1. In this module we will determine the stress in a
beam caused by bending.
2. How to find the variation of the shear and
moment in these members.
3. Then once the internal moment is determined,
the maximum bending stress can be calculated.
Bending Stresses are important in the design of beams from strength point of view. The present source gives an idea on theory and problems in bending stresses.
This document gives the class notes of Unit 6: Bending and shear Stresses in beams. Subject: Mechanics of materials.
Syllabus contest is as per VTU, Belagavi, India.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
Bending Stresses are important in the design of beams from strength point of view. The present source gives an idea on theory and problems in bending stresses.
This document gives the class notes of Unit 6: Bending and shear Stresses in beams. Subject: Mechanics of materials.
Syllabus contest is as per VTU, Belagavi, India.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
Young's modulus by single cantilever methodPraveen Vaidya
Young's modulus is a method to find the elasticity of a given solid material. The present article gives the explanation how to perform the experiment to determine the young's modulus by the use of material in the form of cantilever. The single cantilever method is used here.
Ekeeda is an online portal which creates and provides exclusive content for all branches engineering.To have more updates you can goto www.ekeeda.com..or you can contact on 8433429809...
Reliability Analysis of the Sectional Beams Due To Distribution of Shearing S...researchinventy
This paper shows the results of the Reliability Analysis of the sectional beams due to distribution of Shear Stress. It is assumed that the load was uniformly distributed over the beam. It is discussed that the distribution of shear stress over the beam. It is discussed that the average shears stress and maximum shear stress across the section of the beam for Weibull distribution. The reliability analysis of distribution of shearing stresses over sectional beams is performed. Also it is derived that the hazard functions for these types of beams. Reliability comparison has also been done for the sectional beams. It is observed that the reliability of the beam decreased when the width (b) of the beam decreases, and the load (F) is high. The reliability of the beam is increased when the height (h) of the triangular section increases , diameter(d) of the circular beam is increased and parameter 푘 decreasses
This unit covers Types of stresses & strains,
Hooke’s law, stress-strain diagram,
Working stress,
Factor of safety,
Lateral strain,
Poisson’s ratio, volumetric strain,
Elastic moduli,
Deformation of simple and compound bars under axial load,
Analysis of composite bar with varying cross section.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Young's modulus by single cantilever methodPraveen Vaidya
Young's modulus is a method to find the elasticity of a given solid material. The present article gives the explanation how to perform the experiment to determine the young's modulus by the use of material in the form of cantilever. The single cantilever method is used here.
Ekeeda is an online portal which creates and provides exclusive content for all branches engineering.To have more updates you can goto www.ekeeda.com..or you can contact on 8433429809...
Reliability Analysis of the Sectional Beams Due To Distribution of Shearing S...researchinventy
This paper shows the results of the Reliability Analysis of the sectional beams due to distribution of Shear Stress. It is assumed that the load was uniformly distributed over the beam. It is discussed that the distribution of shear stress over the beam. It is discussed that the average shears stress and maximum shear stress across the section of the beam for Weibull distribution. The reliability analysis of distribution of shearing stresses over sectional beams is performed. Also it is derived that the hazard functions for these types of beams. Reliability comparison has also been done for the sectional beams. It is observed that the reliability of the beam decreased when the width (b) of the beam decreases, and the load (F) is high. The reliability of the beam is increased when the height (h) of the triangular section increases , diameter(d) of the circular beam is increased and parameter 푘 decreasses
This unit covers Types of stresses & strains,
Hooke’s law, stress-strain diagram,
Working stress,
Factor of safety,
Lateral strain,
Poisson’s ratio, volumetric strain,
Elastic moduli,
Deformation of simple and compound bars under axial load,
Analysis of composite bar with varying cross section.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
3. In this module we will determine the stress in a
beam caused by bending.
How to find the variation of the shear and
moment in these members.
Then once the internal moment is determined,
the maximum bending stress can be calculated.
4. 3.1 Bending stresses:
Theory of pure Bending, Assumptions, Flexural formula for straight beams, moment of
resistance, bending stress distribution, Section modulus, beams of uniform strength.
3.2 Direct & Bending Stresses:
Combined stresses, Eccentricity, Stress distribution, Core /kernel of Section.
3.3 Shear Stresses:
Distribution of shear stresses for the section of beam.
Module 3
5. Here is an example of where combined
axial and bending stress can occur.
Beams are important structural members used in
building construction. Their design is often based
upon their ability to resist bending stress.
6. Note the distortion of the lines due to bending of this rubber bar. The top line
stretches, the bottom line compresses, and the center line remains the same
length. Furthermore the vertical lines rotate and yet remain straight.
7. This wood specimen failed in bending due to its fibers being
crushed at its top and torn apart at its bottom.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12. BENDING STRESSES IN BEAMS
Beams are subjected to bending moment and shearing forces
which vary from section to section. To resist the bending
moment and shearing force, the beam section develops
stresses.
Bending is usually associated with shear. However, for
simplicity we neglect effect of shear and consider moment
alone ( this is true when the maximum bending moment is
considered---- shear is ZERO) to find the stresses due to
bending. Such a theory wherein stresses due to bending alone
is considered is known as PURE BENDING or SIMPLE
BENDING theory.
13. Example of pure bending
W W
SFD
-
+
a a
A B
VA= W VB= W
C D
BMD
Wa Wa
+
Pure bending
between C & D
16. BENDING ACTION
•Sagging-> Fibres below the neutral axis (NA) get stretched -> Fibres
are under tension
•Fibres above the NA get compressed -> Fibres are in compression
•Hogging -> Vice-versa
•In between there is a fibre or layer which neither undergoes tension
nor compression. This layer is called Neutral Layer (stresses are
zero).
•The trace of this layer on the c/s is called the Neutral Axis.
17. Assumptions made in Pure bending theory
1) The beam is initially straight and every layer is free to
expand or contract.
2) The material is homogenous and isotropic.
3) Young’s modulus (E) is same in both tension and
compression.
4) Stresses are within the elastic limit.
5) The radius of curvature of the beam is very large in
comparison to the depth of the beam.
18. 6) A transverse section of the beam which is plane before bending
will remain plane even after bending.
7) Stress is purely longitudinal.
19. DERIVATION OF PURE BENDING EQUATION
Relationship between bending stress and radius of curvature.
PART I:
20. Consider the beam section of length “dx” subjected to pure
bending. After bending the fibre AB is shortened in length,
whereas the fibre CD is increased in length.
In b/w there is a fibre (EF) which is neither shortened in length
nor increased in length (Neutral Layer).
Let the radius of the fibre E'F′ be R . Let us select one more fibre
GH at a distance of ‘y’ from the fibre EF as shown in the fig.
EF= E'F′ = dx = R dθ
The initial length of fibre GH equals R dθ
After bending the new length of GH equals
G'H′= (R+y) dθ
= R dθ + y dθ
21. Change in length of fibre GH = (R dθ + y dθ) - R dθ = y dθ
Therefore the strain in fibre GH
Є= change in length / original length= y dθ/ R dθ
Є = y/R
If σ ь is the bending stress and E is the Young’s modulus of the material,
then strain
Є = σ ь/E
σ ь /E = y/R => σ ь = (E/R) y---------(1)
σ ь = (E/R) y => i.e. bending stress in any fibre is proportional to the
distance of the fibre (y) from the neutral axis and hence maximum
bending stress occurs at the farthest fibre from the neutral axis.
22. Note: Neutral axis coincides with the horizontal centroidal axis of
the cross section
N A
σc
σt
23. on one side of the neutral axis there are compressive stresses and on
the other there are tensile stresses. These stresses form a couple,
whose moment must be equal to the external moment M. The
moment of this couple, which resists the external bending moment,
is known as moment of resistance.
Moment of resistance
σc
Neutral Axis
σt
24. Moment of resistance
Consider an elemental area ‘da’ at a distance ‘y’ from the neutral axis.
The force on this elemental area = σ ь × da
= (E/R) y × da {from (1)}
The moment of this resisting force about neutral axis =
(E/R) y da × y = (E/R) y² da
da
y
N A
25. Total moment of resistance offered by the beam section,
M'= (E/R) y² da
= E/R y² da
y² da =second moment of the area =moment of inertia about the
neutral axis.
M'= (E/R) INA
For equilibrium moment of resistance (M') should be equal to
applied moment M
i.e. M' = M
Hence. We get M = (E/R) INA
26. (E/R) = (M/INA)--------(2)
From equation 1 & 2, (M/INA)= (E/R) = (σ ь /y) ----
BENDING EQUATION.
(Bernoulli-Euler bending equation)
Where E= Young’s modulus, R= Radius of curvature,
M= Bending moment at the section,
INA= Moment of inertia about neutral axis,
σ ь= Bending stress
y = distance of the fibre from the neutral axis
27. σ max = the maximum normal stress in the
member, which occurs at a point on the cross-
sectional area farthest away from the neutral axis.
M = the resultant internal moment, determined
from the method of sections and the equations of
equilibrium, and calculated about the neutral axis
of the cross section
Y = perpendicular distance from the neutral axis to
a point farthest away from the neutral axis. This is
where σ max acts.
I = moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area
about the neutral axis
28. (M/I)=(σ ь /y)
or σ ь = (M/I) y
Its shows maximum bending stress occurs at the greatest distance
from the neutral axis.
Let ymax = distance of the extreme fibre from the N.A.
σ ь(max) = maximum bending stress at distance ymax
σ ь(max) = (M/I) y max
where M is the maximum moment carrying capacity of the section,
SECTION MODULUS:
M = σ ь(max) (I /y max)
M = σ ь(max) (I/ymax) = σ ь(max) Z
Where Z= I/ymax= section modulus (property of the section)
Unit ----- mm3 , m3
29. NA
b
b
NA
I
y
M
y
I
M
Moment of resistance or moment
carrying capacity of the beam = M'
External Bending
moment
NA
b
I
y
M
max
max
max
External maximum
Bending moment Maximum Moment of resistance or
maximum moment carrying capacity
of the beam = M'
σbmax
Ymax
σb will be maximum when y = ymax and M = Mmax
30. (1) Rectangular cross section
Z= INA/ ymax
=( bd3/12) / d/2
=bd2/6
section modulus
b
N A
Y max=d/2
d
31. (2) Hollow rectangular section
Z= INA / ymax
=1/12(BD3-bd3) / (D/2)
=(BD3-bd3) / 6D
(3) Circular section
Z= INA / ymax
=(d4/64) / (d/2)
= d3/ 32
B
b
D/2
Ymax=D/2
d/2 D
N A
d
N A
Y max=d/2
33. The simply supported beam in Fig. a has the
cross-sectional area shown in Fig. b. Determine
the maximum bending stress in the beam and
draw the stress distribution over the cross
section at this location. Also, what is the stress
at point B?
34. The simply supported beam in Fig. a has the cross-sectional
area shown in Fig. b. Determine the maximum bending stress
in the beam and draw the stress distribution over the cross
section at this location. Also, what is the stress at point B?
35.
36.
37.
38. A T beam of span 5m has a flange 125 mm x 12.5 mm and web
187.5mm x8mm. If the maximum permissible stress is 150 Mpa,
find the max. UDL the beam can carry.
39. An I section girder 250 mm deep has 20mm thick
web. The top flange is 120 mm x 20 mm and the
bottom flange is 160 mm x 20 mm. The UDL on the
girder is 6KN/m and the Max. stress due to
bending is limited to 70 Mpa. Determine the max.
simply supported span on the girder can be
supported. Also determine the % of BM regsisted
by the flanges.
40.
41.
42.
43. A beam of I section is simply supported over a
span of 4m with an overhang of 1m on either
side of the supports. It carries load W each at
its ends and load 2W at the center. I section
having top flange 100 mm x 20 mm web is 20
mm x 100 mm and bottom flange 180 mm x 20
mm.
Calculate max. value of W, if allowable
bending stresses are 35 Mpa in tension and 45
Mpa in compression.
44.
45.
46. A beam with rectangular C/S of dimension 150
mm x 175mm is loaded as shown in Fig.
Determine the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses acting normal to the
section through the beam.