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Space explorationjun02
Previous expeditions to Antarctica provide valuable lessons for future space exploration. The 1898-1899 Belgian Antarctic Expedition, led by Adrien de Gerlache, was the first to winter over in Antarctica, experiencing insanity, disease and hardship. Fridtjof Nansen's 1893-1896 Norwegian Polar Expedition tested equipment and habitat design methods while drifting in the Arctic ice, serving as a model for future space missions. Important lessons can be learned from the experiences of explorers like Nansen, Shackleton, Amundsen, Byrd and others regarding leadership, personnel selection, medical support, and maintaining behavioral health during long periods of isolation and confinement.
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Space explorationjun02
- 1. The Relevance ofPrevious Expeditions to Future Space Exploration Jack Stuster, PhD, CPE Anacapa Sciences, Inc. Santa Barbara, California
- 2. Belgian Antarctic Expedition Commandant Adrien de Gerlache 1898-1899 First Expedition to Winter-Over in Antarctica The Belgica Locked in the Ice Multi-National Crew “Insanity and disease stalked the decks of the Belgica that winter.”
- 3. Belgian Antarctic Expedition Frederick A. Cook, MD Expedition Physician Before After
- 4. Norwegian Polar Expedition Fridtjof Nansen 1893-1896 Theory of Polar Drift 13 Norwegians Egalitarian Approach Good Habitat Design Methodical Testing A Model for Future Space Expeditions
- 5. Norwegian Polar Expedition Departure of the Fram
- 6. Norwegian Polar Expedition The Fram En Route The Fram Above the Ice
- 7. Norwegian Polar Expedition Conducting Research During the Expedition
- 8. Norwegian Polar Expedition Life Onboard the Fram
- 9. Norwegian Polar Expedition Nansen and Johansen lived for nine months in a 6-foot by 10-foot hut made of stones and walrus hides. Entrance to the Hut Life in Our Hut, by Fridtjof Nansen
- 10. Norwegian Polar Expedition Nansen and Johansen in the Kayaks Nansen After Meeting Jackson
- 11. Norwegian Polar Expedition Nansen and the crew of the Fram were greeted as if they had just returned from another planet.
- 12. Fridtjof Nansen Artist Explorer Neurologist Oceanographer Champion Skier A Founder of Norway International Statesman Recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- 13. Previous and FutureExpeditions The Fram in the Ice By William Gilkerson Lunar Expedition By Chesley Bonestell
- 14. Learning From Previous Expeditions
- 15.
- 16. Other Expeditions /Conditions Skylab Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station
- 17. Roald Amundsen “Thehuman factor is three quarters of any expedition.” – Roald Amundsen
- 18. Roald Amundsen Mate on the Belgica Northwest Passage South Pole Norge Dorneirs Nobile Rescue
- 19. Ernest Shackleton TheEndurance in the ice Shackleton and Crew at Patience Camp British Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1914-1916
- 20. Ernest Shackleton BritishTrans-Antarctic Expedition, 1914-1916 Castaways on Elephant Island Launching the James Caird
- 21. Ernest Shackleton “Forscientific leadership give me Scott; for swift and efficient travel, Amundsen; but when you are in a hopeless situation, when there seems no way out, get down on your knees and pray for Shackleton.”
- 22. Richard E. Byrd Byrd’s Expedition to Little America, 1933-1935 Life at Little America Byrd at Advance Base
- 23. Main Themes Thereare highly predictable behavioral responses to isolation and confinement. Minor problems are common, but serious problems are avoidable. Future space expeditions will more closely resemble sea voyages than the test flights that presently serve as models.
- 24. Main Themes Importantlessons concerning the design and conduct of future expeditions can be learned by studying the experiences of remote duty personnel and previous explorers. Humans can endure almost anything.
- 25. Content Analysis: BehavioralIssues Group Interaction Outside Communications Workload Recreation Leisure Medical Support Adjustment Leadership Event Food Preparation Organization/Mgt. Equipment Sleep Safety Personnel Selection Waste Management Internal Communications Exercise Habitat Aesthetics Hygiene Personal Hygiene Privacy/Personal Space Clothing Number of Primary and Secondary Category Assignments 75 150 225 300 375 450 525 600
- 26. Content Analysis: 3rdQuarter Phenomenon
- 27.
- 28. Behavioral Issues Theconditions are different, but most of the problems that will confront future space explorers are the same problems that troubled explorers in the past.
- 29. The Future... ExploringMars By Chesley Bonestell