An In-Depth Concept of Solutions For IIT JEE (CHEMISTRY) Exams. Join Studyduniya.com for More. https://bit.ly/2uT6ARE

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Solubility of a substance is its maximum
amount that can be dissolved in a specified
amount of solvent at a specified temperature.
It depends upon the nature of solute and
solvent as well as temperature and pressure.
SOLUBILITY

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The law states that at a constant
temperature, the solubility of a gas in a
liquid is directly proportional to the partial
pressure of the gas present above the
surface of liquid or solution.
HENRY’S LAW

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For a solution of volatile liquids, the partial
vapour pressure of each component of the
solution is directly proportional to its mole
fraction present in solution.
RAOULT’S LAW

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VAPOUR PRESSURE OF LIQUID-
LIQUID SOLUTIONS

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For a solution of volatile liquids, the partial
vapour pressure of each component of the
solution is directly proportional to its mole
fraction present in solution.
IDEAL SOLUTION

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When a solution does not obey Raoult’s
law over the entire range of concentration,
then it is called non-ideal solution.
The vapour pressure of such a solution is
either higher or lower than that predicted
by Raoult’s law
NON IDEAL SOLUTION

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When the vapour pressure of a solution is
higher than that predicted by Raoult's law,
the solution exhibits positive deviation and
if it is lower, it exhibits negative deviation
from Raoult’s law.
DEVIATION FROM RAOULT'S LAW

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The intermolecular attractive forces
between the solute-solvent molecules
are weaker than those between the solute-
solute and solvent-solvent molecules.
POSITIVE DEVIATION

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POSITIVE DEVIATION

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The intermolecular attractive forces
between the solute-solute and solvent-
solvent molecules are weaker than those
between the solute-solvent molecules.
NEGATIVE DEVIATION

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NEGATIVE DEVIATION

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Azeotropes are binary mixtures having the
same composition in liquid and vapour
phase and boil at a constant temperature.
The solutions which show a large positive
deviation from Raoult’s law form minimum
boiling azeotrope at a specific
composition. ethanol-water mixture.
AZEOTROPES

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The solutions that show large negative
deviation from Raoult’s law form
maximum boiling azeotrope at a specific
composition. Nitric acid and water
AZEOTROPES

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RELATIVE LOWERING OF
VAPOUR PRESSURE

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ELEVATION OF BOILING POINT

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ELEVATION OF BOILING POINT

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DEPRESSION OF FREEZING POINT

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DEPRESSION OF FREEZING POINT

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The osmotic pressure of a solution is the
excess pressure that must be applied to stop
the passage of solvent molecules through
a semipermeable membrane into the
solution.
OSMOTIC PRESSURE

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Two solutions having same osmotic
pressure at a given temperature are called
isotonic solutions.
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
Any solution with a higher osmotic
pressure than other solution, then the
solution is called Hypertonic solution

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A hypotonic solution is any solution that
has a lower osmotic pressure than another
solution
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

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When a pressure larger than the osmotic
pressure is applied to the solution side.
Then, the pure solvent flows out of the
solution through the semi-permeable
membrane. This phenomenon is called
reverse osmosis
REVERSE OSMOSIS