimination pulse width modulation (SHEPWM) inverters based on the secant method. The proposed algorithm uses the secant method to simplify the numerical solution of the nonlinear equations and solve them faster compared to other methods. Simulation results validate that the proposed method accurately estimates the switching angles to eliminate specific harmonics from the output voltage waveform and achieves near sinusoidal output current for various modulation indices and numbers of harmonics eliminated.
1) The document analyzes the dynamic saturation point of a deep-water channel in Shanghai port based on actual traffic data and a ship domain model.
2) A dynamic channel transit capacity model is established that considers factors like channel width, ship density, speed, and reductions due to traffic conditions.
3) Based on AIS data from the channel, the average traffic flow is calculated to be 15.7 ships per hour, resulting in a dynamic saturation of 32.5%, or 43.3% accounting for uneven day/night traffic volumes.
This document describes several of David Eliseo Martínez Castellanos' personal spatial analysis projects from 2015. It summarizes an air quality map app that collects data from Ontario and performs spatial interpolation to estimate air quality conditions. It also discusses a GIS service that uses DEM and rain gauge data to visualize landslide susceptibility for early warning systems. Screenshots are provided of the web and mobile apps that visualize the output of the spatial analyses.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and implemented a dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) based GSM-controlled car security system. The system uses a DTMF decoder and GSM module to allow a car to be remotely controlled and secured from a mobile phone. It works by sending DTMF tones from the phone through calls to the GSM module in the car. The decoder interprets the tones and a microcontroller executes commands to disable the ignition or control other devices. The system was created to improve car security and accessibility through remote monitoring and control with DTMF and GSM technology.
In this presentation, I give an example of spatial strategy in which the Dutch Government seeks to strengthen the cohesion and consequently increase competitiveness of the Randstad (the networked city region in the West of the Netherlands, where the four main Dutch cities are located: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht).
Issues of Governance in Spatial PlanningRoberto Rocco
This is an updated version of a lecture I have prepared on GOVERNANCE and arising issues connected to governance in Spatial Planning and Design. This particular version was presented at the Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management of the University of Copenhagen, where I stayed I short while as research fellow.
This document discusses the impact of data mining on business intelligence. It begins by defining business intelligence as using new technologies to quickly respond to changes in the business environment. Data mining is an important part of the business intelligence lifecycle, which includes determining requirements, collecting and analyzing data, generating reports, and measuring performance. Data mining allows businesses to access real-time, accurate data from multiple sources to improve decision making. Using business intelligence and data mining techniques can help businesses become more efficient and make better decisions to increase profits and customer satisfaction. The expected results of applying business intelligence include improved decision making through accurate, timely information to support organizational goals and strategic plans.
Tim Stonor Predictive analytics using Space Syntax technologyTim Stonor
Tim Stonor presents on predictive analytics for urban planning. He discusses several key discoveries from research using spatial analytics: (1) layout influences human behavior, (2) spatial layout distributes land use and influences crime and safety, (3) spatial layout determines land value, and (4) layout affects carbon footprint. He advocates for an integrated urban model and data-driven approach to address challenges in urban planning.
The document discusses the spatial development and history of urban areas. It covers topics like the earliest cities, urbanism, architecture styles through history in places like ancient Greece and Rome, medieval Europe, and more recent colonial, industrial, and modern cities. It also examines urban models and trends in global urbanization, including the growth of megacities in developing regions and concepts like primate and gateway cities.
Comparison of the landsat 7 etm+ and nigeriasat-1 imagery for the revision of...Alexander Decker
This document describes a study that used Landsat-7 ETM+ and NigeriaSat-1 satellite imagery from 2006 to revise the outdated 1964 topographic map of Onitsha Metropolis, Nigeria at a scale of 1:50,000. The satellite images were classified and the classifications were vectorized and integrated with contours generated from 2000 SRTM data to produce a revised 2006 topographic map. Pixel-based analysis found that NigeriaSat-1 classification had slightly higher overall accuracy than Landsat-7 ETM+, making NigeriaSat-1 better suited for revising medium-scale topographic maps in Nigeria. The study recommends completing medium-scale topographic map coverage of Nigeria and adopting 1:25,000 as the standard base
Land Use/Land Cover Mapping Of Allahabad City by Using Remote Sensing & GIS IJMER
The present study was carried out to produce and evaluate the land use/land cover maps by on
screen visual interpretation. The studies of land cover of Allahabad city (study area) consist of 87517.47 ha
out of which 5500.35 ha is build up land (Urban / Rural) Area. In this respect, the Build up land (Urban /
Rural) area scorers 6.28% of the total area. It has also been found that about 17155.001ha (19.60 %) of
area is covered by current fallow land. The double/triple crop land of 30178.44ha (34.84%). The area
covered by gullied / ravines is 1539.20 ha (1.75 %) and that of the kharif crop land is 2828.00 ha (3.23 %).
The area covered by other wasteland is 2551.05ha (2.91%). Table 4.1 shows the area distribution of the
various land use and land cover of Allahabad city.
Land Cover maps supply information about the physical material at the surface of the Earth (i.e. grass, trees, bare ground, asphalt, water, etc.). Usually they are 2D representations so to present variability of land covers about latitude and longitude or other type of earth coordinates. Possibility to link this variability to the terrain elevation is very useful because it permits to investigate probable correlations between the type of physical material at the surface and the relief. This paper is aimed to describe the approach to be followed to obtain 3D visualizations of land cover maps in GIS (Geographic Information System) environment. Particularly Corine Land Cover vector files concerning Campania Region (Italy) are considered: transformed raster files are overlapped to DEM (Digital Elevation Model) with adequate resolution and 3D visualizations of them are obtained using GIS tool. The resulting models are discussed in terms of their possible use to support scientific studies on Campania Land Cover.
Monitoring and Landscape Quantification of Uncontrolled Urbanisation in Oasis Regions: The Case of Adrar City in Algeria
* 1 Dr. Assoule Dechaicha Image result for research orcid , 2 Assist. Prof. Adel Daikh Image result for research orcid , 3 Prof. Dr. Djamel Alkama Image result for research orcid
1, 2 and 3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, 8 May 1945 University, Guelma, Algeria
E-mail 2: dechaicha.assoul@univ-guelma.dz , E-mail 1: alkama.djamel@univ-guelma.dz
E-mail 3: daikh.adel@univ-guelma.dz
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 March 2021
Accepted 25 July 2021
Available online 12 August 2021
Keywords:
Uncontrolled Urbanisation,
Satellite Images,
Landscape Metrics,
Palm groves,
Oasis Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, uncontrolled urbanisation is one of the major problems facing Algerian oasis regions. The monitoring and evaluation of its landscape transformations remain a key step for any oasis sustainability project. This study highlights the evolution of spatial growth in the city of Adrar in southern Algeria during the period 1986-2016 by establishing a Spatio-temporal mapping and landscape quantification. The methodological approach is based on a multi-temporal analysis of Landsat satellite images for 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016, and the application of landscape metrics. The results show two opposite spatial trends: significant growth of built-up areas against an excessive loss of palm groves. The landscape metrics allowed the identification of a progressive fragmentation process characterising the palm groves. Thus, the findings of this study show the utility of satellite imagery and landscape metrics approach for monitoring urbanisation patterns and assessing their impacts on oasis ecosystems.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 209-219.
Identification and Monitoring the Change of Land Use Pattern Using Remote Sen...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Dhaka is one of the fastest growing megacities of the world with a dense population over 15 million.
Being the capital of a developing country like Bangladesh, it is experiencing multi-dimensional problems such
as over urbanization, traffic congestion, water logging, solid waste disposal, black smoke from brick kilns and
industrial emissions, sound pollution, pollution of water bodies by industrial discharge and the newly added
calamity, building collapse. Dhaka is a sheer example of having poor legislative actions, inefficient
management and lack of public awareness, which leads the urbanization to an unplanned and resource
consuming development. This paper presents an integrated study of urbanization trends in Dhaka City,
Bangladesh, by using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS). This study explores
the land use change pattern of Dhaka City Corporation over 1990-2010, through interactive supervised land
cover classification using Landsat images by ArcGIS 10. The remotely detected land use/cover change from
1990 to 2010 shows that Dhaka is gradually changing as vegetative cover and open spaces have been
transformed into building areas, low land and water bodies into reclaimed built up lands. These changes are
mainly governed by unplanned urban expansion.
Keywords - ArcGIS 10.0, Dhaka City Corporation, GIS, Land Use Pattern, Remote Sensing
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study examining urban land use dynamics and future prospects in Jammu City, India between 1972 and 2041 using geospatial techniques. The study analyzed land use/land cover changes over time through satellite imagery, finding a significant increase in built-up areas from 14.9 sq km in 1972 to 65.49 sq km in 2011, primarily by converting agricultural lands. A regression model was developed to project further urban growth, estimating built-up areas of 83.755 sq km in 2022, 98.384 sq km in 2032, and 113.013 sq km in 2042. The rapid urbanization has caused loss of agricultural and green spaces around the city.
This document summarizes a study that monitored the proliferation of slums in the Rural Common of Sidi Taibi, Morocco using GIS and satellite image processing. Unsupervised and supervised image classification techniques were used to generate land use maps from satellite imagery from 2000 to 2012. Digital terrain models were also created from topographic maps and orthophotographs. Integrating this geospatial data with socioeconomic data in a GIS allowed accurate identification and monitoring of slum areas over time to inform intervention strategies. Very high resolution satellite imagery was needed to most precisely extract slum buildings. The methodology demonstrates an improved approach over traditional surveys to dynamically track informal housing development.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This document describes two studies that used remote sensing and GIS technologies to analyze urban-rural land use change over time in Morocco and Saudi Arabia. Satellite imagery from 1980-1990 and 1987-2001 was interpreted to produce land use maps for three cities in Morocco and an oasis in Saudi Arabia. GIS tools were then used to analyze changes in land use categories, showing that urbanization primarily impacted agricultural lands due to speculation. The studies demonstrated that remote sensing and GIS can help decision-makers understand land use changes and plan appropriately for urbanization.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Gisand Remote Sensing Applied To Land Use ChangeOf The Prefecture Of CASABLAN...IJERA Editor
The population and urbanization of Morocco are increasing very rapidly. They have risenin large cities due to heavy immigration rate from rural areas to accessjob opportunities, better education, and better health facilities. Casablanca has the most affected land use changes in Morocco because of the immigration. This paper presents anintegrated study of land use change in this city from 1986 until 2011 using topographic map sheets (1986) and satellite image (2011). The layers of landuse map (1986) were obtainedby digitization technique in ARCGIS 9.3 software. Supervised classification methodology has been employed using maximum likelihood technique in ERDAS IMAGINE (2011) to extract from the satellite image four classes which were categorized into, built-up area, public green spaces, agricultural land and water bodies. The totalarea of each class was estimated by using geometry tools of ArcGISsoftware to compare land use changes between 1986 and 2011.
- The document analyzes land use/land cover change and urban heat island effect in Bilaspur City, India between 2002 and 2017 using Landsat satellite imagery.
- Supervised classification identified 8 land use classes and showed built up land increased 172.4 hectares while agriculture land decreased 84.89 hectares, indicating conversion of rural to urban land.
- Urban heat island phenomenon was evident from land surface temperature images, with certain parts of the city becoming extremely hot, highlighting the need for sustainable urban planning.
Topographic Information System of Federal School of Surveying, Oyo East Local...IJAEMSJORNAL
The need for the production of Topographic Information System (TIS) of Federal School of Surveying, Oyo arose due to the absence of Topographic Information System for proper planning of the school. Therefore, TIS was carried out with the aim of producing a tool for effective planning and land management of the school. Field and Office reconnaissance were carried out in order to be familiar with the terrain and do proper planning on the methodology and equipment to be used for the acquisition and assembling of spatial and attribute data. The geometric (spatial) data were acquired by ground survey method using Total station (South S74301) through the process of traversing, detailing and obtaining spot heights which were carried out simultaneously. The data processing were adequately and effectively done using Leica Geo Office Tools and South NTS Software for Data downloading, Notepad and Microsoft Excel for editing and preprocessing, AutoCAD 2016 for draughting, Surfer 11 for generating the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and 3D Wireframe Map while ArcGIS 10.0 version was used for spatial analysis, query generation and information presentation. A model database was created and structured using the relational table format. The interpretation of the maps and queries produced, supports decision making policy needed by the Land surveyors, Architects, Engineers, Urban and Regional planners to plan, design and execute vital infrastructural projects in the school. It was recommended that TIS should become a lasting tool for decision making and management of land and its resources for effective and sustainable development.
The document summarizes and critiques the statement by Netzband et al. that there is a gap between remote sensing research results and how governments use these data for urban planning. It agrees with Netzband et al., providing several reasons for the gap: (1) remote sensing data cannot provide all information needed for urban planning like social/economic data; (2) data must be converted into useful information tailored to specific user needs; (3) limitations of remote sensing technology prevent some applications. The document argues remote sensing is not always suitable for high density cities or environmental monitoring due to resolution and data access issues.
There have been two main categories of research on mining moving object data: moving object cluster discovery and trajectory clustering. Moving object clustering identifies groups of objects that travel together without defined locations, while trajectory clustering groups locations based on similar object movements but ignores traveling time. Recent studies have proposed concepts like temporal moving object swarms that capture objects moving within non-consecutive time-based clusters, and probabilistic modeling of trajectory sets to identify common paths between trajectories. Future work could focus on clustering algorithms that integrate both location and time dimensions to better characterize moving object behaviors.
This document describes the production of a geoidal map and three-dimensional surface model for part of Port Harcourt, Nigeria using "Satlevel" collocation modeling. Global Navigation Satellite System data was collected to determine ellipsoidal heights, while leveling provided orthometric heights. These were used in the "Satlevel" collocation model to compute geoidal undulations, which were contoured in Surfer software to generate the geoidal map and 3D surface model. The map depicts the geoid configuration of the study area and can be used with ellipsoidal heights from GNSS to determine orthometric heights, providing a simpler method than conventional techniques.
Accuracy Assessment of Land Use/Land Cover Classification using multi tempora...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes land use/land cover (LULC) changes in Varanasi city, India over a 20 year period from 2000 to 2020 using multi-temporal satellite imagery. Landsat images from 2000, 2010, and 2020 were classified into six LULC classes - water bodies, sandbars, fallow land, built up area, vegetation, and crop land. The results show significant increases in built up area and fallow land, with corresponding decreases in vegetation and crop land. Accuracy assessment using confusion matrices found overall classification accuracies of 93.94%, 91.66%, and 89.47% for the 2000, 2010, and 2020 images respectively. The study demonstrates the use of GIS and remote sensing
3. A SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF RESIDENTIAL LAND VALUES IN KAITHALDr. Ravinder Jangra
This document analyzes residential land values in Kaithal City, India from 1971-2014. It compares the collector rate (set by authorities) to actual market rates collected through surveys. GIS tools like inverse distance weighting and buffer analysis were used to map land values spatially. Higher values were found in newer planned sectors developed by government agencies in the northeast, as well as a private development, due to their location, amenities, and access. The study aims to understand urban expansion and identify gaps between official and real residential land rates. Remotely sensed imagery from 1971-2010 was used to map the city's growth over time.
IRJET- Use Geotechnical to Analyze Agricultural use Changes to Support Urban ...IRJET Journal
1) The document analyzed changes in agricultural land in Gaza governorates from 1975 to 2018 using geographic information systems and remote sensing of satellite data. It found a decline in agricultural land due to urban expansion.
2) Cartographic modeling was used to identify suitable land for agricultural activities and direct urbanization away from farmland. Models showed expected further declines in agricultural land by 2030 without intervention.
3) The study demonstrated the effectiveness of remote sensing technology and GIS for accurately analyzing changes in land use over time and aiding decision making about land management.
Similar to Spatial Analysis for Urban development between “1990-2010” in city of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region-Iraq (20)
The document summarizes research on the use of earth air tunnels and wind towers as passive solar techniques. Key findings include:
- Earth air tunnels circulate air through underground pipes to take advantage of the stable temperature 4 meters below ground for cooling in summer and heating in winter. Testing showed the technique can reduce ambient temperatures by up to 14 degrees Celsius.
- Wind towers circulate air through tall shafts to cool air entering buildings at night and provide downward airflow of cooled air during the day.
- Experimental testing of an earth air tunnel system over multiple months found maximum temperature reductions of 33% in spring and minimum reductions of 15% in summer.
The document compares the mechanical and physical properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE) thin films and sheets reinforced with graphene nanoparticles. LDPE/graphene thin films were produced via solution casting, while sheets were made by compression molding. Testing showed that the thin films had enhanced tensile strength, lower melt flow index, and higher thermal stability compared to sheets. The tensile strength of thin films increased by up to 160% with 1% graphene, while sheets increased by 70%. Melt flow index decreased more for thin films, indicating higher viscosity. Thin films also showed greater improvement in glass transition temperature. These results demonstrate that processing technique affects the properties of LDPE/graphene nanocomposites.
The document describes improvements made to a friction testing machine. A stepper motor and PLC control system were added to automatically vary the load on friction pairs, replacing the manual method. Tests using the improved machine found that the friction coefficient decreases as the load increases, and that abrasive and adhesive wear increased with higher loads. The improved machine allows more accurate and convenient testing of friction pairs under varying load conditions.
This document summarizes a research article that investigates the steady, two-dimensional Falkner-Skan boundary layer flow over a stationary wedge with momentum and thermal slip boundary conditions. The flow considers a temperature-dependent thermal conductivity in the presence of a porous medium and viscous dissipation. Governing partial differential equations are non-dimensionalized and transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The equations are highly nonlinear and cannot be solved analytically, so a numerical solver is used. Numerical results are presented for the skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, velocity and temperature profiles for varying parameters like the Falkner-Skan parameter and Eckert number.
An improvised white board compass was designed and developed to enhance the teaching of geometrical construction concepts in basic technology courses. The compass allows teachers to visually demonstrate geometric concepts and constructions on a white board in an engaging, hands-on manner. It supports constructivist learning principles by enabling students to observe and emulate the teacher. The design process utilized design and development research methodology to test educational theories and validate the practical application of the compass. The improvised compass was found to effectively engage students and improve their performance in learning geometric constructions.
The document describes the design of an energy meter that calculates energy using a one second logic for improved accuracy. The meter samples voltage and current values using an ADC synchronized to the line frequency via PLL. It calculates active and reactive power by averaging the sampled values over each second. The accumulated active power for each second is multiplied by one second to calculate energy, which is accumulated and converted to kWh. Test results showed the meter achieved an error of 0.3%, within the acceptable limit for class 1 meters. Considering energy over longer durations like one second helps reduce percentage error in the calculation.
This document presents a two-stage method for solving fuzzy transportation problems where the costs, supplies, and demands are represented by symmetric trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. In the first stage, the problem is solved to satisfy minimum demand requirements. Remaining supplies are then distributed in the second stage to further minimize costs. A numerical example demonstrates using robust ranking techniques to convert the fuzzy problem into a crisp one, which is then solved using a zero suffix method. The total optimal costs from both stages provide the solution to the original fuzzy transportation problem.
1) The document proposes using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controller for a Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) to improve voltage regulation and power quality in a transmission system.
2) A DPFC is placed at a load bus in an IEEE 4 bus system and its performance is compared using a PI controller and ANFIS controller.
3) Simulation results show the ANFIS controller provides faster convergence and better voltage profile maintenance during voltage sags and swells compared to the PI controller.
The document describes an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve vehicle routing problems. It introduces concepts of leptons and hadrons to particles in the algorithm. Leptons interact weakly based on individual and neighborhood best positions, while hadrons (local best particles) undergo strong interactions by colliding with the global best particle. When stagnation occurs, particle decay is used to increase diversity. Simulations show the improved algorithm avoids premature convergence and finds better solutions compared to the basic particle swarm optimization.
This document presents a method for analyzing photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals using correlative analysis. The method involves calculating the autocorrelation function of the PPG signal, extracting the envelope of the autocorrelation function using a low pass filter, and approximating the envelope by determining attenuation coefficients. Ten PPG signals were collected from volunteers and analyzed using this method. The attenuation coefficients were found to have similar values around 0.46, providing a potentially useful parameter for medical diagnosis.
This document describes the simulation and design of a process to recover monoethylene glycol (MEG) from effluent waste streams of a petrochemical company in Iran. Aspen Plus simulation software was used to model the process, which involves separating water, salts, and various glycols (MEG, DEG, TEG, TTEG) using a series of distillation columns. Sensitivity analyses were performed to optimize column parameters such as pressure, reflux ratio, and boilup ratio. The results showed that MEG, DEG, TEG, and TTEG could be recovered at rates of 5.01, 2.039, 0.062, and 0.089 kg/hr, respectively.
This document presents a numerical analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of ventilated disc brake rotors using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Two types of rotor configurations are considered: circular pillared (CP) and diamond pillared radial vane (DP). A 20° sector of each rotor is modeled and meshed. Governing equations for mass, momentum, and energy are solved using ANSYS CFX. Boundary conditions include 900K and 1500K isothermal rotor walls for different speeds. Results show the DP rotor has 70% higher mass flow and 24% higher heat dissipation than the CP rotor. Velocity and pressure distributions are more uniform for the DP rotor at higher speeds, ensuring more uniform cooling. The
This document describes the design and testing of an automated cocoa drying house prototype in Trinidad and Tobago. The prototype included automated features like a retractable roof, automatic heaters, and remote control. It aims to address issues with the traditional manual sun drying process, which is time-consuming and relies on human monitoring of changing weather conditions. Initial testing with farmers showed interest in the automated system as a potential solution.
This document presents the design of a telemedical system for remote monitoring of cardiac insufficiency. The system includes an electrocardiography (ECG) device that collects and digitizes ECG signals. The ECG signals undergo digital signal processing including autocorrelation analysis. Graphical interfaces allow patients and doctors to view ECG data and attenuation coefficients derived from autocorrelation analysis. Data is transmitted between parties using TCP/IP protocol. The system aims to facilitate remote monitoring of cardiac patients to reduce hospitalizations through early detection of health changes.
The document summarizes a polygon oscillating piston engine invention. The engine uses multiple pistons arranged around the sides of a polygon within cylinders. As the pistons oscillate, they compress and combust air-fuel mixtures to produce power. This design achieves a very high power-to-weight ratio of up to 2 hp per pound. Engineering analysis and design of a prototype 6-sided engine is presented, showing it can produce 168 hp from a 353 cubic feet per minute air flow at 12,960 rpm. The invention overcomes issues with prior oscillating piston designs by keeping the pistons moving in straight lines within cylinders using conventional piston rings.
This document describes a smart helmet prototype that has been developed with several safety and convenience features. The helmet is equipped with a cooling fan powered by solar panels to keep the rider comfortable. It also has built-in Bluetooth for hands-free calling. Additionally, the helmet contains sensors and modules to detect accidents and send alerts. If an accident is detected, the helmet's GPS and GSM modules will send the rider's location to a preset phone number for emergency response. The helmet also has an ignition control system so that the bike can only be started when the helmet is worn by the rider. The goal of this smart helmet design is to improve road safety and reduce accidents.
This document discusses improvements made to the JCCD-II innovation experimental platform. It first analyzes the current state of innovation platforms in universities and identifies problems with the JCCD-II platform. The researchers then use simulation software to design new parts to address issues. They manufacture prototypes of the new parts and integrate them into the JCCD-II platform to enrich its functions and capabilities. The goal is to enhance teaching by providing a more advanced experimental platform.
The document describes the design and prototype development of a portable cleaning device for removing outdoor advertisements. It has three main modules: a clean-up box, pipeline, and cleaning head. The cleaning head contains a rotating wire brush powered by a motor to tear off advertisements after they are softened by an organic solvent sprayed from a nozzle. A physical prototype was created and tested, demonstrating the feasibility of the design approach. The portable, modular device aims to more efficiently clean outdoor advertisements compared to traditional manual methods.
This document reviews the suitability of pico-hydropower technology for addressing Nigeria's energy crisis. It discusses Nigeria's energy challenges including low electrification rates, reliance on biomass, and the need to develop sustainable decentralized energy solutions. Pico-hydropower is presented as a potentially important option that could provide cleaner energy to rural communities at an affordable cost while reducing environmental impacts. The technology could help power farms, small businesses and contribute to Nigeria achieving its development goals of universal energy access.
This document summarizes research on using steel slag as an aggregate in concrete. Steel slag, a byproduct of steel production, has properties similar to natural aggregates and can potentially replace a portion of natural aggregates in concrete. Previous studies have found that concrete made with steel slag aggregates can have improved compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths compared to conventional concrete. Additionally, using steel slag in concrete can help preserve natural resources and reduce environmental impacts from waste disposal. The document reviews research on optimizing aggregate gradation and packing to reduce the cement content needed in concrete mixes and improve concrete properties.
More from International Journal of Engineering Inventions www.ijeijournal.com (20)
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
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Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
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Spatial Analysis for Urban development between “1990-2010” in city of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region-Iraq
1. International Journal of Engineering Inventions
e-ISSN: 2278-7461, p-ISSN: 2319-6491
Volume 3, Issue 5 (December 2013) PP: 01-10
Spatial Analysis for Urban development between “1990-2010” in
city of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region-Iraq
Rebaz Nawzad
University of Sulaimani Faculty of Science and Science Educations School of Science Department of Computer
ABSTRACT: The spatial and temporal information on land cover provides a fundamental dataset for urban
ecological developments and measurement studies. The hypothesis of this study involves looking into a
particular period of time to evaluate the amount of urban expansion that occurred during a twenty year period.
This aim can easily be achieved using the technology available with different Landsat satellite images, as
professional systems permit the integration of remotely sensed data with other sources of geo-referenced
information. This will be used to gain superior classification accuracy for the urban expansion of one Iraqi city
located in the Kurdistan Region. The intended city is Sulaimani city, as it has developed rapidly over recent
decades and especially after Operation Freedom in 2003. Nonetheless, the change in urbanisation needs to be
measured, and this is not an easy task to achieve with a lack of technology.
A. This study focuses on providing answers to the questions surrounding Sulaimani city’s urban development
using the capability of spatial analysis techniques to provide the outcomes. The study has used three satellite
images taken ten years apart from each other for the period of twenty years between 1990 and 2010. Then these
images have been processed and analysed to discover urbanisation measures such as to what extent the city
expanded during the period; where the locations of the developments are situated, and moreover, why different
types of developments occurred at different times.
KEYWORDS: ERDAS and GIS, satellite Image Processing, Remote Sensing and Satellite Images, Urban
Developments and Urbanization.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Urbanization is one of the interesting topic engaging the world community and style of living.
However, it is essential to monitor and measure the expansion to detect the cause of the expansion pattern and
further planning. Usually it is a constant procedure and expect to happen dynamically (Yaseen et al. 2012).
Despite the fact, urban developments is a complex progress, but it can determined by the relations of biophysical
factors and human factors in space and time at different scales (Chunyang He et al. 2006). This study focus or
aim to monitor the developments between the devoted periods, which is 1990-2010 through use of technology
and satellite images (spatial data), also to Divulge and illustrate advantage of remote sensing techniques in the
course of image processing for particular area. Spatial data resolution allows reaching some level of detail to
resolve individual objects in the landscape, in a similar way than the airborne data does (Gianinetto M, et al
2004). This increase of technology capability can be handled by computing power, it’s also is facilitating the
advance of geographic information systems (GIS), and spatial data analysis technique within a variety of
disciplines which are concerned with modelling or analysis aspects of urban developments (Simon Doyle, et al
1998).
The growth of the city divided into two phased in accordance to this study, while each one has its own
form of developments based on different facts that has affected the growth. The second phase were rapid mainly
after the operation of freedom in Iraq 2003 (Farrah Hassen 2006), as the United State of America (USA)
pumped 12billion US dollar in cash in Iraq to boost the economy (David Pallister 2007). Part of the money
devoted to re-construct the study area, and to increase the standards of living. It also created more work
opportunity and encouragements for people to move near or around urban areas unexpectedly (Population
Reference Bureau 2010), despite the fact urbanization is a global phenomenon since 1950s (University of
Michigan 2002).
Consequently, urban development’s require measurements, planning and decision making, therefore to
accomplish this goal the officials are require to find effective ways to get these tasks completed, and the best
solution for their requirements is the use of technology, because, the technique of getting information regarding
objects through the data collected by special instruments that are not in physical contact with the objects of
investigation (G. L. Berlin 2010), and it is a fastest and great solution for such a fast and unintended
developments.
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2. Spatial Analysis for Urban development between “1990-2010” in city of Sulaimani, Kurdistan
II.
STUDY AREA
The study Area is the city of Suleimani or sometimes called Sulaymaniyah, this city located in the
northeastern tip of Iraq in the Kurdistan Region. The city known as a cultural capital of Kurdistan Region ever
since its build in 1784 (Dargham al-Rubaie. 2010). It is located between the latitude of 35.6037°N to 35.5312°N
and longitude of 45.4758°E to 45.2862°E (EarthTools 2006). However, the elevation of this city above sea level
is 2895 feet (Dargham al-Rubaie. 2010). Sulaimani surrounded by the chain of mountains which are the Azmer
chain, Goyija Chain and the Qaiwan chain at the north east, and Mountain chain of Baranan at the south. The
city population is 725,000 people, but the entire governorates were around 1,894,000 in 2011
(CITYPOPULATION 2012). The climate known as a semi-climate weather that is rather hot, with temperature
ranging from 15 C (60 F) to 40 C (104 F) and sometimes up to 45 C (113 F) in the summer (timeanddate.com
2013). The map below which is a figure 1 showing the study area, and it is surrounding locations. The figure
contains three maps marked with (A, B and C) letters. Each letter on the map describes the following, the
contents of map (A) is the map of Iraq with all the eighteen governorates, (B) showing the location of Sulaimani
Governorate in accordance to Iraq map, and (C) Sulaimani Governorate pointing the city location (study area).
Figure No.1: Study Area: A: Map of Iraq, all the administrative Area, B: Location of Governorate of Sulaimani
C: The city of Sulaimani (Study Area)
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3. Spatial Analysis for Urban development between “1990-2010” in city of Sulaimani, Kurdistan
Figure 2: location of the city in accordance to the neighbour countries
https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&tab=wl
III.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
In this study, the downloaded satellite image used to measure the amount of urban expansion during the
20 years of devoted period. Although since the 1950s urbanization globally developed faster than usual, and it is
remain on this change, while consequently it’s expected to have almost 60% of the international population live
in urban with the developing world housing nearly 80% of this population by 2030 (Emma Spicer 2010).
With the purpose of distinguish the land use changes, and also to measure the amount of urbanization during the
dedicated periods. Three satellite images downloaded from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Glovis
and Earth Explorer website, Landsat: L4-5 TM for the years of 1990-2000-2010 focused on the location of
North East of Iraq (Study area) around the centre of Latitude 35.5500 and Longitude 45.4333. The available
data supports experts to detect the urban changes in details. Nevertheless, the study area’s satellite images used
with a temporal distance of 20 years, and a Cloud Cover of only 20%.
1990
2000
2010
Figure No.3: three combined satellite images in the years of 1990-2000-2010.
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4. Spatial Analysis for Urban development between “1990-2010” in city of Sulaimani, Kurdistan
Location: Northeast area of Iraq and the circles representing the study area, which zoomed-in in the further
images. With the intention of gaining required spatial consistency with Landsat image, they need to go through
image pre-processing such as: (Image Combination, Image Subset, High-Pass filter, and crisping) to become
precise and clear. This is the initial steps for image analysis to attain the study aims.
3.1: Step one: Image pre-process:
The downloaded folder for each year contains seven TIFF file images, but this study uses six bands:
(1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 7th), however the six bands need to be combined together to produce a good quality
image. Landsat: L4-5 TM Bands defined as, 1–5 and 7 each have a spatial resolution of 30m while the Band 6
(which is a Thermal infrared band) has a maximum spatial resolution of 120m (Hansen & Kathryn 2009).
3.2: Step two: image subset:
In this stage image gets subset, since the Landsat typical images covers an area of 185km by 185km,
hence the study area is much smaller than this size. It is essential to subset (crop) the image to smaller size in
order to obtain the closer image of the study area without loss of the image quality.
1990
2000
2010
Figure No.4: satellite images after the process of subset, a close view of the study area for the years of 1990-20002010
3.3: Step three: High-pass filter
This stage the image goes through High-pass filter function, that is allow for the image enhancements by
smoothing, sharpening, removing noise, and edge detection. This tool uses the basic for most sharpening
methods, which makes it much clearer than the images in figure No.4.
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5. Spatial Analysis for Urban development between “1990-2010” in city of Sulaimani, Kurdistan
Figure No.5: applied High-pass Filter function on satellite images
3.4: Step Four: Crisping
The final preparation for the analysis is the pre-process of Crisping function, which is a tool for image
luminance without distorting the inter-band variance content of the image. It is also enhancing those images that
are blurred due to atmospheric mist, rapid sensor motion, or a broad point spread function of the sensor.
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6. Spatial Analysis for Urban development between “1990-2010” in city of Sulaimani, Kurdistan
Figure No.6: applied Crisping function on satellite images for the years of 1990-2000-2010, after the high pass
filter
There are also other functionalities available to improve image quality in satellite image processing software,
such as Haze Reduction, but this is not useful for this study and digitization, because this function pixels behave
strangely, and for digitization at this stage it’s better to kept the crisp enhancements to analyze the work to
achieve the aims.
Select United States Geological
Survey (USGS) Glovis and Earth
Explorer website
Chose Landsat: L4-5 TM
Identify the required date to
download the images
Find the Required location on the
earth Explorer
Start image pre-processing
Image Combination
Image Subset
High-Pass filter
Image Crisping
Image Analysis
Compare pervious developments
Figure No.7: waterfall model for progress of satellite image analysis and urban development's.
IV.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This section provides the analysis of the study aims, the satellite images results indicating the urban
developments in the city of Sulaimani during 20 years since 1990. These accomplishments went through
number of methods applied to the satellite images, to provide as much as accurate and reliable answers to the
study aims and to provide the readers and the officials with the knowledge of planning and decision-makings.
The adopted tool for image processing called Earth Resources Data Analysis System (ERDAS), which is the
world’s most important geospatial data authoring system, incorporates geospatial image processing and analysis,
remote sensing and GIS capabilities into a powerful, convenient package. It enables you to easily create valueadded products such as 2D images, orthophoto mosaics, landcover classification, 3D flythrough movies, vectors
derived from imagery, and cartographic-quality map compositions from geospatial data (Intergraph Corporation
2013). However the applied methods were (Geo linking, Digitizing Process, footprints development Technique,
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7. Spatial Analysis for Urban development between “1990-2010” in city of Sulaimani, Kurdistan
Overlaying, Phenomena Classification and Transformation of changes detection), and each one will be
discussed individually to take part in the answers for the study aims.
4.1 Geo Linking Method:
This function links two images together at the same time, also focusing on the same location and
coordinates under the condition of the same projection map system. The images below are the two satellite
image of 1990 & 2010 been Geo linked. This tool allows controlling both images at the same time, and they can
be compared against each other to see the changes. The two images below presenting enormous differences
during 20 years, and urbanization can be seen deployed around the city from everywhere, especially towards
west and south of the city (deployment footprints).
2010
1990
Figure No.8: showing the screen shot of the satellite images while they are Geo-Linked
Yellow lines indicate the new developed areas, but the
red lines is the city border in 1990
4.2 Digitizing Process Method:
This is an important function of the study, it allow for presenting numerical (Statical) data to confirm
the total and amount of urbanization, and also to authenticate the aim of the study. The satellite image of 1990
considered as a primary to indicate the amount, direction and location of urban developments.
The following steps are the digitizing and measuring process:
4.2.1: The satellite image below showing the city of Suleimani urbanization status in 1990. This image digitized
on the ArcGIS software and a new layer created for the study area in digital version, which is in shape file
(Map) GIS format. The first map on the left is the urbanization edge in 1990, while the second map on the right
marked with purple spots, it indicating the empty areas within the urbanization boundary of 1990.
1990
Figure No.9: Two satellite images of Sulaimani City, Left Image is the city urban boundary map layer, and the
right image is the empty areas within the urban boundary. Both images are representing year 1990.
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8. Spatial Analysis for Urban development between “1990-2010” in city of Sulaimani, Kurdistan
4.2.2: The digital layer (shape file) of 1990 has been added on the satellite image taken in 2000, this
is allow to detect the amount and direction of developments during the first 10 years (1990-2000). However this
is illustrating that blue area remain same as 1990’s urban area, while both red and yellow colour represents the
empty areas with in the boundary of 1990, but in 2000 only the red areas remained empty and the yellow areas
which were empty in 1990 became built-up areas.
Sulaimaniya City Urban area 1990:
2000
Empty lands in the City 1990:
Empty lands in the City 2000:
Figure No.10: Sulaimani City satellite image with a digitized layer of sulaimani urban boundary of 1990 map.
4.2.3: Figure numbers ten illustrating the urban growth within the first period of developments (1990-2000).
This is within the boundary of 1990 urban areas of the city, while this period people has used the available
empty lands in the districts of the city to build their shelters, also at this period the governments and local
official had a spontaneous plan for urban development’s, beside the economic blockade and the civil war (BBC
News 2011), were engaging almost everyone, therefore people could only struggle for survivals and
had a limited resources for living. Alongside the financial difficulty of the nation were the realities to stop
people from developments (P. M. Kenneth 2002). This has left the city urban developments limited at the first
period and remained with-in the city boundary definitely the little build-up did not solve the issue of the
Population growth and residential deficiency. The city was over crowded inside a small boundary, and officials
didn’t have a potential suitable forecast for better and easier developments as all the financial plan were
squander on the civil war.
4.2.4: The population of the city were around 548747 in the year 1999 according to an estimated survey from
the directorate of statistic in Sulaimani (Sulaimani Governorate 2012), while comparing this figure to the 1990
estimated survey figure which were 325199 (Ministry of planning 2007), this is an increase of population by
68.7% increase within the first period (1990-2000), and this is not a small number of increase, hence this rapid
increase has created the city overcrowd.
4.2.5: After the year of 2000 and in the second period of the study (2000-2010) of the urban development’s the
city population has increased again and this time from 548747 population in 2000 survey to 831,495 by 2010
estimated survey (Ministry of planning 2010), which is an increase of 51.5% in the second period of
developments. The urban developments of the second period after 2000 were more organised and well planned.
During this period the civil war finished and strong financial economy were available especially after the
operation of freedom in Iraq 2003, while the U.S has pumped 12bn cash in to the Transitional Government
Ministers to rebuild the country and create works (David Pallister 2007), hence the study area developments
moved to the outer boundary of the 1990 residential. This growth clearly showing in figure Number eleven in
cyan color, as it represent the new residential areas.
Figure No.11: the map layer showing the location of new city developments in cyan colour.
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9. Spatial Analysis for Urban development between “1990-2010” in city of Sulaimani, Kurdistan
Figure No.12: total area measurements of new developed area polygons.
4.2.6: The second period of urban development’s (2000-2010) were outside the city, therefore these
developments made the city bigger than what it used to be. This has reduced the crowd and traffic inside the
city. This success has come after the local government has made a solid plan with the financial support to make
people build outside the pervious border of the city.
4.2.7: The new developed area shown in figure eleven confirming that most of the developments took place
towards left and south of the city, due to land availability in the area and less mountains and hills. The figure
number twelve showing the polygons measurements of new developed areas in square kilometer to calculate the
total amount of developments during the second period of Urban Developments. As they are as the following
figures:
Figure 12 includes the new airport, and the total developed area showing: 55.5 sq kilometers.
The new urban area without the airport is: 41.9 sq kilometers, the city was 30.50 sq kilometer in 19902000, and then in 2000-2010 the city expanded another 41.9sq kilometer which made the total size of the
city 72.40 sq kilometer. This figure means that the city grown larger by %137.5 between “2000-2010”.
V.
CONCLUSION
This study considered being an attempt to distinguish the advantages of using technology over the
traditional land survey and for urban development measurements, also using technology for obtaining the
requirements through analysis. The study used a new way to evaluate urban development’s in the city of
Sulaimani by applying remote sensing and GIS techniques to gain the results for the transformation detection
techniques, this technique showing the city has changed considerably and also transformed variously in different
stages, however the periods of developments has been divided in to two periods which were the 1990-1999 and
2000-2010, while the two periods allow for a better analysis and created differentiation between the two periods
of development method. It’s also turn out to be clear that economic ability has a great effect on the
developments. Although in the first period of developments the urban area has increased inside the city
boundary which was 30.50 sq kilometer in 1990-1999 and the city became overcrowd within the small
boundary, but in the second period the city development moved to the outer civilized boundary and the city
grown by %137.5 which is another 41.9sq kilometre outside the 1990 boundary. This study emphasized that
spatial information, i.e. GIS and remotely sensed data are particularly helpful in providing time-series
information on urban landscape evaluation and this, in turn, provide interesting supports for decision-making for
future planning and monitoring plans.
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