Basics of data- sources & presentation

1. SOURCES AND PRESENTATION OF
DATA
PRESENTED BY :
Dr.VIJAYKUMAR R
(1st year pg-community medicine)

2. APPROACH
 INTRODUCTION
 SOURCES OF DATA
 TYPES OF DATA
 COLLECTION OF DATA
 PRESENTATION OF :
• QUANTITATIVE DATA
• QUALITATIVE DATA

3. WHAT IS DATA?HOW IS IT USEFUL?
 DATA is one of the most important and vital aspect of any
research studies.
 DATA –Measured/counted facts/piece of information stated as
“figure”-such as height of person,birth weight of baby
 Researchers conducted in different fields of study can be
different in methodology but every research is based on data
which is analyzed and interpreted to get information.
 Data is the basic unit in statistical studies.
 Statistical information like census, population variables,
health statistics, and road accidents records are all developed
from data.

4. WHAT IS BIOSTATISCS?AND IT’S
USES?
 BIOSTATISTICS-It is the term used when tools of statistics
are applied to the data that is derived from biological
sciences such as medicine.
 USES :
 Factors contributing change in structure of population
eg;birth,death rate.
 Measurement of biological parameter eg; blood pressure,height.
 Mesurement of disease in a community eg;morbidity,mortality.
 Assocition between causative factor and effect eg;smoking-cancer
 Evaluation of preventive strategies eg;efficacy of vaccine.
 Utilization of services eg;vaccine coverage,rate of admission in
hospitals.

5. TYPES OF DATA

6. SOURCES OF DATA
PRIMARY DATA
 Need to be generated
 First hand information
 Questionarre required
 Requires more time & money
SECONDARY DATA/ ‘DATA MINING’
 Readily available
 Second hand information
 No questionarre required
 Requires less time &money

7. PRIMARYDATA
 Primary data means original data that has been
collected specially for the purpose in mind.
 Primary data has not been published yet and is
more reliable, authentic and objective. Primary data
has not been changed or altered by human beings;
therefore its validity is greater than secondarydata.

8.  Survey
Survey is most commonly used method in social sciences, management,
marketing and psychology to some extent. Surveys can be conducted in different
methods.
 Questionnaire
Questionnaire is the most commonly used method in survey.
Questionnaires are a list of questions either an open-ended or close - ended for
which the respondent give answers. Questionnaire can be conducted via
telephone, mail, live in a public area, or in an institute, through electronic mail or
through fax and othermethods.” “GUIDED QUESTIONAIRRE”
 Interview
Interview is a face-to-face conversation with the respondent. It is slow,
expensive, and they take people away from their regular jobs, but they allow in-
depth questioning and follow-upquestions.
 Observations
Observations can be done while letting the observing person know that
he is being observed or without letting him know. Observations can also be made
in natural settings aswell asin artificially created environment.
“PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION”
COLLECTION OF PRIMARY DATA

9. ADVANTAGE OF PRIMARY DATA
Data interpretation is better.
Targeted Issues are addressed.
Efficient Spending for Information.
Decency of Data.
Addresses Specific Research Issues.
Greater Control.
Proprietary Issues.

10. DISADVANTAGESOFPRIMARYRESEARCH
HighCost
Time Consuming
InaccurateFeed-backs
More numberof resourcesisrequired

11. SECONDARYDATA
 Secondary data is the data that has been already
collected by and readily available from other sources.
 It means that one purpose's Primary Data is another
purpose's Secondary Data. So that secondary data is
data that is being reused.
 Such data are more quickly obtainable than the
primarydata.
 These secondary data may be obtained from many
sources, including literature, industry surveys,
compilations from computerized databases and
information systems, and computerized or
mathematical models of environmentalprocesses.

12. PUBLISHED PRINTED SOURCES
There are varieties of published printed sources. Their credibility depends
on many factors. For example, on the writer, publishing company and time and date
when published. New sources are preferred and old sources should be avoided as
new technology and researchesbring new facts into light.
Books
Books are available today on any topic that you want to research. The uses
of books start before even you have selected the topic. After selection of topics
books provide insight on how much work has already been done on the same topic
and you can prepare your literature review. Books are secondary source but most
authentic one in secondarysources.
Journals/periodicals
Journals and periodicals are becoming more important as far as data
collection is concerned. The reason is that journals provide up-to-date information
which at times books cannot and secondly, journals can give information on the very
specific topic on which you are researching rather talking about more generaltopics.
Magazines/Newspapers
Magazines are also effective but not very reliable. Newspaper on the other
hand is more reliable and in some cases the information can only be obtained from
newspapers asin the caseofsome political studies.

13. PublishedElectronic Sources
As internet is becoming more advance, fast and reachable to
the masses; it has been seen that much information that is not
available in printed form is available on internet. In the past the
credibility of internet was questionable but today it is not. The reason
is that in the past journals and books were seldom published on
internet but today almost every journal and book is available online.
Someare free and for others you have to pay theprice.
E-journals: e-journals are more commonly available than printed
journals. Latest journals are difficult to retrieve without subscription
but if your university has an e-library you can view any journal, print it
and those that are not available you canmakean order forthem.
General Websites; Generally websites do not contain very reliable
information so their content should be checked for the reliability
before quoting fromthem.
Weblogs: Weblogs are also becoming common. They are actually
diaries written by different people. These diaries are as reliable to use
aspersonal written diaries.

14. Inexpensive
Easilyaccessible
Immediately available
Will provide essentialbackgroundandhelp to
clarifyor refine researchproblem– essential
for literature review
Secondarydata sourceswill provide research
methodalternatives.
Will alsoalert the researcherto anypotential
difficulties.
ADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA

15. DISADVANTAGESOFSECONDARYDATA
*Not immediately available – takes time to define problem, sampling frame, method and
analysis.
*Not as readily accessible
*Incomplete Information

16. PRESENTATION OF DATA
 Data collected should be compiled and must be checked
for accuracy and adequacy before processing further.
 It should be concise without losing the details.
 Should Arouse interest in the reader.
 Define the problem and suggest the solution too.
 For good presentation of data essential requirements are
• Full labeling
• Simplicity and
• honesty

17. METHODS OF PRESENTING THE DATA
TWO MAIN METHODS ARE :
1) FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLES
2) FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAMS
1)FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLES:
 It groups large number of series/observation and presents the data very
concisely,giving all information at a glamce.
 The number of person in each group is called frequency.
 All the frequencies considered together forms the frequency distribution.
 It records how frequently a characteristic or an event occurs in persons of
same group.

18. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

19. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM
BAR
Simple
Multiple
Component
Pie
Pictogram
Spot Map
Histogram
Frequency Polygon
Frequency curve
Cummulative
frequency/Ogive
 Line diagram
 Box and Whisker
 Scatter Diagram
Correlation Diagram
Qualitative Data
12/08/2012 172
Quantitative Data
Dr.KusumGaur

20. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1stQtr
2ndQtr
3rdQtr 12%
12/08/2012Dr.KusumGaur 175
Simple Bar diagram
82%
32%
14%
12%
4thQtr

21. 12/08/2012Dr.KusumGaur 176
Multiple Bar diagram
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
(1) Very Dissatisfied (2)Dissatisfied (3) neither satisfied
nor dissatisfied
(4)Satisfied (5) VerySatisfied
(1) 1-5 Years
(2) 6-10 Years
(3) 11 & AboveYears

22. 12/08/2012Dr.KusumGaur 177

23. PropotionofPie =(Proportionof thatvariable)(360)Degree
1st Qtr
2ndQtr
3rd Qtr
4thQtr
12%
12/08/2012Dr.KusumGaur 178
Pie diagram
82%
32%
14%

24. PICTOGRAM

25. SPOT MAP

26. HISTOGRAM

28. FREQUENCY CURVE

29. 2
1
0
7
6
5
4
3
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Series2
Series1
12/08/2012Dr.KusumGaur 179
Line diagram
Shows “TREND”

30. CUMMULATIVE FREQUENCY/
OGIVE

31. 12/08/2012Dr.KusumGaur 181
Scatter Diagram
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
DurationofDiabetes
No. ofPatients
Duration of diabetes inyrs.
Linear (Duration of diabetes inyrs.)

32. CORRELATION FREQUENCY
DIAGRAM

33. BOX AND WHISKER PLOT
 The ends of the box are the upper and lower quartiles, so the box spans the
interquartile range.
 the median is marked by a vertical line inside the box.
 the whiskers are the two lines outside the box that extend to the highest and
lowest observations.

34. FOREST PLOT
 A forest plot, also known as a blobbogram, is a graphical display of estimated
results from a number of scientific studies addressing the same question, along with
the overall results

35. THANKYOU