An In-Depth Concept of Atomic structure For IIT JEE (CHEMISTRY) Exams. Join Studyduniya.com for More. https://bit.ly/2H2c818

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The electron in the hydrogen atom can
move around the nucleus in a circular
path of fixed radius and energy.
The angular momentum of an electron
in a given stationary state can be
expressed as:
BOHR’S MODEL

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The energy of an electron in the orbit
does not change with time.
The frequency of radiation absorbed or
emitted when transition occurs
between two stationary states that
differ in energy by /E, is given by :
BOHR’S MODEL
_

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WAVE NATURE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
RADIATION

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The ideal body, which emits and absorbs
radiations of all frequencies, is called a
black body and the radiation emitted by
such a body is called black body
radiation.
PLANCK’S QUANTUM THEORY

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PLANCK’S QUANTUM THEORY

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WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY
light possesses both particle and wave-
like properties, i.e., light has dual
behaviour.
electrons exhibit this wave-particle
duality.

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EMISSION AND ABSORPTION SPECTRA
The spectrum of radiation emitted by a
substance that has absorbed energy is
called an emission spectrum.
An absorption spectrum is like the
photographic negative of an emission
spectrum.
The study of emission or absorption
spectra is referred to as spectroscopy.

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ATOMIC SPECTRA
When the emission spectra of atoms in
the gas phase, do not show a continuous
spread of wavelength from red to violet,
rather they emit light only at specific
wavelengths with dark spaces between
them. Such spectra are called line spectra
or atomic spectra

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LINE SPECTRUM OF HYDROGEN

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LINE SPECTRUM OF HYDROGEN

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Energy Level: The non-radiating energy
paths around the nucleus are called as
Energy Levels of Shells. K, L, M, N, ... etc.
Sub-Energy Level: Extra energy levels
within a definite energy level. s, p, d, f etc.
Orbital: s-subshell has one orbital, p has
three orbitals, d have five orbitals and f
has seven orbitals.
QUANTUM NUMBERS

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Principal Quantum Number (n):
Quantum numbers describes energies of
the electron in atoms, information about
the shapes and orientations of the most
probable distribution of electrons
around nucleus. n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
QUANTUM NUMBERS

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Azimuthal Quantum Number (l): This
number determines the energy
associated with the angular momentum
of the electron about the nucleus. when l
l = 1, 2, 3, the subshells are called p, d, f
sub-shells respectively
QUANTUM NUMBERS

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Magnetic Quantum Number (m): An
electron with angular momentum can
be thought as an electric current
circulating in a loop. m can have any
integral values between –l to +l including
0.
QUANTUM NUMBERS

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Spin quantum Number (s): When an
electron rotates around a nucleus it also
spins about its axis. If the spin is clockwise,
its spin quantum number is +1/2 and is
represented as . If the spin
is anti-clockwise, its value is –1/2 and is
represented as
QUANTUM NUMBERS

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Matter, like radiation, also exhibit dual
behaviour i.e., both particle and
wavelike properties.
De Broglie, from this analogy, gave the
following relation between wavelength
and momentum of a material particle.
WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY

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It states that it is impossible to determine
simultaneously, the exact position and
exact momentum (or velocity) of an
electron.
HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY
PRINCIPLE

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The energy of electrons in atoms is
quantized
Quantized electronic energy levels is a
direct result of the wave like properties
of electrons
Both the exact position and exact
velocity of an electron in an atom cannot
be determined simultaneously
QUANTUM MECHANICAL
MODEL OF ATOM

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An atomic orbital is the wave function
for an electron in an atom.
The probability of finding an electron at a
point within an atom is proportional to the
square of the orbital wave function.
QUANTUM MECHANICAL
MODEL OF ATOM

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SHAPES OF ATOMIC ORBITALS

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SHAPES OF ATOMIC ORBITALS

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SHAPES OF ATOMIC ORBITALS

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SHAPES OF ATOMIC ORBITALS

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SHAPES OF ATOMIC ORBITALS

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AUFBAU PRINCIPLE

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No two electrons in an atom can have the
same set of four quantum numbers.
Only two electrons may exist in the same
orbital and these electrons must have
opposite spin
PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

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Pairing of electrons in the orbitals
belonging to the same subshell (p, d or f)
does not take place until each orbital
belonging to that subshell has got one
electron each i.e., it is singly occupied.
HUND’S RULE

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ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF
ATOMS