A B S T R A C T
Economy can be considered as the transversal component of the human activities over territories. This fact can be observed from a diachronic perspective: the way how architectural typologies arose through history. But the relations between Economy and Architecture are not only established by the small scales but the larger ones. Cities and territories evolved from compact forms till spread ones in a parallel way to the arousal of the shopping areas. Urban sprawl could never be understood without these new typologies. The paper is based on the key note speech was held in the International seminar “Economy today” last September 2017 in Andrićgrad (Bosnia and Herzegovina). It is divided in two blocks: the first one relates to a general review of the historical reflections of this relation with a special mention to the consequences of an economic crisis either in the landscape or urban scales. The second part, partially included in the conclusions, reflects on the necessary changes in the university curriculums for a better visualization of this relation. It would imply new attitudes able to explain most of the architectural processes as the formal result of a larger interaction.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018) 2(2), 1-11. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2018.3663
www.ijcua.com
References
Adedeji, J. A. & Arayela, O. (2017). Urban Renewal Strategies and Economic Growth in Ondo State, Nigeria: A Case Study. Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs (JCUA), 2(1), 76-83. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2018.3662
Dobbs R., Smit S., Remes J., Manyika J., Roxburgh Ch., Restrepo A. (2011).Urban world: Mapping the economic power of cities
Iranfar, M. (2018). The Presence of Modernist Architecture in Government’s educational Buildings at Lefkosa. Contemporary Urban Affairs (JCUA), 2(1), 13-21. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2018.3653
Luke, T. (2003). Global Cities vs. “global cities:" Rethinking Contemporary Urbanism as Public Ecology, in Studies in Political Economy 70, Spring 2003
Molotch H. (1976). The City as a Growth Machine: Toward a Political Economy of Place” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 82, No. 2 (Sep., 1976), pp. 309-332
Mumford, E. (2000). The CIAM Discourse on Urbanism, 1928–1960. Cambridge: MIT Press
Smith, N. (2002). New Globalism, New Urbanism :”Gentrification As A Global Urban Strategy ” in Antipode, Volume 34, Issue 3, July 2002 Pages 427–450
The Invention of Capitalism - Michael Perelmanberat celik
The Invention of Capitalism is novel in four major respects. First, it
addresses the question of what determines the social division of labor, the
division of society into independent firms and industries from the per-
spective of classical political economy. It also develops the theoretical
implications of primitive accumulation. Third, this book offers a signifi-
cantly different interpretation of classical political economy, demonstrat-
ing that this school of thought supported the process of primitive ac-
cumulation. Finally, it analyzes the role of primitive accumulation in the
work of Marx. All of these threads come together in helping us to under-
stand how modern capitalism developed and the role of classical political
economy in furthering this process.
Graham, Stephen, and Simon Guy. "Digital space meets urban place: sociotechno...Stephen Graham
In this paper Graham and Guy analyse the political and spatial contestations surrounding the rapid recent growth of gentrifying IT-clusters in downtown San Francisco. The emphasis is on how new, high-capacity internet infrastructures and services, and the technoscientific apparatus to maintain, use and apply such infrastructures, are implicated in the restructuring of politics and landscapes of this particular central city. In particular, the authors focus on the complex urban and technological politics surrounding the ‘dot-com invasion’ of IT entrepreneurs and internet industries to downtown San Francisco. The paper explores how this urban place has been forcefully appropriated as a strategic site of digital capitalism, under intense resistance and contestation from a wide alliance of social movements struggling to maintain the city as a site of Bohemian counter-culture and social and cultural diversity.
Scanned by CamScannerThe shantytowns in Lagos are heavil.docxkenjordan97598
Scanned by CamScanner
The shantytowns in Lagos are heavily concentrated and highly polluted. Photo by Tamira.
In this unit we finished our studies of urbanism which is a good point to recap and analyzed the transformation of our cities. We can identify three major events of transformation. First, is the industrialization in the late 1800’s. The introduction of new building materials such as iron help build higher structures changing the typology of the cities. The second event occurred after WWII and it's known as suburbanization of the city. The third and actual event is the decentralization of the urban fabric forming megacities.
In this unit we also learn that the actual conditions of our postindustrial society is threatened with globalization and hyper-network environments. Scholars claim that the “post industrial economy” is what defines the urban growth. In order to achieve this task, economies rely upon the distribution of systems that feed a global network of data and exchange. In the 1980’s the urban thinker Manual Castells did an analysis of the complex interaction between technology society and space. In his studies, he explains the importance of space and defines it as an expression of our society. Space becomes super complex to understand in this information era which questions the need for a physical space of congregation.
Many scholars have been studying post modern societies and have created concepts such as “Global city” by Saskia Sassen and “Technopoles” by Allan J. Scott. In order to understand this megacities of our era, Robert Fishman, introduced concepts such as; technoburb to describe the reorganization of urban space. This same idea is defined by Garneau the “Edge city” in which Orange County is one of his study grounds.
Now at days, there are many events happening that are affecting the urban organization. These transformations have taken two faces that are expressed in the megacities. The first one is the decentralization and globalization of cities such as; New York, Los Angeles, Tokyo and London. These cities are threatened with placelessness of post modern architecture and the idea of a non-place culture whose identity is not link to any specific society. The other face of the megacities are when the global economy puts you in a bad spot and you become the producer for the consumerist megacities. In George Parker’s article, “Decoding The Chaos Of Lagos,” we have a clear example how this mega city is suffering all the negative aspects of our era where people work only to earn about 2 or 3 dollars per day with poor quality living environment.
Questions:
1. How do you think that globalization and network societies have shaped the urban sprawl of Los Angeles?
2. Taking the place of an urban developer, how would you suggest to fix the differences between the two types of megacities like Lagos Nigeria to Orange County?
Global Capitals and Network Societies
We are just about at the end of our se.
A B S T R A C T
Currently, there exists a disturbing urban problem exemplified by the excessive luxury apartments and glamorous office towers being built in cities around the world in the face of the increasing unaffordability of housing and low-cost work, trade or craft space. Seeking to address this complex problem, this paper proposes a theoretical framework that uniquely addresses both the capitalist economic structure that drives the development process and the Marxist-based urban theory by which the socio-economic outcomes are currently evaluated. This framework takes as its meta-theory, the approach of Thomas Piketty in his recent treatise, “Capital in the Twenty-First Century”, since he deftly employs the Marxist dialectic of labor/capital while investigating the persistent inequality in the history of capitalism by interrogating that system itself. This bifurcated framework of economic analysis affords a new format for examining real estate returns, how they are represented in the market place, who benefits from them, and how resultant inequalities might be avoided in urban development.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018) 2(2), 90-105. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2018.3674
www.ijcua.com
The Invention of Capitalism - Michael Perelmanberat celik
The Invention of Capitalism is novel in four major respects. First, it
addresses the question of what determines the social division of labor, the
division of society into independent firms and industries from the per-
spective of classical political economy. It also develops the theoretical
implications of primitive accumulation. Third, this book offers a signifi-
cantly different interpretation of classical political economy, demonstrat-
ing that this school of thought supported the process of primitive ac-
cumulation. Finally, it analyzes the role of primitive accumulation in the
work of Marx. All of these threads come together in helping us to under-
stand how modern capitalism developed and the role of classical political
economy in furthering this process.
Graham, Stephen, and Simon Guy. "Digital space meets urban place: sociotechno...Stephen Graham
In this paper Graham and Guy analyse the political and spatial contestations surrounding the rapid recent growth of gentrifying IT-clusters in downtown San Francisco. The emphasis is on how new, high-capacity internet infrastructures and services, and the technoscientific apparatus to maintain, use and apply such infrastructures, are implicated in the restructuring of politics and landscapes of this particular central city. In particular, the authors focus on the complex urban and technological politics surrounding the ‘dot-com invasion’ of IT entrepreneurs and internet industries to downtown San Francisco. The paper explores how this urban place has been forcefully appropriated as a strategic site of digital capitalism, under intense resistance and contestation from a wide alliance of social movements struggling to maintain the city as a site of Bohemian counter-culture and social and cultural diversity.
Scanned by CamScannerThe shantytowns in Lagos are heavil.docxkenjordan97598
Scanned by CamScanner
The shantytowns in Lagos are heavily concentrated and highly polluted. Photo by Tamira.
In this unit we finished our studies of urbanism which is a good point to recap and analyzed the transformation of our cities. We can identify three major events of transformation. First, is the industrialization in the late 1800’s. The introduction of new building materials such as iron help build higher structures changing the typology of the cities. The second event occurred after WWII and it's known as suburbanization of the city. The third and actual event is the decentralization of the urban fabric forming megacities.
In this unit we also learn that the actual conditions of our postindustrial society is threatened with globalization and hyper-network environments. Scholars claim that the “post industrial economy” is what defines the urban growth. In order to achieve this task, economies rely upon the distribution of systems that feed a global network of data and exchange. In the 1980’s the urban thinker Manual Castells did an analysis of the complex interaction between technology society and space. In his studies, he explains the importance of space and defines it as an expression of our society. Space becomes super complex to understand in this information era which questions the need for a physical space of congregation.
Many scholars have been studying post modern societies and have created concepts such as “Global city” by Saskia Sassen and “Technopoles” by Allan J. Scott. In order to understand this megacities of our era, Robert Fishman, introduced concepts such as; technoburb to describe the reorganization of urban space. This same idea is defined by Garneau the “Edge city” in which Orange County is one of his study grounds.
Now at days, there are many events happening that are affecting the urban organization. These transformations have taken two faces that are expressed in the megacities. The first one is the decentralization and globalization of cities such as; New York, Los Angeles, Tokyo and London. These cities are threatened with placelessness of post modern architecture and the idea of a non-place culture whose identity is not link to any specific society. The other face of the megacities are when the global economy puts you in a bad spot and you become the producer for the consumerist megacities. In George Parker’s article, “Decoding The Chaos Of Lagos,” we have a clear example how this mega city is suffering all the negative aspects of our era where people work only to earn about 2 or 3 dollars per day with poor quality living environment.
Questions:
1. How do you think that globalization and network societies have shaped the urban sprawl of Los Angeles?
2. Taking the place of an urban developer, how would you suggest to fix the differences between the two types of megacities like Lagos Nigeria to Orange County?
Global Capitals and Network Societies
We are just about at the end of our se.
A B S T R A C T
Currently, there exists a disturbing urban problem exemplified by the excessive luxury apartments and glamorous office towers being built in cities around the world in the face of the increasing unaffordability of housing and low-cost work, trade or craft space. Seeking to address this complex problem, this paper proposes a theoretical framework that uniquely addresses both the capitalist economic structure that drives the development process and the Marxist-based urban theory by which the socio-economic outcomes are currently evaluated. This framework takes as its meta-theory, the approach of Thomas Piketty in his recent treatise, “Capital in the Twenty-First Century”, since he deftly employs the Marxist dialectic of labor/capital while investigating the persistent inequality in the history of capitalism by interrogating that system itself. This bifurcated framework of economic analysis affords a new format for examining real estate returns, how they are represented in the market place, who benefits from them, and how resultant inequalities might be avoided in urban development.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018) 2(2), 90-105. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2018.3674
www.ijcua.com
New Urban Challenges in Times of Financial CapitalismRoberto Rocco
This is a lecture originally prepared for the LANDac conference in Utrecht 2016. This is an adapted version for the ALUMNI DAY of the chair of Human Geography - International Development Studies at the University of Utrecht,
Smart cities as spatial manifestations of 21st century capitalismAraz Taeihagh
Globally, smart cities attract billions of dollars in investment annually, with related market opportunities forecast to grow year-on-year. The enormous resources poured into their development consist of financial capital, but also natural, human and social resources converted into infrastructure and real estate. The latter act as physical capital storage and sites for the creation of digital products and services expected to generate the highest value added. Smart cities serve as temporary spatial fixes until new and better investments opportunities emerge. Drawing from a comprehensive range of publications on capitalism, this article analyzes smart city developments as typifier of 21st century capital accumulation where the financialization of various capitals is the overarching driver and ecological overshoot and socio-economic undershoot are the main negative consequences. It closely examines six spatial manifestations of the smart city – science parks and smart campuses; innovation districts; smart neighborhoods; city-wide and city-regional smart initiatives; urban platforms; and alternative smart city spaces – as receptacles for the conversion of various capitals. It also considers the influence of different national regimes and institutional contexts on smart city developments. This is used, in the final part, to open a discussion about opportunities to temper the excesses of 21st century capitalism.
Highlights
• Recent academic literature on modern capitalism and smart city development are brought together
• Different interpretations and denominations of 21th century capitalism are mapped and synthesized into an overview box
• Six spatial manifestations of the smart city are identified and thoroughly described, with their major institutions, actors and resources
• Five different types of capital (natural, human, social, physical and financial) are mapped, along with an analysis of how further financialization affects conversion processes between them
• Options to mitigate exclusionary tendencies of capitalism in the digital age are explored, based on the varieties of capitalism literature
Similar to Some Notes about Architecture, Urbanism and Economy (20)
The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on Fast-Urbanizing Cities: Applied analytical study on Greater Cairo Region
* 1 MS.c. Mohamed Kafrawy Image result for research orcid , 2 Professor Dr. Sahar Attia Image result for research orcid , 3 Professor Dr. Heba Allah Khalil Image result for research orcid
1, 2 &3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
1 E-mail: en.kafrawy@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: saharattia16@eng.cu.edu.eg , 3 E-mail: hebatallah.khalil@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 16 May 2021
Revised: 25 August 2021
Accepted: 27 August 2021
Available online: 8 September 2021
Keywords:
Transit-oriented Development;
Fast-Urbanizing cities;
Sustainable transportation;
Sustainable development;
Greater Cairo region.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Transportation has always been the backbone of development. Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been theorized, piloted and expanded increasingly in the past few decades. In this regard, this paper investigates the relationship between urban development, the transportation process, and the required implementation guidelines within fast-urbanizing cities, such as Cairo. After reviewing different related sustainable development theories, the study investigates pioneering case studies that have applied TOD and provided adequate implementation frameworks. The authors then extract and compare a set of required policies. The current Egyptian development paradigm is then discussed in relation to these enabling policies, focusing on Greater Cairo Region, Egypt. The authors debate previous development plans, progress, and newly proposed ones, focusing on the transportation process as the means for development. The study concludes with a set of required guidelines to ensure the integration of transportation with land-use planning, thus ensuring a more prosperous and inclusive urban development.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 83-95.
Developing Design Criteria for Sustainable Urban Parks
* Dr. Didem Dizdaroğlu Image result for research orcid
Department of Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design, and Architecture, Bilkent University, Turkey
E-mail: dizdaroglu@bilkent.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 28 February 2021
Revised: 15 August 2021
Accepted: 19 August 2021
Available online: 30 August 2021
Keywords:
Sustainable Cities;
Urban Parks;
Green Spaces;
COVID-19;
Sustainable Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
This study investigates how urban parks can contribute to helping cities become more sustainable through developing a set of criteria for the sustainable design of urban parks. Today, there is no example around the world where all the proposed sustainable design criteria are applied together in a specific urban park. In this context, this study aims to make a novel contribution by systematically reviewing the literature on the sustainable design of urban parks. In the light of research findings, this study contributes to the implementation of a comprehensive sustainable park design practice in our cities in the future. These design criteria may further serve as performance indicators to offer information and know-how to local authorities, practitioners, communities, and other actors in this field to help them assess their success levels and progress over time.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 69-81.
The Role of “Scale” on the Acceleration of Social Interaction in Urban Spaces
1 * Dr. Kaveh Hajialiakbari Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Mohammad Zare Image result for research orcid ,
3 Mitra Karimi Image result for research orcid
1 Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Architecture and urbanism, Tehran, Iran
2 & 3 University of Tehran, Faculty of Fine Arts, Tehran, Iran
1 E-mail: Kaveh.haa@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: zare.md@ut.ac.ir ,
3 E-mail: mitrakarimi@modares.ac.ir
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 8 March 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 8 August 2021
Available online: 18 August 2021
Keywords:
Urban Space;
Obsolescent Neighborhoods,
Social Interaction,
Evaluation Indicators,
Functional Scale.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Rehabilitation projects are interventions that can lead to the transformation of the socio-spatial structure of obsolescent neighborhoods. The main intention of such projects is the creation and/or improvement of social interactions after physical and functional interventions. Urban Renewal Organization of Tehran (UROT) is tasked with identification of target obsolescent neighborhoods, preparation of neighborhood development plans and implementation of rehabilitation projects to improve the quality of space and stimulate social interactions. In this paper, three urban spaces in different scales (“micro” for neighborhoods, “meso” for local and “macro” for trans-local scales), designed and implemented by UROT, were selected as a case study. By designing and filling a questionnaire and after analyzing research findings, the effect of the scale of the urban project on different activities was evaluated based on the Gehl model. Overall, in the expanded model based on the scale of space, an inverse ratio between the scale of space and both optional selective and social activities has been revealed.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 59-68.
Living Space Needs of Small Housing in the Post-Pandemic Era: Malaga as a case study
* Professor Dr. Carlos Rosa-Jiménez Image result for research orcid , B. Arch. Cristina Jaime-Segura Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Institute for Habitat, Tourism, Territory, Edificio Ada Byron, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, University of
Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
1 E-mail: cjrosa@uma.es , 2 E-mail: jscristina@uma.es
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 18 June 2021
Revised: 3 August 2021
Accepted: 10 August 2021
Available online: 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Architectural Design;
Lockdown;
Post-Covid City;
Remote Working;
Terraces;
Hygienism.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The COVID-19 lockdown period has highlighted the ability of housing to accommodate a comprehensive programme typical of the city and its public space. Housing units of under 60 m2 and in blocks of flats are the more vulnerable, as they have a higher percentage of non-community open spaces. That problem was analysed using a methodology based on psychological, urban planning and architectural indicators applied to two coastal cities in the Mediterranean area of southern Spain. The results highlight three aspects in this type of dwelling: the need to consider the orientation of the housing to improve the quality of indoor and outdoor space; the need in public housing policies for a greater number of rooms to facilitate remote working; and finally, the importance of functional terraces overlooking green areas.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 51-58.
Mathematical Model Applied to Green Building Concept for Sustainable Cities Under Climate Change
1 Professor Dr. Md. Haider Ali Biswas Image result for research orcid , 2* M.Sc. Pinky Rani DeyImage result for research orcid
3 Asst. Prof. Md. Sirajul Islam Image result for research orcid , 4 M.Sc. Sajib Mandal Image result for research orcid
1 Mathematics Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
2, 3 & 4 Department of Mathematics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: mhabiswas@gmail.com , E-mail 2: pinkydey.math@gmail.com
E-mail 3: sirajulku@gmail.com , E-mail 4: sajibmandal1997@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 20 May 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 11 August 2021
Available online 16 August 2021
Keywords:
Green Building;
Sustainable Cities;
Climate Change;
Mathematical Model;
Numerical Simulations.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Recently the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is worldwide terrified anxiety to the public and scholars. Even this global problem is one of the great issues that continuously makes worrying the governments and environmentalists, but its solution findings are not out of the image at all. In this study, we have proposed and analysed a mathematical model for the solvable management of GHGs by sowing the seeds of green building dynamic systems. Moreover, in the model, the human community is used to enhance the production power of individuals of green buildings by absorbing the GHGs. The model is analysed by stability analysis at the equilibrium points: trivial and global equilibrium, and also by convincing the stability and instability of the system of equations. The behaviour of the propound model has been developed by numerical simulations which shows the rate of the fruitfulness of GHG components.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 36-50.
Sustainable Construction for Affordable Housing Program in Kabul
1 MSc. Mohammadullah Hakim Ebrahimi Image result for research orcid , 2* Professor Dr. Philippe Devillers Image result for research orcid
3 Professor Dr. Éric Garcia-Diaz Image result for research orcid
1 Construction Faculty, Kabul Polytechnic University, Afghanistan
2 LIFAM, École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Montpellier, France
3 LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, University of Montpellier, CNRS, France
E-mail 1: M.HEbrahimi@kpu.edu.af , E-mail 2: Philippe.devillers@montpellier.archi.fr
E-mail 3: eric.garcia-diaz@mines-ales.fr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 13 April 2021
Revised: 18 July 2021
Accepted: 6 August 2021
Available online 17 August 2021
Keywords:
Earth Construction;
Local Materials;
Sun-Dried Brick;
Compressive Earth Block;
Stabilization;
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Afghanistan has suffered from four decades of war, causing a massive migration of the rural population to the cities. Kabul was originally designed for 1,5 million people, whereas there are now 5 million in the city. The importation of modern western styles housing for rapid reconstruction reveals apparent cultural conflict and a significant environmental footprint. The new drive for sustainable reconstruction should consider the use of local materials combined with modern technologies. Earthen architecture underlies the embodiment of Afghan architecture. This research aims to revisit traditional Afghan earthen construction with the tools of industrial modernity. The three soils of the Kabul region are first characterized. Sun-dried mud brick and compressive earth block, with and without stabilization have been prepared and tested in the laboratory to develop the most suitable earth construction element which is cost-effective and easily available compared to imported modern products.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 23-35.
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the city of Ain-Sukhna, Egypt
* Professor Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Image result for research orcid
Faculty of Architecture, Galala University, Egypt
E-mail: ymahgoub@gu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 June 2021
Accepted 5 August 2021
Available online 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Coastal Tourism;
Sustainable Development;
Cultural Resource;
Ain-Sukhna;
Galala City.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Tourism is a major economic source for Egypt, due to its significant natural and cultural attractions. Yet, rapid development and construction of touristic facilities have a negative impact on the fragile natural and cultural heritage. This paper studies the recent touristic developments of the coastal stretch of Ain-Sukhna on the Red Sea coastal region of Galala Mountain, and their impact on the surrounding natural and cultural attractions. Coral reefs and rich marine life have made this stretch among the prime fishing and scuba diving destinations in the world. The area is also famous for its year-round sunny beaches and the spectacular coastal scenic drive where Galala Mountain reaches the Red Sea. Recently, development has started on the mountains following the construction of Galala Mountain Road. Galala City started with Galala University and several residential, touristic, and commercial facilities. This paper studies the pattern of development in the area during the past 40 years and assesses its impact on natural and cultural resources.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 13-22.
Proclaiming Colonial Urban Heritage: Towards an Inclusive Heritage-interpretation for Colombo’s Past
* Professor Dr. Harsha Munasinghe Image result for research orcid
School of Architectural Studies, George Brown College, Toronto, Canada
E-mail: hmunasinghe@georgebrown.ca
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 13 April 2021
Accepted 18 July 2021
Available online 26 July 2021
Keywords:
Urban Heritage;
Colonialism;
Contested-Past;
Historic-City;
Inclusive heritage Interpretation;
Colombo.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Colombo, Sri Lanka’s commercial capital is a forceful creation of European colonialists who occupied the island for over four centuries. Its urban structure displays the social fragmentation sought by the rulers. Colombo elaborates an extraordinary process of city-making, stratified with its Dutch-origin, British-reshaping, and post-colonial adaptation. Proclaiming such a contested past as an inheritance requires an inclusive heritage interpretation. The recent renovation of monumental buildings for potential market values and demolishing minor architecture do not display such a heritage interpretation. This, placing undue attention on a selected social group, is found to be further emptying the compartmentalized city. The exclusion of some sub-societies also cost possible stewardship to urban heritage. Having observed the non-sustainability of current heritage-interpretation practised in Colombo, we searched for alternative means to unify societies in time-space thus sustaining the diversity of urban spaces. Our empirical studies have established the need to integrate the inherent cultural values of the colonial-built urban fabric in heritage interpretation. The results of vibrant heritage-interpretation results have been studied through a literature survey with aims to contribute towards the development of an inclusive heritage interpretation practice to protect Colombo’s colonial past sustainably.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 1-12.
Heritage Preservation as Strategy for Recomposing Conflict Territories
Prof. Dr. José Manuel Pagés Madrigal Image result for research orcid
Architecture & Urban Design, German University in Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: jose.madrigal@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 May 2021
Accepted 20 October 2021
Available online 29 October 2021
Keywords:
Conflict territories;
Heritage Preservation;
Cultural heritage;
Reconstruction;
Cyprus;
Kosovo.
ABSTRACT
Heritage admits diverse readings depending on different territorial spaces, contexts, and knowledge fields. The relation between Heritage and the social contexts is one of these knowledge areas. But Heritage accepts a dual perception as a cultural reflection. It may be considered either as the origins of the conflicts or the engine for recomposing disrupted territories. The paper proposes a reflection on the topics related to conflict territories and the roles currently played by Cultural Heritage. The recomposition of conflict territories is based on a continuous intercultural approach with important contributions from human rights, genders equality, intercultural dialogue perspectives and the fact of taking heritage as a territorial stabilization factor. The paper presents specific practical cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region where actions on Heritage religious elements collide with the national sovereign of the respective current countries. A comparative study among these different actions proves that the initial clashes can be progressively transformed into strategies able to become the future guideline for the resolution of heritage regional conflicts. These conflicts reflect two discourses: political (with strong links between national identity and religion) and scientific (with a clash between static concept and dynamic vision) where objects interact with the visitors.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 252-264.
Investigating Built Environment Indicators to Develop a Local Walkability Index
* 1 B.Sc. Menna Tarek Image result for research orcid , 2 Prof. Dr. Ghada Farouk Hassan Image result for research orcid
3 Prof. Dr. Abeer Elshater Image result for research orcid , 4 Dr. Mohamed Elfayoumi Image result for research orcid
1, 2, 3 and 4 Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, Egypt.
E-mail 1: menna.tarek@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 2: Ghadafhassan@eng.asu.edu.eg
E-mail 3: abeer.elshater@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 4: m_fayoumi@eng.asu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 8 June 2021
Accepted 20 August 2021
Available online 29 August 2021
Keywords:
Local Walkability Index;
Pedestrian Walking Behaviour;
Urban Design;
Mixed-use Street,
Cairo.
ABSTRACT
Many studies have been conducted over the last 20 years to determine and measure factors that affect the walkability of city streets. Walkability is an essential factor in deciding whether a city is green or sustainable. This paper creates a comprehensive walkability index by analysing built environmental indicators that affect walkability. This research was conducted on mixed land use streets in Cairo, Egypt, combining the results from an online survey and a walkability assessment model developed by multi-criteria decision analysis techniques. The results were based on a three-pillar approach starting with the theoretical background to frame the walkability indicator, numerical assessment over the Egyptian cases using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique and a qualitative user perception survey. Our results confirm that determining to what extent Cairo’s streets are walkable is crucial to enhancing pedestrians’ perceptions of the walking environment. Furthermore, the results illustrated the essential factors within the built environment indicators that influence pedestrian walking behaviour.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 235-251.
Liveability Dimensions in New Town Developments: An Overview of Senri New Town and Purbachal New Town
* 1 M. Eng. Tahmina Rahman Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Md. Nawrose Fatemi Image result for research orcid
1 Division of Global Architecture, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
2 Department of Architecture, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: ar.tahminarahman@gmail.com , E-mail 2: nawrose@uap-bd.edu
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 April 2021
Accepted 10 August 2021
Available online 15 August 2021
Keywords:
Dimensions of Liveability;
New Town Development;
Satellite Townships;
Osaka;
Dhaka.
ABSTRACT
Since the 1960s, new town developments within large metropolises have been widely adopted to decongest the city centres, especially in Asian cities. This paper provides a brief account of the liveability dimensions of two new townships developed in large metropolitan areas: Senri New Town in Osaka and Purbachal New Town in Dhaka. The study primarily draws on master plans of the two developments to identify how the components of the plans reflect the physical, social, functional and safety dimensions of a proposed liveability framework. The methodology combines a review of masters plans with scholarly and grey literature on the two new town developments. The findings show while the social and functional dimensions are integrated with Senri New Town; Purbachal New Town, though more recent, appears to have missed opportunities for diversifying density, social mix and mass transit. The paper concludes that the comparative case, Senri-New Town provides insights on how public-private people participation can leverage citizen-centred design for more liveable residential living environments in developing cities.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 221-233.
Monitoring and Landscape Quantification of Uncontrolled Urbanisation in Oasis Regions: The Case of Adrar City in Algeria
* 1 Dr. Assoule Dechaicha Image result for research orcid , 2 Assist. Prof. Adel Daikh Image result for research orcid , 3 Prof. Dr. Djamel Alkama Image result for research orcid
1, 2 and 3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, 8 May 1945 University, Guelma, Algeria
E-mail 2: dechaicha.assoul@univ-guelma.dz , E-mail 1: alkama.djamel@univ-guelma.dz
E-mail 3: daikh.adel@univ-guelma.dz
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 March 2021
Accepted 25 July 2021
Available online 12 August 2021
Keywords:
Uncontrolled Urbanisation,
Satellite Images,
Landscape Metrics,
Palm groves,
Oasis Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, uncontrolled urbanisation is one of the major problems facing Algerian oasis regions. The monitoring and evaluation of its landscape transformations remain a key step for any oasis sustainability project. This study highlights the evolution of spatial growth in the city of Adrar in southern Algeria during the period 1986-2016 by establishing a Spatio-temporal mapping and landscape quantification. The methodological approach is based on a multi-temporal analysis of Landsat satellite images for 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016, and the application of landscape metrics. The results show two opposite spatial trends: significant growth of built-up areas against an excessive loss of palm groves. The landscape metrics allowed the identification of a progressive fragmentation process characterising the palm groves. Thus, the findings of this study show the utility of satellite imagery and landscape metrics approach for monitoring urbanisation patterns and assessing their impacts on oasis ecosystems.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 209-219.
Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: The Case of Kaunas
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė Image result for research orcid, Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė Image result for research orcid
a and b Kaunas University of Technology, Civil engineering and architecture faculty, Kaunas, Lithuania
E mail 1: laura.jankauskaite-jureviciene@ktu.lt, Email 2: ausra.mlinkauskiene@ktu.lt
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 29 August 2020
Available online 18 September 2020
Keywords:
Community;
Urban planning;
Spatial planning;
Decision-making processes.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Participation in decision-making processes foreshadows enabling citizens, communities, non-governmental organizations and other interested parties to influence the formulation of policies and laws affecting them. The purpose of this study is not only to review Lithuanian legal documents but also to analyse recent processes in Kaunas city planning. Kaunas city is undergoing various urban processes, which do not always meet the needs of the community. This study presents an analysis of the forms of community involvement in the urban planning processes and survey data on the effectiveness of community involvement. The methodology requires using a sociological survey with representatives of the city community and a comparative analysis between legal obligations and actual urbanization process.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 197-208.
The Impacts of Urban Morphology on Housing Indoor Thermal Condition in Hoi An City, Vietnam
1 * M.A. Thien Huong Luu Image result for research orcid, 2 Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias Image result for research orcid, 3 Dr. Dominique Laffly Image result for research orcid
1and 2 Laboratory of Research in Architecture (LRA), National School of Architecture of Toulouse, France
3 University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, France
E-mail 1: thien-huong.luu@toulouse.archi.fr , E-mail 2: juan-carlos.rojas-arias@toulouse.archi.fr ,
E-mail 3: dominique.laffly@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 July 2020
Accepted 25 August 2020
Available online 14 September 2020
Keywords:
Urban Morphology;
Indoor Thermal Condition; Ancient Town;
Vernacular House;
Modern Terraced House.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Assessing the impact of urban morphology on the indoor thermal condition of housing in a tourism city in central Vietnam — Hoi An City is the main objective of this study. The research process is carried out by a variety of methods including in situ surveys, measuring with temperature sensors, data analysis and map analysis. Four houses, located in two areas with different urban forms, were selected for measurement within one month to investigate the differences in housing indoor temperature. The impact of urban morphology on housing was thereafter determined. Temperature sensors were permanently installed in 4 houses; based on these empirical measurements and data collected, the paper addresses solutions to improve urban morphology and indoor thermal condition.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 183-196.
E-participatory Approaches in Urban Design
* 1 Araf Öykü Türken Image result for research orcid, 2 Assoc. Prof. Dr Engin Eyüp Eyuboğlu Image result for research orcid
1 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
2 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Email 1: araf.turken@gmail.com, Email 2: eyuboglu@itu.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 June 2020
Accepted 20 Augustus 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
E-participation;
Public Participation;
Urban Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The phenomenon of planning involving citizen’s participation in planning literature has been from the second half of the 20th century. Indeed, different methods and techniques have been used in the process. However, participatory practices are time-consuming and negotiations are tiresome. Accordingly, the integration of developing digital technologies into participatory processes has been seen as a potential to reach large audiences and provide time-space independence. Within the scope of this research, a detailed literature review was done regarding e-participation, and ten (10) examples representing the upper levels at the ladder of participation were examined within the context of the project, participation, and socio-technical criteria. SWOT analyzes were structured by grouping similar applications, and current trends for the use of e-participation in urban design have been revealed. The analysis showed that citizens e participation- participation tend to allow citizen design or location-based interaction, playful interfaces and game elements which can be sources for encouragement.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 169-182.
Roles of Drop-in Centers in Street Children Interventions: Design Guidelines and Humanitarian Emergency Architecture Adaptations
* M.Sc. Ruba Azzam Image result for research orcid, Dr. Karim Kesseiba Image result for research orcid, Dr. Ahmed Abdelghaffar Image result for research orcid
Dr. Mennat-Allah El Husseiny Image result for research orcid
a, b, c and d Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering and Building Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Email 1: ruba-azzam90@hotmail.com , Email 2: karimkesseiba@gmail.com , Email 3: amaghaffar@gmail.com
Email 4: mennatallahelhusseiny@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 3 September 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
Street Children;
Drop-in centers;
Child-Rehabilitation centers;
Architecture for Humanitarian Emergencies;
Child Friendly Spaces (CFS).
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
For decades, numerous countries have been witnessing the Street Children phenomenon where millions of children worldwide are subjected to risks. Despite the crucial role of intermediate non-residential interventions - using drop-in centers- in protecting and rehabilitating street children, there is a paucity of research addressing the quality of design of these centers and how architecture might influence their operational process. Those observations invite investigating drop-in centers used in practice from a design perspective and question adapting architectural applications for humanitarian emergencies, focusing on “Child-Friendly Spaces”. The study aims to provide solutions for better quality design, facilitating operational challenges. The methodology undertakes the investigation through primary and secondary axes. This involves conducting literature and international precedents review and secondarily, an Egyptian contextual first-hand documentation and qualitative analysis of selected centers.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 151-168.
Towards the Egyptian Charter for Conservation of Cultural Heritages
1 Associate Professor Dr. Corinna Rossi , 2 * Sara Rabie
1 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, Politecnico di Milano Cairo, Milan, Italy
2 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
1 E-mail: corinna.rossi@polimi.it , 2 E-mail: sarah.rabie@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 5 April 2021
Accepted 15 June 2021
Available online 25 June 2021
Keywords:
Cultural Heritages;
Conservation;
History;
Value;
Authenticity;
Europe;
Egypt.
ABSTRACT
The notion of “Cultural heritage” is quite modern compared to other humanistic fields developed in the last century. Conservation as a science has emerged and took shape during international conventions and treaties in many places in Europe and developed various frameworks to recognize the heritage and its value but based on “Eurocentric bias” criteria. The fact of sharing universal values and common practices during the age of globalization had a significant impact on conservation actions in contexts utterly different from western societies and don’t share the same historical or cultural dimensions. Therefore, this study traces the history of the evolution of conservation in the west from two perspectives; the historical one and the developing methodologies, and the philosophies behind the main theories in conservation. Cultural heritage is a reflection of the identity of the society and its past; thus, this study outlines the development of conservation practices in Egypt within the international approaches in a chronological order to investigate the social response and the impact of the political and cultural influence of the cultural consciousness of the society and the conservation actions in the Egyptian context. Furthermore, to investigate the contribution of international charters in developing national policies in Egypt.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 101-111.
Enhancing Security in Affordable Housing: The Case of Prince Fawaz Project
Professor Dr. Maged Attia Image result for research orcid
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
Email: mattia@kau.edu.sa
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 March 2021
Accepted 15 May 2021
Available online 30 May 2021
Keywords:
Environmental crime;
Enhancing security;
Crime rates;
Prince Fawaz project;
Saudi Arabia.
ABSTRACT
The present study argues that the urban form of affordable housing projects affects safety and security. The study examines the level of safety and security in the Prince Fawaz project proposing recommendations that enhance it. Theories and approaches concerned with the environmental crime are initially reviewed. Then, urban and architectural features as well as crime rates and patterns are documented. Also, trace and behaviour observations are carried out. The observations monitored urban features and behaviours associated with crime or fear of crime. Residents’ perception for security and fear of crime is extracted through a questionnaire. A Space Syntax is processed and linked with the questionnaire and observation outputs. Observations demonstrate a semblance of fear of crime which is supported by records of car and home theft. Although the questionnaire reflects a suitable level of security, it points to peripheral spaces and areas around mosques and shops as the less secure. However, enhancing security in the Prince Fawaz project requires urban interventions including controlling access to peripheral spaces, reviving areas detected to be unsafe, repositioning elements causing visual obstacles and enhancing appearance by vegetation and sustainable maintenance. Besides, reformulating the movement network so that an appropriate integration between residents and strangers is achieved. On the conceptual level, the study proves that none of the theories of environmental crime can act as a comprehensive approach; but each can partly work.
This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
C:\Users\Hourakhsh\Desktop\CC_By_2020_licnece1.jpg
This article is published with open access at www.ijcua.com
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 85-100.
Urban Land-use and Traffic Congestion: Mapping the Interaction
1 * Ph.D. Candidate James Kanyepe Image result for research orcid, 2 Prof. Dr. Marian Tukuta Image result for research orcid, 3 Prof. Dr. Innocent Chirisa Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Department of Supply Chain Management, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe
3 Department of Demography Settlement & Development, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
E-mail 1: jameskanyepe@gmail.com, E-mail 2: paidamoyo2016@gmail.com
E-mail 3: innocent.chirisa@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 25 October 2020
Accepted 15 December 2020
Available online 19 December 2020
Keywords:
Land-Use;
Peak Hour;
Traffic Congestion;
Transport;
Travel Patterns;
Travel Behavior.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The interaction between transport, land-uses and travel patterns produce diverse transportation problems in urban cities with traffic congestion as the most visible manifestation. Traffic congestion is a frequent phenomenon in most cities around the globe. This paper reviews the interaction between land-use traffic congestion through published literature. The objective of this study is to encourage and provide researchers with future research directions in land-use and traffic congestion. For this purpose, a systematic review was performed analysing 45 articles from the year 2010 to 2020 using a descriptive approach. Subsequently, the results of the study show that although the interaction between land-use and traffic congestion has gained currency in developed countries far less is known on this subject in developing parts of the world, though new evidence is steadily accumulating. Consequently, limitations of this work are presented, opportunities are identified for future lines of research. Finally, the conclusion confirms the need for further research addressing the methodological concerns.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 77-84.
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2. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(2), 1-11 / 2018
José Manuel Pagés Madrigal 2
urban sprawl urbanizations with detached
typologies and golf clubs.
Development of the cities and antrophization of
territories cannot be understood without
economic reasons. Both of them can be
explained through the Economic history studies.
In fact, Tony Garnier based all his urban design
of the new cities concept on the economic
activities to be developed as the engine for
them. (Fig 3 and 4)
Figure 1. Agora in Athens.Reconstruction by G. Rehlender.
From: Spamers illustrierte Weltgeschichte (Spamer’s illustrated
history of the world) vol. 1, by O. Kaemmel and R.
Sturmhoefel, Leipzig, 1893.
Figure 2. Market place, Norwich. 1854. From: Norwich
Museum & Art Gallery.
Figure 3. Tony Garnier, Une Cité industrielle. Ètude pour la
construction des villes, 1917.
Figure 4. Tony Garnier. Proposal for a French city of 35.000
inhabitants.
The harmonious growing processes were based
on a balanced relation between Territories and
economies settled on them. The break of this
balance provoked in each case anomalous
reactions transformed into economic crises or
city abandonments by appearing in the
contemporary times the shrinking processes.
Detroit city was largely studied in the last
decades(Adedeji & Arayela, 2017) .
These phenomena cannot only be understood
from the urban scale but also they can be
upgraded to territories. Cities are the “natural”
scenario for developing human activities, even
the economic ones. The interrelation among the
several cities needs this territorial support, as the
basis for the territorial antrophization. They
cannot be understood without the economic
reasons beyond that. In fact Factory-cities, or
cities with a dominant economy activity based
on such specific production, like mining or cars
are repeating cycles alongside the History.
Detroit is a clear contemporary example for that.
(Figure 5 and 6)
This is why we can affirm that Economy is an
important factor for generating urban and
territorial forms.
Figure 5. Detroit. From: Detroit by Air, by Alex S. MacLean.
3. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(2), 1-11 / 2018
José Manuel Pagés Madrigal 3
Figure 6. Packard plant, 1900, today. From: Detroit by Air, by
Alex S. MacLean.
2. The City as a Growth Machine
The vision of the city as a growth machine can
be an appellative image for the comprehensive
perspective. Some years ago, in 2013, Harvey
MOLOTCH, published a paper titled “The City as
a Growth Machine: Toward a Political Economy
of Place”. It would be a vision of the
contemporary society linked to continuous
competition among economic power. A city
and, more generally, any locality, is conceived
as the areal expression of the interests of some
land-based elite. Such an elite is seen to profit
through the increasing intensification of the land
use of the area in which its members hold a
common interest. An elite competes with other
land-based elites in an effort to have growth-
inducing resources invested within its own area
as opposed to that of another. In the end the
author confirmed his vision about the society,
where the … “. Conditions of community life are
largely a con sequence of the social, economic,
and political forces embodied in this growth
machine: The city is, for those who count, a
growth machine.” It seems logical to ask for the
real limits of this growth process.
The growing process cannot be explained only
from an economy theory point of view. Social
aspects are really hardly linked too. And these
questions are today clearly modified by the
digital Era effects. Recent improvements about
the theories of engagement of communities,
under the umbrella of a participative network
where the digitalization of the relations has an
important role to achieve explain how these
networks can work, as see in Figure 7. A fictional
social network diagram consist of 165 Nodes and
1851 Edges. The SVG-file was auto-generated by
1
This initiative is an initial joint venture between KALW
public radio and the American Institute of Architects in
script. The underlying node/edge data can be
extracted from the circle/line elements
Figure 7 . "Social Network Diagram (segment)" by
DarwinPeacock, Maklaan. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via
Wikimedia Commons –
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Social_Network_Di
agram_(segment).svg#/media/File:Social_Network_Diagra
m_(segment).svg 12/14/2015 Karen Calhoun
Figure 8. Gruen Day 2015 at the Bay Fair Shopping Mall in
San Leandro, California.
3. The City as an Economic Machine
The relations between urban form and
architectural typologies through the urban
economic activities were previously exposed.
The vision of city-market evolved till the concept
of global economic machine.
Victor Gruen is considered as the first reference
for these aspects, since he was one of the most
important shopping malls designers. It explains
the celebration of the Gruen Day. This event is
the result of collaboration between 99% Invisible1
and the Bay Area Infrastructure Observatory, at
the Bayfair Center to celebrate Victor Gruen, the
inventor of the modern shopping mall. In his book
“The city as an economic machine” Gruen
remarked the potentials of maximizing
unplanned and impulsive purchases.
In fact this mental process, known as Gruen
transfer, is based on the eventual irrational
San Francisco. See
http://99percentinvisible.org/about/the-show/
4. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(2), 1-11 / 2018
José Manuel Pagés Madrigal 4
economic mistakes of the consumer within a
specific ambience. The idea would be to
reproduce this atmosphere in the market places,
(Figure 9) in a similar way to Manhattan’s Times
Square (Figure 10) or London’s Oxford Street. A
continuous visual aggression coming from the
endless long roads with a large quantity of stores
and neon lights compose these urban
landscapes. Nowadays shopping malls try to
reproduce this model.
According to these theories, the city is used as an
economic machine, able to grow and develop
its own process based on the economic
principles of Competitiveness and hyper
consume. The balanced process kept a
sustainable vision for a long time. The hyper
development of such activities in the chain
production broke the balanced process till then.
Figure 9. Quartz shopping by Gruen.
Figure 10. Times Square. New York.
4. Globalization of the Relation between
Economy and Architectures of the Cities
In 1900, only 10 percent of the world's 1.6 billion
people lived in cities. During 2000, just over 50
percent of the world's six billion people lived in
cities. And, by 2050, 67 percent of a projected
population of 10 billion people supposedly will
2 From Richard Dobbs, Sven Smit, Jaana Remes, James
Manyika, Charles Roxburgh, Alejandra Restrepo (2011):
Urban world: Mapping the economic power of cities
live in cities. This is how an urban crisis is
becoming in a global crisis too. If we observe the
relation between Economy and Urbanism,
previously presented, we can easily understand
the consequences of an urban-economy crisis,
as a global one. We can take into consideration
the data of the relative weight of the biggest
cities into world economy. Today only 600 urban
centers generate about 60 percent of global
GDP.2
This urban concentration has contributed for a
more global world, bigger capacities for
networks and better communication. A
progressively bigger global concern about
common topics was brought up and concepts
like environmental issues, Ecology, social
networks arose. The globalization included a
deeper collective conscience. The global
economy was included in this new vision of the
world where old physical frontiers were
overcome. Luke (2003) referred these concepts
in his paper about global cities. He understood
the global Urbanism as the creator of a set of
contested regions where opposite concepts
must all be rejiggered daily as transnational
commerce dumps an ever-accelerating
turnover of goods and services into the global
economy. These concepts would be command
and insubordination, control and resistance,
communication and confusion, and intelligence
and incomprehension.3
These characteristics didn’t appear suddenly,
but as a consequence of a long process of
internationalization and a later globalization. The
break of sustainable development processes
can be defined in the Modern ages during the
Industrial Revolutions (18th and 19th centuries).
The imbalances between offer and demand
provoked exceptional crises along with an
uncontrolled economy. Europe knew quite well
the consequences of these processes, where the
irruption of neoliberal policies applied to the
respective national economies played an
important role.
Recent crash of 2007 affected in different
proportions the developed countries all around
the world. In this case the vision of this crisis in
Southern countries was stronger. Most of these
countries, with more pronounced visions in the
last ten years as a consequence of the
economic crisis of 2007, not yet surpassed in this
country today.
3 Luke, Timothy: Global Cities vs. “global cities:"
Rethinking Contemporary Urbanism as Public Ecology, in
Studies in Political Economy 70, Spring 2003
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José Manuel Pagés Madrigal 5
One clear example can be the legal framework
of the Land Law in Spain. This policy, translated
into territorial terms, implied important changes
in the legal framework. The Spanish Land Law
experienced great changes between 1956 and
1997. The original concept for the land in 1956
would be referred to the natural vocation of
being agricultural, where the urban spaces
became as exceptions within the landscape. This
initial legislation tried to avoid the early
transformation of the rural land into urban one.
On the other side, the preamble of the legislation
in 1997 justified this total liberalization of the land
because of the high cost of the land and the
needs to open the market to everyone, as well
as the need to adapt the role of the Professional
associations to the liberal market, according to
then EU rules.
Figure 11. Interactive map of Mc Kinsey report 2011.
Figure 12. Mc Kinsey report interactive map from American
continent.
Figure 13. Black Thursday effects in 1929 crisis.
Figure 14. Comparative evolution between rent
houses/bought houses and Spain vs. England.
But this phenomenon was not only affecting
Spain. All the Southern European countries
experienced these consequences in a clear
way. If we pay attention to these economies,
they knew several concatenated expansions
without any decrease, at least between 1985
and 2007. These years were punctually affected
by local crises because of an unusual increasing
of economic activity around specific events, like
Olympic Games in Barcelona and International
Exhibition in Sevilla, but in any case, the normal
growing process was recovered in a short time.
These processes would be initially assumed by
the general European context, where Greece,
Portugal and Spain would be integrated into the
European Union. Greece would be integrated in
1981, meanwhile Portugal and Spain would be in
1986. It is not casual the celebration of two
international Fairs in Lisbon and Sevilla and the
Olympic Games in Barcelona.
Neoliberal policies and thinking controlled so
many countries around the world in a slow
rhythm since the seventies. Their effects were
visible in so many sectors, through the
privatization of the different social resources and
the progressive disappearance of the State
intervention in the different sectors. This ideology
was inside the different regulatory frameworks
where the different countries of the EU would
converge. The adaptation of so many laws
contributed for a very positive attitude to liberate
the control mechanism over the society.
Architectural and Urban planning processes
were not an exception on that. In practical terms
during the “golden” years of the Spanish
economy, the building sector gave employment
to 12.5 % of the work hand in the country, with
the highest ratio inside the EU. These values linked
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José Manuel Pagés Madrigal 6
the economy process to the results of the Real
Estate process with a high risk. In fact the bubble
consequences were fatal for the whole
economy involving banks in this global crisis.
The results of the development of neoliberal laws
in Spain, together with the generosity of the loan
grant were the worst consequence from a
progressive neoliberal statement since the
seventies. An exponential increase of the prices,
a high risk policy to impulse prices and markets
with impossible loans and a creation of an
artificial scenario where the banks suffered the
consequences of a collapsed economy and a
great percentage of unfinished public works all
over the country. Similar scenarios were
developed in other countries of Southern Europe.
Italy got an important percentage of
landscapes transformed into dismissed buildings
of structures. Spain and Portugal knew similar
scenarios. The task of recycling these scenarios is
nowadays an important task.
Figure 15. Guadassuar.Valencia.Spain before 2007 crisis.
Figure 16. Guadassuar.Valencia.Spain after 2007 crisis.
A real estate bubble with catastrophic territorial
consequences in Spain and Portugal started in
2007. Spain can be considered as a paradigm in
the economic crises in 2007, affecting important
world economies. Prior to this debacle, Spain’s
economy was largely admired by Western
commentators. This country was able to create a
total amount of 7 million jobs during the 1990s,
with a yearly growth of nearly 4% in the period
1995-2007.
Figure 17. Quijorna. Madrid, Spain before 2007 crisis.
Figure 18. Quijorna. Madrid,Spain after 2007 crisis.
The tourism sector modernization brought up the
possibilities to think of reasonable wealthy
perspectives (Iranfar, 2018). Property
development was other sector which capitalized
this extraordinary economic boom. House prices
accompanied simultaneously to both sectors,
becoming by 220%, with a total expansion of the
sector around a 30% in the period 1997/2007;
something like more 7 million units. One of the
effects of this bubble is the large number of
inhabited houses. The 13, 65% of the Spanish
houses were waiting for an owner, after 2007
crises. It was a total of 3.443.365. Homes, as well
as other 676.000 unfinished houses. Prices
evolutions were linked to this situation, as seen in
Figure 19.
Spain has suffered several ups and downs in the
ownership system. The Minister of Housing in 1957
defined the objective of converting the tenants
in owners. The percentage of the renters
changed coming from the 45.5% in 1960 to
achieve less than 10% in the last 2000s and
growing up till 21,2% in 2014.In any case the
system to get the properties was always based
on mortgage loans . The voracity of the financial
entities dragged towards an unprecedented
crisis that brought the crack of the whole system
and forced the whole country to a long desert
crossing till now.
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José Manuel Pagés Madrigal 7
Figure 19. Comparative evolution between Spain and
Ireland bubble effects. Source: Credit Suisse studies unit.
It is important to remark that several
characteristics were always kept during these
crises: Countries with very low interest rates and
low to moderate tax rate as well as high loan-to-
value ratios have the potential to experience
large property bubbles. The physical
consequences if that are always visible
throughout the respective landscapes and
territories.
5. Economy and Landscape Transformations
Economy has even influenced in other scales
and spaces. Landscape transformations are
usually based on economic decisions.
Mediterranean terraces obsolescence is linked
to the unfeasibility of economic processes on
them. (Figure 20) It provoked the ruined
landscapes of important territories where other
purposes were got through agricultural activities.
Geologic and ecological stability as well as fixing
populations were parallel goals to be achieved.
Figure 20. Abandoned terraces in Alto Douro.
Plots redistribution in Galician territories,
commonly known as re-parceling brought up
important landscapes transformations in the last
50 years. (Figure 21) These processes consisted
of new property distributions to easy better
economic results in the agriculture production.
Regional economy is based in this case on a
family scale, rather than major ones.
Figure 21. Plots redistribution in Galicia Spain 1964.
We can realize important changes in the
Argentinian Pampa landscapes when the
irruption of the soy within a scenario mainly
dominated by the wheat. (Figure 22)
Figure 22. Argentinian Pampa region with wheat 2015.
The optimization of economic results was the
main factor for a new strategy in Badajoz during
1950´s and 60´s. Badajoz Plan was able to
transform an important area (196943 Ha) and 50
new towns. The total implementation was an
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José Manuel Pagés Madrigal 8
area equivalent to Luxembourg. This plan
implied the construction of important dams to
provide electrical power and enough irrigation
systems to the region. A parallel population
increase transformed the whole landscapes
alongside Guadiana River.
Finally, economy influences into the
architectural and territorial scales. It can be
observedin the emerging countries, even in
Africa.
Egypt can be a paradigmatic case and two
examples can be highlighted: The first one is the
generation of new urban forms as the resource
to generate more economic activity, with the
launching and construction of a new capital for
the country. These actions were developed
since 1957 by the different Governments till
today. The proposal of a new capital for the
country is a clear reference for that. The second
example is settled in Cairo where 60% of its urban
tissue is occupied by the real state bubble
informal city shapes. Manshayet district is a well-
known reference with an important economic
basis: the Municipal solid waste (MSW) is the
reason of the urban development as well as the
chaos provoked. Its existence is as contested as
necessary.
The post socialist city is other clear example of
the relations between architecture and
economy, where the most visible issue can be
symbolized by two facts in Vilnius. The first one is
the transformation of the old town hall into a
shopping center. (Figure 24)
A simultaneous arrival of sprawl city typology
and the displacement of decision makers to
peripheries was noted. The implementation of
new functions to ground floors with formal
transformations in the different residential
typologies have been the most “shocking”
attitudes within the urban shape.
If we look at the global phenomena, we can
note the hyper concentration around
Mediterranean basin was strongly reinforced by
tourism economy together with the second
residence factor. This process is even exported to
the southern med countries. The fall of this
economy based on tourism sector has provoked
important territorial imbalances and the solutions
are not always better than the generated
problems. Apartments, initially thought for the
tourist never arrived, were transformed into
university dorms too far from the campuses.
Figure 23. Water consumption in Mediterranean Spanish
littoral region.
Figure 24. Gediminos 9 mall center, ancient Town Hall,
Vilnius Lithuania.
6. Conflict Cities: Economical Aspects and
Urbanization Processes
Divided territories and cities are special cases
where the effects of this division carried on such
economic status and, in a parallel way, the
urban consequences were visible in both ways.
As a case study I would like to refer Cyprus Island
and more specifically the interruption of
economic cycles in the copper production and
the environmental consequences in Lefke, as
well as the divided city of Nicosia versus the
urban growth.
Divided territories suffer the economic effects in
a specific way. Ex. Nicosia in Cyprus versus
Limassol and Larnaca effect). The desolated
Nicosia, especially in the surroundings of the
buffer zone, is highly contrasted by the Limassol
and Larnaca effects. Nicosia was collapsed due
to the buffer zone effect and the economy
didn’t expand in the same way other southern
cities did in Cyprus, like Larnaca and especially
9. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(2), 1-11 / 2018
José Manuel Pagés Madrigal 9
Limassol. (Figure25) Similar effect can be felt in
the northern side of Nicosia where its blocked
urban evolution was in parallel to the important
growth of Girne.
Figure 255. Comparative population 1996-2015 in Cyprus.
Source: Statistical Service of Cyprus (CYSTAT).
7. Economy as a Correction Factor of Urbanism
Historically the role of the Economy inside the
urban discourse was always discussed,
especially in the Contemporary architecture
ages.
Eric Mumford is one of the most distinguished
authors working on the Modernist discourse. His
work on the CIAM (Figure 26) discourse changes
in the period 1928-1960 is well-known.4 According
to him, Urbanism would be a complex subject
justifying this concept because of his urban vision
as not only a development coming from the
Economy and production mechanisms but from
the life of the human being born always together
with other ones.
In the opposite way, and during the fifth CIAM
Josep Lluis Sert emphasized the chaos of the
modern industrial cities problem, as a threat to
the Public health of the labor population.
According to Sert the solution would pass by a
more useful and harmonious city through a
reorganization process. It would be only possible
using what he defined as “big technical
instruments always supported by the new urban
economy”. Sert deepened on the idea of cities
being understood as a part of an economic,
social and political complexity coordinated with
the different biological activities. He named this
4 El discurso del CIAM sobre el urbanismo, 1928-1960 Eric
Mumford
complexity “the individual and the collectivity”.
His discourse would be parallel to Le Corbusier
who published at this time “Ville radieuse”.
Port cities expansions transform radically the
urban shape, when needed. Till 2000 the less
accessibility in port cities coast lines, the more
economic activity. Today there is a change in
this aspect at the same time there is a change of
the economic basis for urban societies.
Hiedanranta Bay's new master plan Tampere
seems to follow this line. The proposal was
chosen to be developed in the next 20 years tries
to respond to the rapid growth of Tampere's
central region. The proposal, by by Schauman &
Nordgren Architects, previews the
transformation of the former industrial district into
an innovation hub for sustainable economic
development, creating 10,000 new jobs, and
housing over 25,000 new residents.
Figure 266. GATEPAC, launching panel of the GATEPAC. “La
Ciutat de Repòs i de Vacances” “Tourism city”. CIAM, 1933.
Figure 27. Image from “Let's transform Moscow into
exemplary socialist city of the proletarian state” by
Aleksandr Dejneka, 1931.
Gentrification is one more example of urban
transformation that only can be explained from
an economic point of view. Neil Smith’s
Translated by: León Darío Espinosa Restrepo from
original, Mumford, E. (2000) The CIAM Discourse on
Urbanism, 1928–1960. Cambridge: MIT Press.
10. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(2), 1-11 / 2018
José Manuel Pagés Madrigal 10
contribution was interesting, when he defined
this phenomenon as a global urban strategy in
despite of being initially emerged as a sporadic
quaint, and local anomaly in the housing
markets of some commander-cities”5. He
defended the idea of these processes have
been “thoroughly generalized as an urban
strategy that takes over from liberal urban
policy.”
Much as the neoliberal state becomes a
consummate agent of rather than a regulator –
the market the new revanchist urbanism that
replaces the urban policy in cities of the
advanced capitalist world increasingly expresses
the impulses of capitalist production rather than
social reproduction. As globalization bespeaks a
rescaling of the global, the scale of the urban is
recast.
8. Conclusions
A strong relation between Economy, Urbanism
and Architecture was always remarked. This
relationship has been a fundamental piece in
the development of the best and worst scenarios
in the several scales, Territorial, landscape, urban
planning and architectural scales. A good
example would be the Suez Canal. This
relationship is not reflected on the academic
curricula in the schools of Architecture and it was
better welcomed in the departments of
Economy, Several examples can illustrate this
fact:
The current department of Economy and
Management of the University of Ferrara was
named Dipartimento di Economia Istituzioni e
Territorio, with important contributions to these
relations, like the Master in city management or
the Master in Environmental management and
sustainable development.
It makes sense to deep on the idea of joining
Architecture and Economy as the basis for new
academic paths for learning both fields.
Eventual paths of schools of Architecture must
be based on these three eventual principles.
1. The idea of insetting economy in
outcomes in some courses. As an
example, the integrative design studio
courses would include notions about
Economy and production
2. The concept of proposing elective
courses, or even major ones, with a clear
economic vocation. IE gives to their
5 Smith, Neil: “New globalism, new urbanism
:”Gentrification as a global urban strategy ”
Architecture students the possibility of
doing a minor related to this area.
3. The concept of master programs joining
these two concepts. Masters in Urban
economy are linked to this idea of
transversality. MAPAUs, as a transversal
experience for five years.
The links between Economy and Urbanism
were more developed nowadays. The
coming challenges are the links between
both of them, the last Pritzker Aravena and
the previous writings from Koolhaas define
future lines to be followed.
Figure 28. Hiedanranta Bay's new master plan
Tampere. Master Plan by Schauman &
Nordgren Architects.
Figure29. Master course in Urban Economy,
University Torcuato di Tella, academic year
2016/2017.
11. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(2), 1-11 / 2018
José Manuel Pagés Madrigal 11
Acknowledgments
This research did not receive any specific grant
from funding agencies in the public,
commercial, or non-for-profit sectors.
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