The document discusses aromatic hydrocarbons, distinguishing between benzenoids and non-benzenoids, and explains the structure and characteristics of benzene, including its planarity and electron delocalization. It also covers methods for the preparation of benzene, including decarboxylation of aromatic acids and reduction of phenol, as well as various electrophilic substitution reactions such as nitration, halogenation, and Friedel-Crafts reactions. Additionally, it mentions directing effects of different substituents on electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.

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ADDITION REACTIONS OF ALKYNES
Addition of water

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Aromatic compounds containing benzene
ring are known as benzenoids and those
not containing a benzene ring are known as
Non-benzenoids.
AROMATIC HYDROCARBON

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AROMATIC HYDROCARBON

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STRUCTURE OF BENZENE

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(i) Planarity
(ii) Complete delocalisation of the π
electrons in the ring
(iii) Presence of (4n + 2) π electrons in the
ring where n is an integer (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .).
AROMATICITY
Possessing following characteristics

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PREPARATION OF BENZENE
Decarboxylation of aromatic acids:

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PREPARATION OF BENZENE
Cyclic polymerisation of ethyne:

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PREPARATION OF BENZENE
Reduction of phenol:

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ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION
REACTIONS
Nitration:

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ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION
REACTIONS
Halogenation:

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ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION
REACTIONS
Sulphonation:

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ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION
REACTIONS
Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction:

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ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION
REACTIONS
Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction:

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ORTHO AND PARA DIRECTING
GROUPS:

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ORTHO AND PARA DIRECTING
GROUPS:

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META DIRECTING GROUP: