This document discusses literature reviews, data collection, bibliographies, and citation styles. It provides information on how to conduct literature reviews and outlines their key components. It also discusses different methods of primary and secondary data collection. The document concludes by defining bibliographies and citations, listing examples of citations in MLA, APA, and Harvard styles, and distinguishing between bibliographies and citations.

1. LITERATURE REVIEW,
DATA COLLECTION, bibliography
&
CITATION GROUP MEMBERS
GC HASSAN RABBANI
GC HAROON UR RASHID
GC JABRAN NAVEED CHEEMA
GC RAO TALAT SAEED
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2. Literature review
 A literature review is a text of a scholarly paper, which includes the current
knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and
methodological contributions to a particular topic.
 It uses data from secondary sources, and does not report new or original
experimental work
 It is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited
scholars and researchers
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3.  As a piece of writing, the literature review must be defined by a guiding concept (e.g.,
your research objective, the problem you are discussing, or your argumentative thesis).
 In writing the literature review, your purpose is to convey to your reader what knowledge
and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses
are.
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4. A literature review must do these things:
 Be organized around and related directly to the research question you are developing
 Synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known
 Identify areas of controversy in the literature
 Formulate questions that need further research
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5. Ask yourself questions like these:
 What is the specific thesis, problem, or research question that my literature review helps to
define?
 What type of literature review am I conducting? Am I looking at issues of theory?
methodology? policy? quantitative research (e.g. on the effectiveness of a new
procedure)? qualitative research (e.g., studies )?
 What is the scope of my literature review? What types of publications am I using (e.g.,
journals, books, government documents, popular media)?
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6.  How good was my information seeking? Has my search been wide enough to ensure I've
found all the relevant material? Has it been narrow enough to exclude irrelevant material? Is
the number of sources I've used appropriate for the length of my paper?
 Have I critically analyzed the literature I use? Do I follow through a set of concepts? Instead
of just listing and summarizing items, do I assess them, discussing strengths and weaknesses?
 Have I cited and discussed studies contrary to my perspective?
 Will the reader find my literature review relevant, appropriate, and useful?
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7. DATA COLLECTION
• INTRODUCTION
• IMPORTANCE OF DATA AND DATA COLLECTION
• DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES
• PRIMARY DATA
• SOURCES OF PRIMARY DATA
• ADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY DATA
• DISADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY DATA
• SECONDARY DATA
• SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATA
• ADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA
• DISADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA
• CONCLUSION
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8. INTRODUCTION
 Data can be defined as the quantitative or qualitative values of a variable.
 Data is plural of datum which literally means to give or something given.
 Data is the lowest unit of information from which other measurements and analysis can be
done.
 Data can be numbers, images, words, figures, facts or ideas.
 Data in itself cannot be understood.
 Data must be interpret into meaningful information.
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9. IMPORTANCE OF DATA AND DATA
COLLECTION
 Data is one of the most important aspect of any research studies.
 Researches in every field of study based on data which is analyzed and
interpreted to get information.
 Data is the basic unit in statistical studies.
 Statistical information like census, population variables, health statistics,
and road accidents records are all developed from data.
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10. DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES
There are two main types of data collection techniques.
1. Primary data collection techniques
2. Secondary data collection techniques
Primary data collection uses surveys, experiments or direct observations.
Secondary data collection may be conducted by collecting information from a
diverse source of documents or electronically stored information, census and
market studies, reports, books, journals, documents, magazines, the web and more.
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11. PRIMARY DATA
 Primary data means original data
 It has been collected specially for the purpose in mind.
 It is collected from the original source first hand.
 Primary data has not been published yet.
 It is more reliable, authentic and objective.
 Primary data has not been changed or altered by human beings; therefore its validity is
greater than secondary data.
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12. SOURCES OF PRIMARY DATA
Survey
Survey is most commonly used method in social sciences, management, marketing and
psychology to some extent
Questionnaire
Questionnaires are a list of questions either an open-ended or close -ended for which the
respondent give answers. Questionnaire can be conducted via telephone, mail, live in a
public area, or in an institute, through electronic mail or through fax and other methods.
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13. Interview
Interview is a face-to-face conversation with the respondent. It is slow, but they
allows in-depth questioning and follow-up questions.
Observations
Observations can be done while letting the observing person know that he is being
observed or without letting him know. Observations can also be made in natural settings
as well as in artificially created environment.
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14. ADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY DATA
 Data interpretation is better.
 Targeted Issues are addressed.
 Efficient Spending for Information.
 Decency of Data.
 Addresses Specific Research Issues.
 Greater Control.
 Proprietary Issues.
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15. DISADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY DATA
 High Cost
 Time Consuming
 Inaccurate Feed-backs
 More number of resources is required
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16. SECONDARY DATA
 Data collected by someone other than the user
 Data that has been already collected and is readily availableI is more quickly
obtainable than the primary data.
 Secondary data may be obtained from literature, industry surveys, compilations
from computerized databases and information systems, and computerized or
mathematical models of environmental processes.
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17. SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATA
Published Printed Sources
There are varieties of published printed sources. Their credibility depends on
many factors. For example, on the writer, publishing company and time and date
when published.
Books
Books are available today on any topic that you want to research. Books are
secondary source but most authentic one in secondary sources.
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18. Journals/periodicals
Journals and periodicals are becoming more important as far as data collection is
concerned. The reason is that journals provide up-to-date information which at times
books cannot and secondly, journals can give information on the very specific topic on
which you are researching rather talking about more general topics.
Magazines/Newspapers
Magazines are also effective but not very reliable. Newspaper on the other hand is
more reliable and in some cases the information can only be obtained
from newspapers as in the case of some political studies.
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19. ADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA
 Inexpensive
 Easily accessible
 Immediately available
 Will provide essential background and help to clarify or refine research problem – essential
for literature review
 Secondary data sources will provide research method alternatives.
 Will also alert the researcher to any potential difficulties.
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20. DISADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA
 Takes time to define problem, sampling frame, method and analysis.
 Not as readily accessible
 Incomplete Information
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21. CONCLUSION
Primary research entails the use of immediate data in determining the survival of the
market. The popular ways to collect primary data consist of surveys, interviews and
focus groups, which shows that direct relationship between potential customers and
the companies. Whereas secondary research is a means to reprocess and reuse
collected information as an indication for betterments of the service or product.
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22. Bibliography
A Bibliography is a list of the sources you used to get information for your
report. It is included at the end of your report, on the last page (or last few
pages)
 It is easier to prepare a bibliography if you keep track of each book,
encyclopedia, or article you use as you are reading and taking notes.
 The main purpose of a bibliography entry is to give credit to other authors
whose work you've consulted in your research.
 Another purpose of a bibliography is to make it easy for a curious reader
to find the source you've used.
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23. Examples
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For a book:
Author (last name first). Title of the book. City: Publisher, Date of publication.
EXAMPLE: Dahl, Roald. The BFG. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1982.
For a magazine:
Author (last name first), "Article Title." Name of magazine. Volume number, (Date): page numbers.
EXAMPLE: Jordan, Jennifer, "Filming at the Top of the World." Museum of Science Magazine. Volume 47, No. 1,
(Winter 1998): p. 11.
For a newspaper:
Author (last name first), "Article Title." Name of newspaper, city, state of publication. (date): edition if available,
section, page number(s).
EXAMPLE: Powers, Ann, "New Tune for the Material Girl." The New York Times, New York, NY. (3/1/98): Atlantic
Region, Section 2, p. 34.

24. Citation
A Citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source.
 It is is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of
an intellectual work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of
the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation
appears.
 In higher education when ever you include a fact or piece of information
in an assignment or essay you must also include where and how you found
that piece of information. Even if you 'just know it' - it has to of come from
somewhere
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25. Types Of Citations
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•APA. APA (American Psychological Association) is an author/date based style. This means
emphasis is placed on the author and the date of a piece of work to uniquely identify it.
•MLA. MLA (Modern Language Association) is most often applied by the arts and humanities,
particularly in the USA. It is arguably the most well used of all of the citation styles.
•Harvard. which is very similar to APA. Where APA is primarily used in the USA, Harvard
referencing is the most well used referencing style in the UK and Australia, and is encouraged for
use with the humanities.

26. MLA Citation Style
Author(s)
Title of Book,
Website or
Article
Place of
Publication
Publisher or
Database
Date Pages
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Journal Article
Devine, Patricia G., and Steven J. Sherman. "Intuitive Versus Rational
Judgment and the Role of Stereotyping in the Human Condition:
Kirk or Spock?“ England Literature Resource Center (1992): 153-59.
Format

27. APA Citation Style
Format
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of
article. Title of Online Periodical, volume number(issue number if
available). Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Example
Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List
Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved from
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving
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28. Harvard Citation Style
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29. Bibliography vs Citation
 Bibliography and Citation both are used in research methodology.
 Bibliography refers to the list of books and journals in an alphabetical order, referred to by the
researcher in writing his or her thesis.
 Citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source. It is included within the body of a
work to acknowledge the relevance of the work of the other writer to the topic of discussion at
the particular location where the citation appears.
 Bibliography is done to let the reader know the books and journals you have referred to as a
researcher in writing your thesis. Whereas, purpose of citation is intellectual honesty. You want to
give due credit to a particular author for the quotation you have picked from his work in support
of your work.
 Both bibliography and citation jointly contribute to the formation of a thesis. Bibliography usually
appears towards the end of the thesis. On the other hand citation occurs at various places
wherever there are relevant quotations.
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