This document discusses different types of solutions and concentration expressions. It defines solution as a mixture of solute and solvent. Normal solution is defined as grams of solute dissolved in 1000 mL of solvent. Molar solution is grams of solute's molecular weight dissolved in 1000 mL. Percent solution expresses the ratio of solute to final solution weight by weight, weight by volume, or volume by volume. Osmosis and diffusion are distinguished, with osmosis being solvent movement through a semipermeable membrane towards higher solute concentration and diffusion being solute movement from higher to lower concentration. Dialysis is introduced as a process for removing waste and excess water from the blood, used as kidney replacement in failure.

1. JEETENDRA JHA
M.SC.MLT (BIOCHEMISTRY)
MASTER TRAINING OF TRAINERS (MTOT)
PRINCIPAL
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BIRATNAGAR-5, MORANG
Solution & Its Types

2. Definition
 Solution is defined as mixture of substances which is
composed of two parts, solute & solvent.
 The part which is dissolved is known as solute and
which dissolves the solute is known as solvent.
 The relative concentration in solution is
expressed in several ways:
 Normal solution
 Molar solution
 Percent solution

3. Normal Solution
 Normal solution is defined as the gram
equivalent weight of a substances dissolved
in 1000 ml of solvent.
 One gram of equivalent weight of an element
or compound represents its capacity to
replace or combine 1 mole of hydrogen.

4. Equivalent Weight
 The equivalent weight of an element is the
number of parts of it by weight, which
combine with or displace from a compound,
8 parts by weight of oxygen or its equivalent
i.e. 1.008 parts by which of hydrogen or 35.5
parts by weight of chlorine.
 Equivalent Weight of a element = Atomic weight /
Valency
 Equivalent Weight of an acid = Molecular weight of
acid / Replaceable hydrogen
 Equivalent Weight of a base = Molecular weight of
base / No. of hydroxyl group
 Equivalent Weight of a salt =Molecular weight of salt /
No. of metal ions or radicals

5. Molar Solution
 Molar solution is defined as the gram
molecular weight of a substances dissolved in
1000 ml of solvent.
 One gram of molecular weight of an element
or compound is calculated by adding together
the atomic weight of various atoms in the
compound.

6. Percent Solution
 Percent solution is defined as a part of a
solute dissolved in 100 parts of a final
solution. The most frequently used in weight
per volume (w/v). e.g. 9% saline (9 gram /100
ml). There are 3 ways of expressing %
solution:
 W/W (Weight by Weight)
 W/V (Weight by Volume)
 V/V (Volume by Volume)

7. Osmosis
 Osmosis is defined as the movement of solvent
through a semi permeable membrane.
 The movement of solvent takes place from the lower
concentration to a higher concentration solution
when it is separated by semi permeable membrane.
 It is due to osmotic pressure.
 Osmotic pressure is defined as the excess pressure
that must be applied to a solution to prevent the
passage of solvent into the solution on separation
with semi permeable membrane.

8. Application of Osmosis
 Blood volume & fluid balance
 RBC and fragility
 Transfusion
 Osmotic dieresis
 Edema due to hypo-albuminemia
 Cerebral edema
 Irrigation of wounds
 Action of purgatives

9. Diffusion
 Diffusion is defined as the movement of solute
molecule from higher concentration to lower
concentration.
 The smaller particles diffuse faster than the larger
molecules hence gas diffuses more rapidly than
liquids.
 Diffusion occurs in gases as well as in colloidal
solution.

10. Application of diffusion
 Gases exchanges in lungs
 Absorption of nutrients from Gastero Intestinal
tracts.
 Passes of waste products in the renal tubules.

11. Dialysis
 Dialysis is a process for removing waste and excess
water from the blood, and is used primarily as an
artificial replacement for lost kidney function in
people with kidney failure.
 Dialysis may be used for those with an acute
disturbance in kidney function or progressive but
chronically worsening kidney function (chronic
kidney disease).

13.  Thank You

14. Home Work
 Define Solution? Explain about the expression of
concentration of solution?
 Define Normal solution?
 Define Molar Solution?
 Define Percent Solution?
 Prepare 500 ml Normal & Molar solution of
Sulphuric Acid of 5N & 6M concentration.
 Prepare 500 ml Percent solution of Sulphuric Acid.
 Define and differentiate Osmosis & Diffusion.
 Write in short about the dialysis.