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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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Somatization disorder
This document discusses somatization disorder, including its definition, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Somatization disorder involves a person experiencing physical symptoms that cannot be explained medically, and it affects their daily functioning. Treatment involves developing a trusting doctor-patient relationship, avoiding unnecessary medical tests, and utilizing psychotherapy and lifestyle changes like exercise to help manage stress and underlying mental health conditions. The prognosis is generally improved with a multidisciplinary treatment approach.
conduct disorder
Conduct disorder is a childhood disorder characterized by aggressive, destructive, deceitful, and rule-violating behaviors. It typically appears between the ages of 10-16 and is more common in boys than girls. Symptoms fall into four categories and include fighting, bullying, cruelty, fire-setting, vandalism, lying, and rule-breaking. The causes are believed to involve biological, genetic, environmental, psychological, and social factors. Treatment typically includes psychotherapy, family therapy, parent management training, and sometimes medication. Without treatment, children with conduct disorder are at risk for problems like academic failure, substance abuse, legal issues, injuries, and mental health disorders as adults.
Organic brain syndrome
This document discusses organic mental disorders, which are caused by pathological conditions affecting the brain. There are two major categories - cognitive disorders like delirium and dementia, and mental disorders secondary to medical conditions. Delirium is an acute reversible state characterized by disturbed consciousness and cognition. Dementia is a chronic progressive syndrome with multiple cognitive defects like memory impairment. Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia are common types of dementia. Organic mental disorders have various causes including head trauma, infections, tumors, metabolic disorders, and toxins.
Conversion disorder
Conversion disorder is a psychiatric condition where patients experience neurological symptoms like numbness, blindness, or paralysis without an underlying neurological cause. The symptoms are thought to arise in response to psychological stressors and difficulties in the patient's life. Conversion disorder was formerly known as hysteria, and the term "conversion" comes from Freud's idea that anxiety can be converted into physical symptoms. Common symptoms include sensory deficits like blindness or numbness, as well as motor problems like paralysis or seizures. Treatment may involve physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy to address underlying psychological issues.
Organic mental disorder
This document provides an overview of organic mental disorders, including their classification, causes, symptoms, stages, and treatment approaches. Key points discussed include:
- Organic mental disorders involve decreased mental function due to medical or physical brain disease rather than psychiatric illness. They are classified in the ICD-10 and include conditions like dementia, delirium, and amnestic syndrome.
- Dementia is characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. It has stages from mild to severe. Causes include Alzheimer's, strokes, and other degenerative brain diseases.
- Delirium involves acute changes in consciousness, perception, and motor behavior. It has many reversible medical causes and typically resolves within
Mental State Examination
This document provides an overview of the components of a mental status examination (MSE). It describes 8 components that are assessed during an MSE: general appearance and behavior; speech; mood and affect; thought; perception; cognition; judgement; and insight. Each component is then defined and examples are provided of the types of observations, questions, and tests used to evaluate the patient's status in that area. The goal of the MSE is to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the patient's overall emotional and cognitive functioning.
Psychosocial therapy
Psychosocial therapy aims to help patients with emotional or personality problems. It involves developing a therapeutic relationship between the patient and therapist to explore and modify maladaptive behaviors. There are several types of psychosocial therapies, including individual therapies like psychoanalysis which focuses on unconscious forces, and behavioral therapies which aim to eliminate symptoms by modifying behaviors through techniques like behavior modification. The goals are to help patients resolve conflicts, develop self-identity, and gain skills to cope with problems in a healthier way.
Conversion disorder
Conversion disorder, also known as functional neurological symptom disorder, is a condition where a person experiences neurological symptoms such as blindness, paralysis, or seizures that cannot be fully explained by medical issues. It occurs when psychological stressors are converted into physical symptoms affecting sensation, movement, or both. People with conversion disorder may experience weakness in the limbs, impaired coordination, or problems with senses like vision or hearing. It is diagnosed through medical history, exams, and tests to rule out other neurological or medical conditions. Treatment involves counseling therapies and sometimes medication to manage anxiety or depression. Prognosis is generally good, especially if the condition is diagnosed early and the patient engages with treatment recommendations.
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Somatization disorder
This document discusses somatization disorder, including its definition, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Somatization disorder involves a person experiencing physical symptoms that cannot be explained medically, and it affects their daily functioning. Treatment involves developing a trusting doctor-patient relationship, avoiding unnecessary medical tests, and utilizing psychotherapy and lifestyle changes like exercise to help manage stress and underlying mental health conditions. The prognosis is generally improved with a multidisciplinary treatment approach.
conduct disorder
Conduct disorder is a childhood disorder characterized by aggressive, destructive, deceitful, and rule-violating behaviors. It typically appears between the ages of 10-16 and is more common in boys than girls. Symptoms fall into four categories and include fighting, bullying, cruelty, fire-setting, vandalism, lying, and rule-breaking. The causes are believed to involve biological, genetic, environmental, psychological, and social factors. Treatment typically includes psychotherapy, family therapy, parent management training, and sometimes medication. Without treatment, children with conduct disorder are at risk for problems like academic failure, substance abuse, legal issues, injuries, and mental health disorders as adults.
Organic brain syndrome
This document discusses organic mental disorders, which are caused by pathological conditions affecting the brain. There are two major categories - cognitive disorders like delirium and dementia, and mental disorders secondary to medical conditions. Delirium is an acute reversible state characterized by disturbed consciousness and cognition. Dementia is a chronic progressive syndrome with multiple cognitive defects like memory impairment. Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia are common types of dementia. Organic mental disorders have various causes including head trauma, infections, tumors, metabolic disorders, and toxins.
Conversion disorder
Conversion disorder is a psychiatric condition where patients experience neurological symptoms like numbness, blindness, or paralysis without an underlying neurological cause. The symptoms are thought to arise in response to psychological stressors and difficulties in the patient's life. Conversion disorder was formerly known as hysteria, and the term "conversion" comes from Freud's idea that anxiety can be converted into physical symptoms. Common symptoms include sensory deficits like blindness or numbness, as well as motor problems like paralysis or seizures. Treatment may involve physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy to address underlying psychological issues.
Organic mental disorder
This document provides an overview of organic mental disorders, including their classification, causes, symptoms, stages, and treatment approaches. Key points discussed include:
- Organic mental disorders involve decreased mental function due to medical or physical brain disease rather than psychiatric illness. They are classified in the ICD-10 and include conditions like dementia, delirium, and amnestic syndrome.
- Dementia is characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. It has stages from mild to severe. Causes include Alzheimer's, strokes, and other degenerative brain diseases.
- Delirium involves acute changes in consciousness, perception, and motor behavior. It has many reversible medical causes and typically resolves within
Mental State Examination
This document provides an overview of the components of a mental status examination (MSE). It describes 8 components that are assessed during an MSE: general appearance and behavior; speech; mood and affect; thought; perception; cognition; judgement; and insight. Each component is then defined and examples are provided of the types of observations, questions, and tests used to evaluate the patient's status in that area. The goal of the MSE is to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the patient's overall emotional and cognitive functioning.
Psychosocial therapy
Psychosocial therapy aims to help patients with emotional or personality problems. It involves developing a therapeutic relationship between the patient and therapist to explore and modify maladaptive behaviors. There are several types of psychosocial therapies, including individual therapies like psychoanalysis which focuses on unconscious forces, and behavioral therapies which aim to eliminate symptoms by modifying behaviors through techniques like behavior modification. The goals are to help patients resolve conflicts, develop self-identity, and gain skills to cope with problems in a healthier way.
Conversion disorder
Conversion disorder, also known as functional neurological symptom disorder, is a condition where a person experiences neurological symptoms such as blindness, paralysis, or seizures that cannot be fully explained by medical issues. It occurs when psychological stressors are converted into physical symptoms affecting sensation, movement, or both. People with conversion disorder may experience weakness in the limbs, impaired coordination, or problems with senses like vision or hearing. It is diagnosed through medical history, exams, and tests to rule out other neurological or medical conditions. Treatment involves counseling therapies and sometimes medication to manage anxiety or depression. Prognosis is generally good, especially if the condition is diagnosed early and the patient engages with treatment recommendations.
Hypochondriasis
Hypochondriasis is defined as an excessive preoccupation or worry about having an illness. Hypochondriacs obsess over whether they have a disease and what disease it is. They try to avoid anything that could make them sick and stay indoors. Hypochondriacs are always worried and stressed, especially when they find a new "symptom." They are prone to visiting doctors frequently and taking many medications in an attempt to avoid illness and boost their immune system. Hypochondriasis can negatively impact one's social, educational, and work life by constantly worrying about potential diseases.
Paranoid schizophrenia
The document discusses schizophrenia, including its characteristic symptoms, subtypes, treatments, and theories about its causes. Some key points include:
- The main symptoms of schizophrenia are delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech.
- There are several subtypes of schizophrenia including paranoid, catatonic, and undifferentiated.
- Both older "conventional" and newer "atypical" antipsychotic medications are used to treat schizophrenia by reducing positive symptoms.
- The dopamine hypothesis suggests psychotic symptoms are related to excess dopamine activity in the brain, which newer theories have expanded on to include other neurotransmitters.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Histrionic personality disorder is a condition in which people act in a very emotional and dramatic way that draws attention to themselves.
Obsessive compulsive disorder
OCD is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions. It affects approximately 3% of the population worldwide and typically emerges between ages 20-24. While the exact cause is unknown, biological factors like abnormalities in brain circuits and serotonin levels are implicated. Treatment involves cognitive-behavioral therapy such as exposure response prevention and medication like SSRIs. Nursing management focuses on assessing coping abilities, role functioning, and providing psychoeducation on relationships between anxiety, thoughts, and behaviors.
Delusion
This document summarizes delusions, which are fixed false beliefs that are firmly held despite evidence to the contrary. It defines delusions and distinguishes them from overvalued ideas. It describes different types of delusions such as persecutory, grandiose, somatic, and mixed delusions. It also discusses primary delusions that occur suddenly versus secondary delusions caused by other conditions. Various disorders and medical conditions that can cause delusions are listed.
Psychotherapy
This document provides an overview of different types of psychotherapy. It defines psychotherapy as a process that attempts to help patients through a structured relationship with a trained therapist. Psychotherapy can be individual, group, family-based, or focus on marital issues. Approaches include supportive, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, and experiential therapies. The document describes the goals, techniques, indications and characteristics of various psychotherapy methods.
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress related disorder (DSM5) is characterized by inability to adjust or recover after witnessing or experiencing a traumatic or life threatening event.
Panic disorder
This document provides an overview of panic disorder (PD), including its definition, symptoms, risk factors, differences from panic attacks, causes, effects on schooling, outcomes, diagnostic criteria, reasons for hospitalization, conditions that mimic it, suicide rates, and treatment goals. PD is defined as recurrent unexpected panic attacks along with fears about future attacks. It has biological, pharmacological, cognitive, and chronic illness-related causes. Treatment aims to reduce attack frequency, intensity, anticipatory anxiety, and phobic avoidance.
Classification of Mental disorders
This document discusses various systems for classifying mental disorders. It describes the ICD-10 classification system from the WHO which organizes disorders into categories. It also describes the DSM-5 system used in the US which previously used a multi-axial system but now combines the axes. The purposes of classification are to aid in diagnosis, communication, research and treatment. The document also briefly outlines an Indian system which broadly divides disorders into categories like psychosis, neurosis and special disorders.
POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to psychological trauma like natural disasters, accidents, or abuse. Genetic and neurological factors increase risk. Symptoms include emotional numbness, disturbing dreams, irritability, and social withdrawal. Diagnosis involves assessing trauma history and symptoms. Treatment includes pharmacotherapy with antidepressants or benzodiazepines, as well as psychotherapy like exposure therapy or cognitive behavioral therapy. Nursing care focuses on safety, monitoring for suicidal ideation, providing a calm environment, and supporting rehabilitation.
Cluster B Personalty disorders
Cluster B personality disorders are characterized by dramatic, emotional or erratic behaviors. They include antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder. Biological factors like genetics and hormones play a role in etiology. Psychological factors during development like attachment issues and maladaptive defenses also contribute to Cluster B personalities. Antisocial personality disorder specifically involves a persistent disregard for social norms with impulsive and aggressive tendencies, affecting mostly males.
Conversion disorder power point
Conversion disorder is characterized by neurological symptoms like paralysis, blindness, or seizures that are not explained by medical factors. It develops due to psychological stress converting into physical symptoms. While the symptoms are real, they are considered psychologically rather than neurologically caused. Conversion disorder is most common in late childhood to early adulthood, and women are diagnosed more often than men. Treatment involves psychotherapy with a caring therapist to address underlying stressors, as symptoms often resolve spontaneously within days to a month with support. Occupational therapy can help by focusing on coping skills, home modifications, and family education.
Individual psychotherapy
Individual psychotherapy involves meeting with a therapist to explore one's feelings, attitudes, thoughts, and behaviors in order to bring about positive change. The goals are to reduce symptoms, modify disturbed patterns, and promote personal growth. Different types were discussed, including psychoanalysis which focuses on unconscious forces, supportive therapy for chronic conditions, hypnosis using relaxation techniques, and reality therapy which emphasizes present coping skills. The nurse's role is to reinforce positive behavior, coordinate care, develop trust, and explain the treatment process.
Gender identity disorder
This document summarizes the symptoms, diagnostic criteria, prevalence, and treatment approaches for gender identity disorder according to the DSM-IV. It describes symptoms in children, adolescents, and adults which include a strong desire to be the opposite sex and discomfort with one's biological sex. Treatment involves psychotherapy, hormone therapy, and potentially sexual reassignment surgery, with the goal of helping individuals live comfortably in their identified gender.
SCHIZOPHRENIA for B.Sc (Nsg).docx
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It is defined by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and negative symptoms. The disorder has been recognized since the late 19th century and was termed "dementia praecox" and later "schizophrenia". It affects about 1% of the population and has varying levels of severity and outcomes depending on factors like symptom type, treatment adherence and social support. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications and psychosocial therapies.
Mood Disorders- Psychiatric nursing
This document discusses mood disorders, specifically manic episodes and depression. It begins by providing historical context on the study of mood disorders dating back to ancient Greece. It then defines mood disorders as being characterized by disturbances in mood accompanied by manic or depressive syndromes.
The document describes the clinical features of mania, including elevated mood, increased psychomotor activity, and decreased need for sleep. It also discusses the clinical features of depression, such as depressed mood, psychomotor retardation or agitation, and thoughts of worthlessness.
The document covers the classification, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis and management of both manic episodes and depressive episodes. It notes that mood disorders often have genetic and biochemical factors and
DYSTHYMIA PRESENTATION - MAR 17
Dysthymia, or persistent depressive disorder, is a chronic form of depression that lasts for at least two years in adults and one year in children. Common symptoms include feelings of negativity, low self-esteem, and changes in appetite and sleep patterns. Approximately 3-6% of Americans experience dysthymia at some point. Women and African Americans have higher rates than other groups. Causes may include genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment options include yoga therapy, which can help regulate mood and reduce stress through gentle stretching, breathing, and meditation exercises.
Classification of Mental Disorders
Classification of Mental disorders is also known as Psychiatric Nosology or Psychiatric Taxonomy. Most commonly Used Classification is ICD and DSM.
Phobia
Phobias are irrational fears that lead to avoidance of specific objects, situations, or activities. They are classified in the ICD-10 and include agoraphobia, social phobia, and simple phobias. Phobias are thought to develop through behavioral conditioning processes. Symptoms include anxiety, sweating, trembling, and avoidance behaviors. Treatment involves pharmacotherapy with benzodiazepines or antidepressants as well as behavioral therapies like desensitization and cognitive techniques. Nursing care focuses on reassurance, exploring the patient's perceptions, and encouraging coping strategies and socialization.
Ethnic Immigration
Jews began settling in the American colonies in the 1600s, establishing communities in cities like Newport, Savannah, and Charleston. By the Revolutionary War, there were around 2,000 Jews living in America who played an important role in financing the patriot cause. In the 19th century, waves of Jewish immigration from Germany and Eastern Europe dramatically increased the Jewish population in America. Jewish Americans made significant contributions across all areas of American life despite facing discrimination at times.
Hedge Fund
Hedge funds are direct partnerships between fund managers and investors where managers typically invest significant personal capital, aligning interests. The modern hedge fund industry traces back to 1949 when Alfred Winslow Jones employed a strategy of offsetting long and short positions to better manage risk. Hedge funds invest in a range of assets like stocks, bonds, commodities and futures to maximize returns while minimizing risk through diversification and hedging. They provide benefits to local communities and institutions by helping fund pensions, universities, non-profits and providing stable returns over time.
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Hypochondriasis
Hypochondriasis is defined as an excessive preoccupation or worry about having an illness. Hypochondriacs obsess over whether they have a disease and what disease it is. They try to avoid anything that could make them sick and stay indoors. Hypochondriacs are always worried and stressed, especially when they find a new "symptom." They are prone to visiting doctors frequently and taking many medications in an attempt to avoid illness and boost their immune system. Hypochondriasis can negatively impact one's social, educational, and work life by constantly worrying about potential diseases.
Paranoid schizophrenia
The document discusses schizophrenia, including its characteristic symptoms, subtypes, treatments, and theories about its causes. Some key points include:
- The main symptoms of schizophrenia are delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech.
- There are several subtypes of schizophrenia including paranoid, catatonic, and undifferentiated.
- Both older "conventional" and newer "atypical" antipsychotic medications are used to treat schizophrenia by reducing positive symptoms.
- The dopamine hypothesis suggests psychotic symptoms are related to excess dopamine activity in the brain, which newer theories have expanded on to include other neurotransmitters.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Histrionic personality disorder is a condition in which people act in a very emotional and dramatic way that draws attention to themselves.
Obsessive compulsive disorder
OCD is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions. It affects approximately 3% of the population worldwide and typically emerges between ages 20-24. While the exact cause is unknown, biological factors like abnormalities in brain circuits and serotonin levels are implicated. Treatment involves cognitive-behavioral therapy such as exposure response prevention and medication like SSRIs. Nursing management focuses on assessing coping abilities, role functioning, and providing psychoeducation on relationships between anxiety, thoughts, and behaviors.
Delusion
This document summarizes delusions, which are fixed false beliefs that are firmly held despite evidence to the contrary. It defines delusions and distinguishes them from overvalued ideas. It describes different types of delusions such as persecutory, grandiose, somatic, and mixed delusions. It also discusses primary delusions that occur suddenly versus secondary delusions caused by other conditions. Various disorders and medical conditions that can cause delusions are listed.
Psychotherapy
This document provides an overview of different types of psychotherapy. It defines psychotherapy as a process that attempts to help patients through a structured relationship with a trained therapist. Psychotherapy can be individual, group, family-based, or focus on marital issues. Approaches include supportive, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, and experiential therapies. The document describes the goals, techniques, indications and characteristics of various psychotherapy methods.
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress related disorder (DSM5) is characterized by inability to adjust or recover after witnessing or experiencing a traumatic or life threatening event.
Panic disorder
This document provides an overview of panic disorder (PD), including its definition, symptoms, risk factors, differences from panic attacks, causes, effects on schooling, outcomes, diagnostic criteria, reasons for hospitalization, conditions that mimic it, suicide rates, and treatment goals. PD is defined as recurrent unexpected panic attacks along with fears about future attacks. It has biological, pharmacological, cognitive, and chronic illness-related causes. Treatment aims to reduce attack frequency, intensity, anticipatory anxiety, and phobic avoidance.
Classification of Mental disorders
This document discusses various systems for classifying mental disorders. It describes the ICD-10 classification system from the WHO which organizes disorders into categories. It also describes the DSM-5 system used in the US which previously used a multi-axial system but now combines the axes. The purposes of classification are to aid in diagnosis, communication, research and treatment. The document also briefly outlines an Indian system which broadly divides disorders into categories like psychosis, neurosis and special disorders.
POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to psychological trauma like natural disasters, accidents, or abuse. Genetic and neurological factors increase risk. Symptoms include emotional numbness, disturbing dreams, irritability, and social withdrawal. Diagnosis involves assessing trauma history and symptoms. Treatment includes pharmacotherapy with antidepressants or benzodiazepines, as well as psychotherapy like exposure therapy or cognitive behavioral therapy. Nursing care focuses on safety, monitoring for suicidal ideation, providing a calm environment, and supporting rehabilitation.
Cluster B Personalty disorders
Cluster B personality disorders are characterized by dramatic, emotional or erratic behaviors. They include antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder. Biological factors like genetics and hormones play a role in etiology. Psychological factors during development like attachment issues and maladaptive defenses also contribute to Cluster B personalities. Antisocial personality disorder specifically involves a persistent disregard for social norms with impulsive and aggressive tendencies, affecting mostly males.
Conversion disorder power point
Conversion disorder is characterized by neurological symptoms like paralysis, blindness, or seizures that are not explained by medical factors. It develops due to psychological stress converting into physical symptoms. While the symptoms are real, they are considered psychologically rather than neurologically caused. Conversion disorder is most common in late childhood to early adulthood, and women are diagnosed more often than men. Treatment involves psychotherapy with a caring therapist to address underlying stressors, as symptoms often resolve spontaneously within days to a month with support. Occupational therapy can help by focusing on coping skills, home modifications, and family education.
Individual psychotherapy
Individual psychotherapy involves meeting with a therapist to explore one's feelings, attitudes, thoughts, and behaviors in order to bring about positive change. The goals are to reduce symptoms, modify disturbed patterns, and promote personal growth. Different types were discussed, including psychoanalysis which focuses on unconscious forces, supportive therapy for chronic conditions, hypnosis using relaxation techniques, and reality therapy which emphasizes present coping skills. The nurse's role is to reinforce positive behavior, coordinate care, develop trust, and explain the treatment process.
Gender identity disorder
This document summarizes the symptoms, diagnostic criteria, prevalence, and treatment approaches for gender identity disorder according to the DSM-IV. It describes symptoms in children, adolescents, and adults which include a strong desire to be the opposite sex and discomfort with one's biological sex. Treatment involves psychotherapy, hormone therapy, and potentially sexual reassignment surgery, with the goal of helping individuals live comfortably in their identified gender.
SCHIZOPHRENIA for B.Sc (Nsg).docx
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It is defined by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and negative symptoms. The disorder has been recognized since the late 19th century and was termed "dementia praecox" and later "schizophrenia". It affects about 1% of the population and has varying levels of severity and outcomes depending on factors like symptom type, treatment adherence and social support. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications and psychosocial therapies.
Mood Disorders- Psychiatric nursing
This document discusses mood disorders, specifically manic episodes and depression. It begins by providing historical context on the study of mood disorders dating back to ancient Greece. It then defines mood disorders as being characterized by disturbances in mood accompanied by manic or depressive syndromes.
The document describes the clinical features of mania, including elevated mood, increased psychomotor activity, and decreased need for sleep. It also discusses the clinical features of depression, such as depressed mood, psychomotor retardation or agitation, and thoughts of worthlessness.
The document covers the classification, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis and management of both manic episodes and depressive episodes. It notes that mood disorders often have genetic and biochemical factors and
DYSTHYMIA PRESENTATION - MAR 17
Dysthymia, or persistent depressive disorder, is a chronic form of depression that lasts for at least two years in adults and one year in children. Common symptoms include feelings of negativity, low self-esteem, and changes in appetite and sleep patterns. Approximately 3-6% of Americans experience dysthymia at some point. Women and African Americans have higher rates than other groups. Causes may include genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment options include yoga therapy, which can help regulate mood and reduce stress through gentle stretching, breathing, and meditation exercises.
Classification of Mental Disorders
Classification of Mental disorders is also known as Psychiatric Nosology or Psychiatric Taxonomy. Most commonly Used Classification is ICD and DSM.
Phobia
Phobias are irrational fears that lead to avoidance of specific objects, situations, or activities. They are classified in the ICD-10 and include agoraphobia, social phobia, and simple phobias. Phobias are thought to develop through behavioral conditioning processes. Symptoms include anxiety, sweating, trembling, and avoidance behaviors. Treatment involves pharmacotherapy with benzodiazepines or antidepressants as well as behavioral therapies like desensitization and cognitive techniques. Nursing care focuses on reassurance, exploring the patient's perceptions, and encouraging coping strategies and socialization.
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Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
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2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
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