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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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2. War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714)
The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) was fought among several
European powers, principally the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the
Dutch Republic, Portugal, and the Duchy of Savoy, against the Kingdoms of
France and Spain and the Electorate of Bavaria, over a possible unification of
the Kingdoms of Spain and France under a single Bourbon monarch. Such a
unification would have drastically changed the European balance of power.
It resulted in the recognition of the Bourbon Philip V as King of Spain while
requiring him both to renounce any claim to the French throne and to cede
much of the European Spanish Crown's possessions.
In 1700, the last Spanish Habsburg King, Charles II of Spain, died without issue,
leaving his possessions to Philip, duc d'Anjou, grandson of his half-sister and
King Louis XIV of France. Philip thereby became Philip V of Spain.
The war began slowly, as Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, fought to protect the
Austrian Habsburg claim to the Spanish inheritance, in favour of his younger
son, the archduke Charles.
The war was concluded by the treaties of Utrecht (1713) and Rastatt (1714). As
a result, Philip V remained King of Spain but was removed from the French line
of succession, thereby averting a union of the two kingdoms. The Austrians
gained most of the Spanish territories in Italy and the Netherlands. As a
consequence, France's hegemony over continental Europe was ended, and the
idea of a balance of power became a part of the international order.
Almansa battle
With regard to the political organization of their kingdoms, Philip issued the
Nueva Planta decrees, following the centralizing approach of the Bourbons in
France, ending the political autonomy of the kingdoms which had made up the
Crown of Aragon; territories in Spain that had supported the Archduke Charles,
and up to then had kept their institutions in a framework of loose dynastic
union, lost them. On the other hand, the Kingdom of Navarre and the
Basque Provinces, having supported the king against the Habsburg pretender,
did not lose their autonomy and retained their traditional differentiated
institutions and laws (fueros).
Philip V
Archduke Charles
5. TERRITORIAL HEIGHT OF
SPANISH EMPIRE
The old flag of
Spanish Empire
El Imperio español en su cúspide territorial alrededor de 1790
Regiones de influencia (exploradas y/o reclamadas pero nunca controladas)
o colonias en disputa o de corto control
Posesiones del Imperio portugués gobernadas por España entre 1580–1640 por unión dinástica
Territorios perdidos en o después de 1717 por la Paz de Utrecht
Marruecos y Sáhara Occidental 1884–1975.
6. SPANISH SOCIETY
From 8 until 12
millions of inhabitants
Inland Spain lost
population, coasts
grew.
90%, peasants,
mainly day laborers,
a lot of beggars.
Urban bourgeoisie,
minority (civil
servants, army
officers, craftsmen
and merchants).
Clergy (privileged),
owner of 25% of all
the lands.
Nobility (privileged),
landowners.
7. Philip V (1700-1746)
French, sad and depressive, he missed Versailles
from La Granja (a copy).
1724, a short reign of Louis I, his son.
1707/1716: NUEVA PLANTA DECREES for Aragonese
Crown countries. Aftermath: a centralized
government following Castilian model, a real state
without customs inside. Spain is divided into
provinces (in front, a major general, not a viceroy).
An absolute monarch, despot but “enlightened”,
Parliament (Cortes) won’t be called.
The king ruled with ministers: Patiño reorganized a
powerful navy.
Foreign policy: Spain was stripped of her remaining
European dominions in 1714. Spain reconquered
some of her lost Italian possessions from the
Austrians in the 18th century, placing Bourbon
princes on the thrones of Parma, Naples, and Sicily.
However, these were not incorporated again into the
Spanish Crown. This policy was called “irredentism”.
Two Family’s Pacts with France against England.
8. Ferdinand VI (1746-1759)
Educated and clever.
The Marquis of Ensenada, his more important minister,
made a lot of public works and reorganized the Treasury to
get more taxes. He strengthened the navy, called foreign
technicians and scientists and he also ordered to make the
famous cadastre (Catastro), a general report about the
wealth of the country and the taxpayers.
The King
Ensenada
9. Charles III (1759-1788)
A good king, a good major for Madrid, surrounded by
good ministers: Aranda, Floridablanca, Campomanes.
Former king of Naples and Sicily.
Third Family’s Pact with France (England is already a
serious threat for the Empire): as a result of the Seven
Years’ War, France lost Canada and Spain, Florida. As a
compensation, France gave Louisiana to Spain.
France and Spain supported Americans against British
(War of Independence): 1783, Peace of Versailles,
Spain recovered Florida and Menorca.
INSIDE REFORMS (Enlightened despotism):
– Sierra Morena colonization
– Royal manufactures (silk, crystal, tapestries,
china) and cotton mills (Catalonia)
– Free trade among Spanish and American ports, big
shipping companies
– New roads and bridges
– Canals, as Castile or Imperial ones
– Tenants’ expelling from land will be banned, to
plough up new lands will not (against Mesta)
– New clothes (shorter capes, three point hats). This
thing and the wheat’s high cost caused a rebellion
against the minister Esquilache (1766)
– Jesuits’ expulsion (Indian missions in Paraguay will
be abandoned)
10. Charles III (1759-1788)
A good king, a good major for Madrid, surrounded by
good ministers: Aranda, Floridablanca, Campomanes.
Former king of Naples and Sicily.
Third Family’s Pact with France (England is already a
serious threat for the Empire): as a result of the Seven
Years’ War, France lost Canada and Spain, Florida. As a
compensation, France gave Louisiana to Spain.
France and Spain supported Americans against British
(War of Independence): 1783, Peace of Versailles,
Spain recovered Florida and Menorca.
INSIDE REFORMS (Enlightened despotism):
– Sierra Morena colonization
– Royal manufactures (silk, crystal, tapestries,
china) and cotton mills (Catalonia)
– Free trade among Spanish and American ports, big
shipping companies
– New roads and bridges
– Canals, as Castile or Imperial ones
– Tenants’ expelling from land will be banned, to
plough up new lands will not (against Mesta)
– New clothes (shorter capes, three point hats). This
thing and the wheat’s high cost caused a rebellion
against the minister Esquilache (1766)
– Jesuits’ expulsion (Indian missions in Paraguay will
be abandoned)