The document discusses primary and secondary data collection techniques. It defines primary data as original data collected specifically for the research purpose, while secondary data is data that has already been collected from other sources. Some primary data collection techniques mentioned include questionnaires, surveys, observations, and interviews. Secondary data sources include published printed materials like books and journals, as well as published electronic sources like websites and databases. The advantages of secondary data include lower costs and immediate availability, while disadvantages include potential incompleteness and lack of timeliness. The document also discusses indicators, which are variables that help measure changes, and describes characteristics like validity, objectivity, sensitivity and specificity that make for ideal indicators.

1. By / Mahmoud Shaqria
‫شقريه‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫محمود‬

2. 1-Definition of data collection
2-Importance of data collection
3-Data collection techniques
4-primary data
5-Sources of primary data
6-Advatages of primary data
7-disadvantages of primary data
8-Secodary data
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3. 9-Sources of secondary data
10-Advantages of secondary data
11-Disadvantages of secondary data
12-what is the indicators
13-Uses of indicators
14-characteristics of ideal indicators
15-Types of indicators
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4.  is the systematic approach to gather & measure
information from a variety of sources to get a
complete and accurate picture of an area of interest.
 Data can be numbers, images ,words , fatigue ,facts
, or ideas. Data in itself cannot meaningful
information.
 Then are various method of interpreting data. Data
source are broadly classified into primary and
secondary data.

5.  Data is one of the most important and vital
aspect of any research studies-
 - Researcher conducted in different fields of
study can be different in methodology but every
research is based on data which is analyzed and
interpreted to get information
 Data is the basic unit in statistics studies
 Statistical information like census , population,
variables, health statistics, and road accidents
records are all developed from data
 Data is important in computer science

6.  There are two sources of data collection
techniques. Primary and secondary data
collection techniques, primary data collection
uses survey, experiments or direct
observation.
 Secondary data collection may be conducted
by collection information from adverse from a
diverse source of documents or electronically
stored information

7. Primary
Secondary

8. Primary
Questionnaire
Survey
Observations
Interview

9. PUPLISHED PRINTED sources
PUPLISHED ELECTRONIC
sources

10. - Original data that has been collected
specially for the purpose in mind.
- It means some one collected data from the
original source first hand.
- Primary data has not been changed or
altered by human being therefore its validity
is greater than secondary.

11. Is most commonly used in social sciences,
management, marketing & psychology to some
extent.

12. - Is most commonly used in survey.
-A realist of questions either open ended or close
ended for which the responded give answers.
- Can be conducted via telephone, mail, public
area, an institute through electronic mail or fax.

13. - Face to face conversation with the
respondent.
- It is slow, expensive & take people away from
either jobs they allow in-depth questioning
follow up questions.

14. Can be done while letting the observing
person know that he is being observed or
without letting him know.
Can be made in natural setting as well as
artificially created environment

15. 1. Data interpretation is better.
2. Targeted issues are address.
3. Greater control.
4. Efficient spending for information .
5. Addresses specific research issues-
6. Proprietary issues.

16. 1. High cost.
2. Inaccurate feed back.
3. More number of resources is required
4. Time consuming

17. PUPLISHED PRINTED sources
PUPLISHED ELECTRONIC sources

18. - Data that has been collected by and readily
available from other sources.
- Are more quickly obtainable than primary.
- May be obtained from many sources including
literature, industry, complications from
computerized or mathematical models of
environmental processes

19. new sources are preferred - old sources should be
avoided as new technology- researches bring
new facts into light.
Books:-
are available today on any topic that you want to
research . The uses of books start before even
you have selected topic , after selection of topics
books provide insight on how much work has
already been done on the same topic and you can
prepare your literature review , books are
secondary source but most authentic one in
secondary sources.

20. Journals/ periodical:- very important
the reason is that Journals provide up to date
information which at times books cannot secondly.
give information on the very specific topic on which
you are researching rather talking about more
general topics.
magazines/ newspapers:- are also effective but
very reliable.
is more reliable& in some cases the information
can only be obtained from newspapers in case of
some political studies.

21.  Published electronic sources As internet is
becoming more advance , fast and reachable to
the masses ;it has been seen that much
information that is not available in printed from
is available on internet .
 In the past the creditability of internet was
questionable but today it is not . The reason is
that in the past journals and books were seldom
published on internet but today almost very
journal and book are available online. Some are
free and for others you have to pay the price.

22.  E.journal are more commonly available than
printed journals. Latest journals are difficult
to retrieve without subscription but if your
university has an e-library you can view any
journal ,print it and those that are not
available you can make an order for them.

23.  General websites do not contain very reliable
information so their content should be
checked for the reliability before quoting
from them.

24.  Weblogs are also becoming common . They
are actually diaries written by different people
.these diaries are as reliable to use as
personal written diaries.

25. As internet is becoming more advance, fast, reachable.
Advantages of Secondary data:-
1. Inexpensive.
2. Easily accessible.
3. Immediately available.
4. Will provide essential back ground& help to clarify or
refine research problem- essential for literature
review.
5. Will provide research method alternatives.
6. Alert the research to any potential difficulties.
7. May answer research question.

26. 1. Isn't immediately available( takes time to
define problem, sampling frame, method to
analyze
2. Incomplete information.
3. Not specific to researches needs.
4. Not timely.

27.  Variables which help to measure changes
often they are used to measure changes
cannot be measured directly

28. Markers of progress
Motivate people to action.
Help in the identification of priorities.
Stimulate action where necessary.
Force policy makers and managers to rethink appropriate
strategies.
Monitor the progress overall socio-economic development.
Monitor health programs at different levels

29.  Valid: Measure what they are supposed to
measure.
 Objective: The answer should be the same
if measured by different people
in similar circumstances.
 Sensitive: Sensitive to changes in situation.
 Specific: Reflect changes only in the
situation.

30.  Health Policy indicators.
 Social and economic indicators.
 Indicators of provision of health care.
 Indicators of health status.

31.  Political commitment to HFA.
 Resource allocation.
 Degree if equity distribution of health resources
 Community involvement attaining HFA.
 Organization framework and managerial process

32.  Rate of population increase.
 Income distribution.
 Gross national product
 Work condition.
 Adult literacy rate.
 Housing.
 Food availability.

33.  Coverage by HPC.
 Coverage by referral system.
 Number of hospital /population, doctor/population rate

34.  Nutritional status and psychosocial development of
children.
 Infant mortality rate.
 Child mortality rate.
 Maternal mortality rate
 Life expectancy at birth or other specific ages

35. Thank you…