The document evaluates the robustness of wavelet texture analysis (WTA) for characterizing carbon fibre composite surfaces. WTA uses the discrete wavelet transform to decompose images into orientation and scale-based detail coefficients, from which texture features are extracted. Principal component analysis is applied to classify samples by surface finish grade. The study examines WTA's sensitivity to common imaging errors like translation, rotation, and dilation. Results show the method maintains good discrimination between grades despite such errors, demonstrating it is a robust automated approach to surface assessment.
This document provides instructions for performing a linear static analysis of a cantilever beam using MSC Nastran. The steps include: 1) creating a finite element model of the beam using bar elements, 2) defining material and section properties, 3) applying boundary conditions and a tip load, 4) generating an input file for analysis, 5) submitting the input file to Nastran, and 6) importing the results file back into MSC Patran for post-processing. The goal is to calculate deflection and stress results and compare to theoretical values.
05212201 C A L I B R A T I O N A N D E L E C T R O N I C M E A S U R E ...guestd436758
This document contains information about an exam for a calibration and electronic measurements course, including 8 multiple choice questions. Question 1 involves calculating statistics like mean, standard deviation, and error from a set of voltage measurements. Question 2 defines SI units for conductance, magnetic flux, flux density, and inductance, and calculates flux density given magnetic flux. Question 3 provides short note questions on topics like testing, calibration, reliability, and traceability.
1. The document discusses the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), which is commonly used in image and video processing applications to decorrelate pixel data and reduce redundancy.
2. A typical image/video transmission system first applies a transformation like the DCT in the source encoder to decorrelate pixels, followed by quantization and entropy encoding to further compress the data.
3. The DCT maps the spatially correlated pixel data into transformed coefficients that are largely uncorrelated, allowing more efficient compression by reducing the number of bits needed to represent the image information.
Sparse feature analysis for detection of clustered microcalcifications in mam...Wesley De Neve
This document analyzes the use of sparse feature analysis for detecting clustered microcalcifications in mammogram images. It compares different feature types, combinations of features, and dictionary construction techniques for sparse representation based classification (SRC) of mammogram images. The experimental results show that texture features like Laws' texture features (LAW) are more effective than shape/morphology features. SRC using LAW features alone or combined with local binary patterns (LBP) achieved high performance. Larger dictionaries containing more atoms resulted in higher discriminative power for the SRC-based detection system.
Nonlinear component analysis as a kernel eigenvalue problemMichele Filannino
This presentation summarizes paper #7 titled "Nonlinear component analysis as a kernel eigenvalue problem" by Scholkopf, Smola, and Muller. It introduces Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) as an extension of PCA that maps data into a higher dimensional feature space. The presentation discusses how KPCA frames PCA as a kernel eigenvalue problem and computes principal components in this new feature space. It provides the mathematical formulation and algorithm for KPCA. The presentation also discusses applications, advantages, disadvantages, and experiments comparing KPCA to other dimensionality reduction techniques.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
WE4.T04.3_THE POTENTIAL OF COSMO-SKYMED SAR IMAGES IN MAPPING SNOW COVER AND ...grssieee
The document discusses the potential of Cosmo-Skymed SAR images for mapping snow cover and snow water equivalent (SWE). Model simulations show X-band backscatter is sensitive to snow density, grain size, and SWE. An algorithm was developed to generate snow cover maps combining optical and SAR data, and estimate SWE using SAR backscatter. The algorithm was validated using Cosmo-Skymed data over Italian Alps, showing it can retrieve SWE for snow depths over 40-50cm with high accuracy. Further investigations are needed to fully realize the potential of Cosmo-Skymed SAR for snow monitoring.
This document is the first page of a physics exam from the University of Cambridge. It provides instructions to candidates regarding writing their information on the exam, using appropriate materials, and answering all questions. It includes a list of relevant physics formulas, constants, and units that may be used for reference. The exam consists of 15 printed pages and 1 blank page.
This document provides instructions for performing a linear static analysis of a cantilever beam using MSC Nastran. The steps include: 1) creating a finite element model of the beam using bar elements, 2) defining material and section properties, 3) applying boundary conditions and a tip load, 4) generating an input file for analysis, 5) submitting the input file to Nastran, and 6) importing the results file back into MSC Patran for post-processing. The goal is to calculate deflection and stress results and compare to theoretical values.
05212201 C A L I B R A T I O N A N D E L E C T R O N I C M E A S U R E ...guestd436758
This document contains information about an exam for a calibration and electronic measurements course, including 8 multiple choice questions. Question 1 involves calculating statistics like mean, standard deviation, and error from a set of voltage measurements. Question 2 defines SI units for conductance, magnetic flux, flux density, and inductance, and calculates flux density given magnetic flux. Question 3 provides short note questions on topics like testing, calibration, reliability, and traceability.
1. The document discusses the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), which is commonly used in image and video processing applications to decorrelate pixel data and reduce redundancy.
2. A typical image/video transmission system first applies a transformation like the DCT in the source encoder to decorrelate pixels, followed by quantization and entropy encoding to further compress the data.
3. The DCT maps the spatially correlated pixel data into transformed coefficients that are largely uncorrelated, allowing more efficient compression by reducing the number of bits needed to represent the image information.
Sparse feature analysis for detection of clustered microcalcifications in mam...Wesley De Neve
This document analyzes the use of sparse feature analysis for detecting clustered microcalcifications in mammogram images. It compares different feature types, combinations of features, and dictionary construction techniques for sparse representation based classification (SRC) of mammogram images. The experimental results show that texture features like Laws' texture features (LAW) are more effective than shape/morphology features. SRC using LAW features alone or combined with local binary patterns (LBP) achieved high performance. Larger dictionaries containing more atoms resulted in higher discriminative power for the SRC-based detection system.
Nonlinear component analysis as a kernel eigenvalue problemMichele Filannino
This presentation summarizes paper #7 titled "Nonlinear component analysis as a kernel eigenvalue problem" by Scholkopf, Smola, and Muller. It introduces Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) as an extension of PCA that maps data into a higher dimensional feature space. The presentation discusses how KPCA frames PCA as a kernel eigenvalue problem and computes principal components in this new feature space. It provides the mathematical formulation and algorithm for KPCA. The presentation also discusses applications, advantages, disadvantages, and experiments comparing KPCA to other dimensionality reduction techniques.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
WE4.T04.3_THE POTENTIAL OF COSMO-SKYMED SAR IMAGES IN MAPPING SNOW COVER AND ...grssieee
The document discusses the potential of Cosmo-Skymed SAR images for mapping snow cover and snow water equivalent (SWE). Model simulations show X-band backscatter is sensitive to snow density, grain size, and SWE. An algorithm was developed to generate snow cover maps combining optical and SAR data, and estimate SWE using SAR backscatter. The algorithm was validated using Cosmo-Skymed data over Italian Alps, showing it can retrieve SWE for snow depths over 40-50cm with high accuracy. Further investigations are needed to fully realize the potential of Cosmo-Skymed SAR for snow monitoring.
This document is the first page of a physics exam from the University of Cambridge. It provides instructions to candidates regarding writing their information on the exam, using appropriate materials, and answering all questions. It includes a list of relevant physics formulas, constants, and units that may be used for reference. The exam consists of 15 printed pages and 1 blank page.
Principal components analysis(pca)fulleditedRiguen Uch
PCA is a dimensionality reduction technique that transforms a number of possibly correlated variables into a smaller number of uncorrelated variables called principal components. It works by computing the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance matrix of the original variables. The eigenvectors with the largest eigenvalues are chosen to represent the components that capture most of the variance in the data. PCA is commonly used to reduce the dimensionality of large data sets for analysis and visualization.
Financial analysts are concerned with factors, or common sources of risk that contribute to changes in asset prices. Analysts may be able to control a portfolio’s risk more efficiently and perhaps even improve its returns by identifying such factors.
Factor analysis is a powerful tool for quantifying the risk profile of a portfolio, constructing a portfolio relative to a benchmark, and controlling risk.
The document discusses the eigenface approach for face recognition. It provides an overview of eigenfaces, how they are calculated from a training set of faces, and how they can be used to identify faces by projecting faces onto the eigenface space. Major steps include calculating the eigenfaces from a training set, projecting new images into eigenface space to get weight coefficients, and comparing the weights to known individuals' weights or thresholds to classify faces as known or unknown. Advantages are ease of implementation and little preprocessing required, while limitations include sensitivity to head scale and only applicable to frontal views under controlled conditions.
Face Recognition using PCA-Principal Component Analysis using MATLABSindhi Madhuri
PCA is used for face recognition. It involves calculating eigenvectors from a training set of face images to define a feature space called "eigenfaces". A new face is recognized by projecting it onto this space and comparing to existing faces. PCA works by identifying directions of maximum variance in the training data, capturing the most important information about faces with fewer vectors. Potential applications include identification, security, and human-computer interaction. However, it is sensitive to changes in lighting and expression.
This document discusses principal component analysis (PCA) and its applications in image processing and facial recognition. PCA is a technique used to reduce the dimensionality of data while retaining as much information as possible. It works by transforming a set of correlated variables into a set of linearly uncorrelated variables called principal components. The first principal component accounts for as much of the variability in the data as possible, and each succeeding component accounts for as much of the remaining variability as possible. The document provides an example of applying PCA to a set of facial images to reduce them to their principal components for analysis and recognition.
Steps for Principal Component Analysis (pca) using ERDAS softwareSwetha A
Principal component analysis is a technique that uses orthogonal transformation to convert correlated variables into a set of uncorrelated variables called principal components. The document provides steps to perform principal component analysis in ERDAS, including opening an input file, specifying the number of desired components and output file, and viewing the output layers. The first few layers highlight different features like urban areas, water regions, and vegetation.
This document discusses the effect of band nonparabolicity on the eigenstates of DQWTB structures. It describes how the standard parabolic dispersion relation does not accurately model most materials, and introduces a nonparabolic dispersion relation using coefficients. This modifies the wave vectors and lowers the energy values, particularly for higher order states. It also reduces intersubband transition energies and enhances the operating wavelength of photodetectors. The document outlines algorithms to calculate transmission coefficients using the Transfer Matrix Method and Propagation Matrix Method while accounting for nonparabolicity. It notes that quasi-peaks exist in transmission profiles corresponding to finite widths of energy levels.
This document summarizes the electrical characteristics of n-channel MOSFETs. It describes the minority carrier concentration in the depletion region and how the depletion width changes with applied gate voltage. It then discusses the threshold voltage expression and how the threshold is affected by factors like bulk charge, fixed oxide charge and work function differences. Finally, it derives the drain current equation and shows how the I-V characteristics are affected by channel length modulation under different regions of operation.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document compares JPEG and JPEG2000 image compression techniques using objective and perceptual quality measures. JPEG2000 provides higher PSNR values at all bitrates but JPEG has better picture quality scale (PQS) scores, a perceptual measure, at moderate and high bitrates. At very low bitrates below 0.5 bpp, JPEG2000 produces higher quality images according to PQS due to its wavelet-based compression method. The study uses four test images with different spatial and frequency characteristics to evaluate the compression methods.
An introduction to discrete wavelet transformsLily Rose
This document provides an overview of wavelet transforms and their applications. It introduces continuous and discrete wavelet transforms, including multiresolution analysis and the fast wavelet transform. It discusses how wavelet transforms can be used for image compression, edge detection, and digital watermarking due to properties like decomposing images into different frequency subbands. The fast wavelet transform allows efficient computation of wavelet coefficients by exploiting relationships between scales.
Testing the Stability of GPS Oscillators within Serbian Permanent GPS Station...vogrizovic
This document summarizes research analyzing the stability of GPS oscillators within Serbia's permanent GPS station network. The researchers analyzed data from 30 stations to calculate Allan variance and power spectral density graphs. They found that most stations exhibited flicker frequency modulation noise processes, but some showed different characteristics likely due to environmental factors. Older receiver models generally had higher Allan variances. The results indicated only flicker frequency modulation and random walk frequency modulation noise processes. Calibration of GPS receivers was determined to be important for ensuring accuracy.
A new approach for design of cmos based cascode current mirror for asp applic...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new CMOS-based cascode current mirror circuit design for analog signal processing applications. The paper begins with background on current mirrors and their importance in analog circuit design. It then reviews traditional current mirror configurations and discusses design parameters that impact performance. The document introduces a new cascode current mirror circuit and provides equations to model its behavior. Simulation results are presented and analyzed, showing the new design achieves high accuracy, output swing and low power dissipation compared to traditional approaches. In conclusion, the proposed circuit is well-suited for low-voltage analog signal processing.
A new approach for design of cmos based cascode current mirror for asp applic...IAEME Publication
This document discusses a new approach for designing a CMOS-based cascode current mirror circuit for analog signal processing applications. It begins by introducing current mirrors and their importance as core structures in analog, digital, and mixed-signal circuits. It then reviews different configurations of basic current mirror circuits and discusses how cascode configurations can improve performance by maintaining constant voltages. The document proposes an innovative cascode current mirror circuit and evaluates its performance through simulation using a 0.13 micron CMOS technology.
This document provides an overview of MOSFET modeling concepts including:
1. Symmetry properties and normalization of the drain current equation.
2. Definitions of the forward and reverse currents, and the specific (normalization) current.
3. Description of the pinch-off voltage, slope factor, and their determination as functions of gate voltage.
This document discusses fast algorithms for computing the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and inverse discrete cosine transform (IDCT) using Winograd's method.
The conventional DCT and IDCT algorithms have high computational complexity due to cosine functions. Winograd's algorithm reduces the number of multiplications required for matrix multiplication by rearranging terms.
The document proposes applying Winograd's algorithm to DCT and IDCT computation by representing the transforms as matrix multiplications. This approach reduces the number of multiplications required for an 8x8 block from over 16,000 to just 736 multiplications, with fewer additions and subtractions as well. This leads to faster DCT and IDCT computation compared
This document discusses design considerations for high step-down ratio buck converters. It begins with an overview of buck converter operation in continuous and discontinuous modes. It then lists typical specifications and design considerations such as input/output voltage ranges, efficiency targets, and size constraints. Improving efficiency is highlighted as critical for thermal management and reliability. Small signal modeling of the buck converter is presented, incorporating the PWM switch. Key MOSFET parameters like gate resistance and non-linear junction capacitance are also discussed.
The document discusses the randomized complete block design (RCBD) for experimental design. It explains that RCBD is appropriate when there is a known nuisance source of variability that can be controlled by blocking. It provides an example of testing different metal tip types using RCBD, with metal coupons as blocks to control for hardness variability. The RCBD analysis of variance (ANOVA) table structure and model are shown, as well as example Minitab output analyzing the metal tip data using RCBD.
This document discusses nanotechnology and its applications to computer circuits. It begins with an overview of nanotechnology, including its history and key concepts. It then discusses various tools used in nanotechnology like electron microscopes. It provides examples of how nanotechnology can be applied to reduce the size of computer circuits. Both benefits like smaller computers and potential disadvantages are mentioned.
2.[9 17]comparative analysis between dct & dwt techniques of image compressionAlexander Decker
This document compares two image compression techniques: Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). It first describes DCT encoding and decoding. Encoding breaks an image into blocks, applies DCT, and quantizes coefficients. Decoding dequantizes and applies inverse DCT. Simulation results show compressed images from three sample images using 8x8 DCT blocks. DCT achieves good compression ratios but introduces block artifacts. DWT provides better compression without losing as much information but requires more processing power. The document aims to analyze and compare the performance of these two techniques.
Principal components analysis(pca)fulleditedRiguen Uch
PCA is a dimensionality reduction technique that transforms a number of possibly correlated variables into a smaller number of uncorrelated variables called principal components. It works by computing the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance matrix of the original variables. The eigenvectors with the largest eigenvalues are chosen to represent the components that capture most of the variance in the data. PCA is commonly used to reduce the dimensionality of large data sets for analysis and visualization.
Financial analysts are concerned with factors, or common sources of risk that contribute to changes in asset prices. Analysts may be able to control a portfolio’s risk more efficiently and perhaps even improve its returns by identifying such factors.
Factor analysis is a powerful tool for quantifying the risk profile of a portfolio, constructing a portfolio relative to a benchmark, and controlling risk.
The document discusses the eigenface approach for face recognition. It provides an overview of eigenfaces, how they are calculated from a training set of faces, and how they can be used to identify faces by projecting faces onto the eigenface space. Major steps include calculating the eigenfaces from a training set, projecting new images into eigenface space to get weight coefficients, and comparing the weights to known individuals' weights or thresholds to classify faces as known or unknown. Advantages are ease of implementation and little preprocessing required, while limitations include sensitivity to head scale and only applicable to frontal views under controlled conditions.
Face Recognition using PCA-Principal Component Analysis using MATLABSindhi Madhuri
PCA is used for face recognition. It involves calculating eigenvectors from a training set of face images to define a feature space called "eigenfaces". A new face is recognized by projecting it onto this space and comparing to existing faces. PCA works by identifying directions of maximum variance in the training data, capturing the most important information about faces with fewer vectors. Potential applications include identification, security, and human-computer interaction. However, it is sensitive to changes in lighting and expression.
This document discusses principal component analysis (PCA) and its applications in image processing and facial recognition. PCA is a technique used to reduce the dimensionality of data while retaining as much information as possible. It works by transforming a set of correlated variables into a set of linearly uncorrelated variables called principal components. The first principal component accounts for as much of the variability in the data as possible, and each succeeding component accounts for as much of the remaining variability as possible. The document provides an example of applying PCA to a set of facial images to reduce them to their principal components for analysis and recognition.
Steps for Principal Component Analysis (pca) using ERDAS softwareSwetha A
Principal component analysis is a technique that uses orthogonal transformation to convert correlated variables into a set of uncorrelated variables called principal components. The document provides steps to perform principal component analysis in ERDAS, including opening an input file, specifying the number of desired components and output file, and viewing the output layers. The first few layers highlight different features like urban areas, water regions, and vegetation.
This document discusses the effect of band nonparabolicity on the eigenstates of DQWTB structures. It describes how the standard parabolic dispersion relation does not accurately model most materials, and introduces a nonparabolic dispersion relation using coefficients. This modifies the wave vectors and lowers the energy values, particularly for higher order states. It also reduces intersubband transition energies and enhances the operating wavelength of photodetectors. The document outlines algorithms to calculate transmission coefficients using the Transfer Matrix Method and Propagation Matrix Method while accounting for nonparabolicity. It notes that quasi-peaks exist in transmission profiles corresponding to finite widths of energy levels.
This document summarizes the electrical characteristics of n-channel MOSFETs. It describes the minority carrier concentration in the depletion region and how the depletion width changes with applied gate voltage. It then discusses the threshold voltage expression and how the threshold is affected by factors like bulk charge, fixed oxide charge and work function differences. Finally, it derives the drain current equation and shows how the I-V characteristics are affected by channel length modulation under different regions of operation.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document compares JPEG and JPEG2000 image compression techniques using objective and perceptual quality measures. JPEG2000 provides higher PSNR values at all bitrates but JPEG has better picture quality scale (PQS) scores, a perceptual measure, at moderate and high bitrates. At very low bitrates below 0.5 bpp, JPEG2000 produces higher quality images according to PQS due to its wavelet-based compression method. The study uses four test images with different spatial and frequency characteristics to evaluate the compression methods.
An introduction to discrete wavelet transformsLily Rose
This document provides an overview of wavelet transforms and their applications. It introduces continuous and discrete wavelet transforms, including multiresolution analysis and the fast wavelet transform. It discusses how wavelet transforms can be used for image compression, edge detection, and digital watermarking due to properties like decomposing images into different frequency subbands. The fast wavelet transform allows efficient computation of wavelet coefficients by exploiting relationships between scales.
Testing the Stability of GPS Oscillators within Serbian Permanent GPS Station...vogrizovic
This document summarizes research analyzing the stability of GPS oscillators within Serbia's permanent GPS station network. The researchers analyzed data from 30 stations to calculate Allan variance and power spectral density graphs. They found that most stations exhibited flicker frequency modulation noise processes, but some showed different characteristics likely due to environmental factors. Older receiver models generally had higher Allan variances. The results indicated only flicker frequency modulation and random walk frequency modulation noise processes. Calibration of GPS receivers was determined to be important for ensuring accuracy.
A new approach for design of cmos based cascode current mirror for asp applic...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new CMOS-based cascode current mirror circuit design for analog signal processing applications. The paper begins with background on current mirrors and their importance in analog circuit design. It then reviews traditional current mirror configurations and discusses design parameters that impact performance. The document introduces a new cascode current mirror circuit and provides equations to model its behavior. Simulation results are presented and analyzed, showing the new design achieves high accuracy, output swing and low power dissipation compared to traditional approaches. In conclusion, the proposed circuit is well-suited for low-voltage analog signal processing.
A new approach for design of cmos based cascode current mirror for asp applic...IAEME Publication
This document discusses a new approach for designing a CMOS-based cascode current mirror circuit for analog signal processing applications. It begins by introducing current mirrors and their importance as core structures in analog, digital, and mixed-signal circuits. It then reviews different configurations of basic current mirror circuits and discusses how cascode configurations can improve performance by maintaining constant voltages. The document proposes an innovative cascode current mirror circuit and evaluates its performance through simulation using a 0.13 micron CMOS technology.
This document provides an overview of MOSFET modeling concepts including:
1. Symmetry properties and normalization of the drain current equation.
2. Definitions of the forward and reverse currents, and the specific (normalization) current.
3. Description of the pinch-off voltage, slope factor, and their determination as functions of gate voltage.
This document discusses fast algorithms for computing the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and inverse discrete cosine transform (IDCT) using Winograd's method.
The conventional DCT and IDCT algorithms have high computational complexity due to cosine functions. Winograd's algorithm reduces the number of multiplications required for matrix multiplication by rearranging terms.
The document proposes applying Winograd's algorithm to DCT and IDCT computation by representing the transforms as matrix multiplications. This approach reduces the number of multiplications required for an 8x8 block from over 16,000 to just 736 multiplications, with fewer additions and subtractions as well. This leads to faster DCT and IDCT computation compared
This document discusses design considerations for high step-down ratio buck converters. It begins with an overview of buck converter operation in continuous and discontinuous modes. It then lists typical specifications and design considerations such as input/output voltage ranges, efficiency targets, and size constraints. Improving efficiency is highlighted as critical for thermal management and reliability. Small signal modeling of the buck converter is presented, incorporating the PWM switch. Key MOSFET parameters like gate resistance and non-linear junction capacitance are also discussed.
The document discusses the randomized complete block design (RCBD) for experimental design. It explains that RCBD is appropriate when there is a known nuisance source of variability that can be controlled by blocking. It provides an example of testing different metal tip types using RCBD, with metal coupons as blocks to control for hardness variability. The RCBD analysis of variance (ANOVA) table structure and model are shown, as well as example Minitab output analyzing the metal tip data using RCBD.
This document discusses nanotechnology and its applications to computer circuits. It begins with an overview of nanotechnology, including its history and key concepts. It then discusses various tools used in nanotechnology like electron microscopes. It provides examples of how nanotechnology can be applied to reduce the size of computer circuits. Both benefits like smaller computers and potential disadvantages are mentioned.
2.[9 17]comparative analysis between dct & dwt techniques of image compressionAlexander Decker
This document compares two image compression techniques: Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). It first describes DCT encoding and decoding. Encoding breaks an image into blocks, applies DCT, and quantizes coefficients. Decoding dequantizes and applies inverse DCT. Simulation results show compressed images from three sample images using 8x8 DCT blocks. DCT achieves good compression ratios but introduces block artifacts. DWT provides better compression without losing as much information but requires more processing power. The document aims to analyze and compare the performance of these two techniques.
2.[9 17]comparative analysis between dct & dwt techniques of image compressionAlexander Decker
This document compares two image compression techniques: discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). It summarizes the encoding and decoding processes for each technique. For DCT, images are divided into blocks and the DCT is applied to each block before quantization for compression. For DWT, images are decomposed into approximation and detail subsignals using filters before downsampling for compression. Simulation results on sample images show that DWT achieves higher compression ratios with less information loss than DCT, though DCT requires less processing power. In conclusion, both techniques are effective for image compression but DWT is generally more efficient.
FINGERPRINTS IMAGE COMPRESSION BY WAVE ATOMScsandit
The document presents a study comparing fingerprint image compression using wavelets and wave atoms transforms. It finds that wave atoms transforms provide better performance than current wavelet-based standards like WSQ. Specifically:
- Wave atoms achieved higher PSNR values and compression ratios than wavelets when reconstructing images from a reduced number of coefficients.
- An algorithm was proposed using wave atom decomposition, non-uniform quantization, and entropy coding that achieved a compression ratio of 18 with a PSNR of 35.04 dB, outperforming the WSQ standard.
- Minutiae detection on original and reconstructed images showed wave atoms better preserved local fingerprint structures. Therefore, wave atoms are concluded to be more suitable than wavelets
FINGERPRINTS IMAGE COMPRESSION BY WAVE ATOMScsandit
The fingerprint images compression based on geometric transformed presents important
research topic, these last year’s many transforms have been proposed to give the best
representation to a particular type of image “fingerprint image”, like classics wavelets and
wave atoms. In this paper we shall present a comparative study between this transforms, in
order to use them in compression. The results show that for fingerprint images, the wave atom
offers better performance than the current transform based compression standard. The wave
atoms transformation brings a considerable contribution on the compression of fingerprints
images by achieving high values of ratios compression and PSNR, with a reduced number of
coefficients. In addition, the proposed method is verified with objective and subjective testing.
This document summarizes information about magnetrons, which are microwave devices that use magnetic and electric fields to generate microwaves. Some key points:
1) Magnetrons were an early microwave device and were crucial for radar technology in World War II, allowing for the development of high-power microwave sources. Commercial magnetrons now provide powers up to several megawatts.
2) Magnetrons operate by using magnetic and electric fields to cause electrons emitted from a cathode to travel in spiral paths around an anode, interacting with resonant cavities to generate microwave oscillations.
3) The electrons form a cloud-like structure called the Brillouin cloud, confined by the magnetic field. The Hull cutoff condition relates the
1) Schrödinger's equation for electrons and Maxwell's equations for photons describe wave-like behavior and have similar forms.
2) Both equations can be used to model reflection and transmission of waves at interfaces between different media, analogous to electrons encountering energy barriers or photons encountering changes in refractive index.
3) Simple examples like particles or light in a 1D box show that both systems exhibit quantization of energy levels and discrete frequencies according to the boundary conditions.
This document discusses broadening work-integrated learning (WIL) placements for engineering and science students to better reflect where graduates work. Census data from Australia shows that while over half of engineering/science degree holders work in professional roles, many also work in other fields like management, IT, and education. The authors propose expanding WIL to include placements outside traditional disciplines to improve career outcomes. They describe electives at Deakin University that allow 112-160 hour pre-professional placements in varied workplaces, finding strong student interest. Broadening WIL placements better prepares generation Z students for diverse careers like those of previous generation graduates.
The document discusses using KH Coder to analyze text data. It provides examples of using KH Coder to create multidimensional scaling plots of over 11,000 tweets about workplace safety. It then outlines the key steps in KH Coder's text analysis process, including collecting text, pre-processing like word extraction, choosing a distance measure, performing dimensional reduction, and provides more examples analyzing tweets from a workplace safety Twitter account.
Domestic engineering student enrolments in Australia have been declining since 2008 while international enrolments have increased, leading to a higher proportion of international students. A 2020 study modeled the financial resilience of individual Australian universities facing lost revenue from reductions in international students due to COVID-19, finding impacts varied significantly between institutions. Separate data showed engineering graduates from one Australian university found employment or further study at higher rates than national averages, with most working in professional roles rather than technical or trade roles.
This document analyzes data from the Australian census to summarize occupational outcomes for engineering graduates. It finds that while 25% of engineering bachelor's graduates work as professional engineers, most do not and many are not working at all. Over time, even fewer graduates work as professional engineers as competition increases from people with other qualifications. The document also examines engineering graduate incomes, locations, and qualifications over time to understand trends in employment. It raises questions for engineering curriculum about preparing students for a wider range of career paths beyond traditional engineering roles.
This document discusses writing intended learning outcomes for university courses. It explains that learning outcomes should state what students are expected to know or be able to do after completing a subject. Learning outcomes help provide transparency for students and need to be observable and measurable. The document outlines key components of learning outcomes, including using action verbs and specifying the expected knowledge or skills. It also describes how learning outcomes fit within a hierarchy from university-level graduate attributes down to class-level outcomes.
This document describes a study that used Australian census data from 2006, 2011, and 2016 to analyze the occupational outcomes of graduates with bachelor's degrees in engineering. It found that while 25% of engineering graduates worked as professional engineers, 23.5% were not working. The majority of the professional engineering workforce had bachelor's degrees in engineering or related technologies. However, over time, fewer graduates were working as professional engineers and more were working in other roles or not at all. The study provides insight into the transferable skills of engineering graduates and the diversity of careers they enter.
This document summarizes data from the 2016 Australian census about employment outcomes for engineering bachelor graduates. It finds that 25% of engineering graduates work as professional engineers, with declining employment rates in and out of the engineering field since 2011. Even for professional engineering roles, there is significant competition from non-engineers. The document raises questions about how universities portray career outcomes to students and whether engineering curricula adequately prepare students for available roles.
1. The document discusses evaluation in engineering education, with a focus on potential data sources, ethics, representativeness, modelling, confounding factors, and publishing work.
2. It provides examples of using student marks, surveys, artefacts, learning management system data, census data, and social media data for evaluation purposes.
3. Models discussed include correlations, linear and logistic regression to explore relationships between factors and predict outcomes like student pass rates.
4. The goal is to evaluate initiatives and practices to identify areas for improvement, with the results potentially published in engineering education journals.
This study analyzed tweets containing three hashtags (#PCEHR, #MyHealthRecord, and #MyHR) related to personal electronic health records in Australia from August 2016 to August 2017. Time sequence and network analysis identified six influential users who discussed supporting or opposing views on the topic. The research aims to understand representation of Australia's national electronic health record system on Twitter and identify ways social media could better facilitate public engagement on this issue.
1. The document analyzes the Twitter engagement of a multinational engineering services company over three 6-month periods from 2016 to 2017.
2. Text analysis of the company's tweets and tweets mentioning them showed limited conversation, with the company mostly using Twitter as a megaphone rather than engaging in dialogue.
3. While the number of tweets from the company decreased over time, the number of tweets mentioning the company doubled, showing it was being discussed more even if not directly engaging. Overall there were about 10 times as many mentions as tweets from the company.
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1. Evaluation of the Robustness of Surface
Characterisation of Carbon Fibre Composites
Using Wavelet Texture Analysis
Associate Professor Stuart Palmer
Faculty of Science and Technology
Deakin University, Australia
Dr Wayne Hall
Griffith School of Engineering
Griffith University, Australia
1
2. Introduction
The mechanical properties of composites are important
for their structural performance
But, quality of finish on visible surfaces is also important
for customer satisfaction
Currently, surface finish assessment is often based on
human observation, which is time consuming, subjective
and not appropriate for automation
The wavelet transform has the ability to effectively
characterise many engineering surfaces
2
3. The 2D discrete wavelet transform (2DDWT)
Produces a nearly orthogonal decomposition of an
image into coefficients that separately represent the
information in the image in:
• 3 orientations (horizontal, vertical and diagonal);
• and, different scales (scale=characteristic dimension)
The 2DDWT is an iterative decomposition where the
scale doubles each step, until the limit of the image
resolution is reached
3
5. The 2D discrete wavelet transform (2DDWT)
Original image
Decomposition cD1v cD1d
cA1 cD1h
level 1
5
6. The 2D discrete wavelet transform (2DDWT)
Original image
Decomposition cD1v cD1d
cA1 cD1h
level 1
Decomposition
cA2 h
cD2
v
cD2 cD2d
level 2
6
7. The 2D discrete wavelet transform (2DDWT)
Original image
Decomposition cD1v cD1d
cA1 cD1h
level 1
Decomposition
cA2 h
cD2
v
cD2 cD2d
level 2
Decomposition cAJ cD Jh
v
cD J cDJd
level J
7
8. The 2D discrete wavelet transform (2DDWT)
Original image
Decomposition cD1v cD1d
cA1 cD1h
level 1
Decomposition
cA2 h
cD2
v
cD2 cD2d
level 2
Decomposition cAJ cD Jh
v
cD J cDJd
level J
8
9. The 2D discrete wavelet transform (2DDWT)
It is possible to selectively re-assemble images:
Detail coefficients from Detail coefficients from Original image
levels 2-4 levels 5-6
9
10. Wavelet texture analysis (WTA)
Energy measure computed for detail coefficient sets:
cD1h cD1v cD1d
h
cD2
v
cD2 cD2d
cAJ cD Jh
v
cD J cDJd
10
11. Wavelet texture analysis (WTA)
Energy measure computed for detail coefficient sets:
1 k 2
E jk cD j F J j 1; k h, v , d E1h E1v E1d
M N
where:
j is the wavelet analysis scale/level
k is the wavelet detail coefficient set
E 2h
v
E2 E2d
orientation (horiz., vert. or diagon.)
J is the maximum analysis scale/level
M×N is the size of the coefficient set
and:
2
2
A a ij v
E Jd
F i, j
cAJ E Jh EJ
11
12. Wavelet texture analysis (WTA)
A texture feature vector is created from the energy set
for each sample image:
[E1h, E1v, E1d, E2h, E2v, E2d, … EJh, EJv, EJd]
The texture feature vectors for all samples are used as
the inputs for principal components analysis (PCA)
PCA uses linear algebra to transform a set of correlated
variables into a smaller set of uncorrelated variables
called ‘principal components’
PC1=l1E1h+l2E1v+l3E1d+l4E2h+l5E2v+l6E2d…
12
13. Method
Typical clear resin sample images for the three grades of
surface finish
Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3
13
16. Robustness of the WTA method
Given these promising results, the following work
presents an evaluation of the robustness of the WTA
method to common process errors that can occur in the
imaging of material samples; those being:
• horizontal and/or vertical translation;
• rotation; and
• dilation
16
64. Conclusions
The results obtained indicate that the WTA method is
robust to:
• significant horizontal and/or vertical translations of the
sample being imaged;
• significant rotation of the sample being imaged; and
• significant dilation of the sample being imaged
Gross rotation and/or dilation of the sample being
imaged can impact of the repeatability of the WTA
method
64
65. Thank you for your time
Presentation: http://ow.ly/diQxn (~40 MB)
65
Editor's Notes
For each of the 3 grades,[CLICK] a 1st sample was windowed from the centre of the sample panel. Here we show grade 3.[CLICK] the window was then translated to the left/west[CLICK] the window was then translated up/north-west[CLICK] the window was then translated right/north[CLICK…] and so on for 9 samplesThe PC1 scores are computed using the previously established calibrationVariation in the PC1 scores between the translated images is observed within each grade; however there is no over-lap between the grades, indicating that the WTA method is robust to significant horizontal and/or vertical translation of the sample being imaged