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- 2. Core Case Study:E-waste—An Exploding Problem (1) Electronic waste, e-waste: fastest growing solid waste problem Composition includes • High-quality plastics • Valuable metals • Toxic and hazardous pollutants
- 3. Core Case Study:E-waste—An Exploding Problem (2) Shipped to other countries • What happens in China? International Basel Convention • Bans transferring hazardous wastes from developed countries to developing countries European Union • Cradle-to-grave approach
- 4. Core Case Study:E-waste—An Exploding Problem (3) What should be done? • Recycle • E-cycle • Reuse • Prevention approach: remove the toxic materials
- 5. Rapidly Growing E-Wastefrom Discarded Computers and Other Electronics
- 6. 21-1 What AreSolid Waste and Hazardous Waste, and Why Are They Problems? Concept 21-1 Solid waste represents pollution and unnecessary waste of resources, and hazardous waste contributes to pollution, natural capital degradation, health problems, and premature deaths.
- 7. We Throw AwayHuge Amounts of Useful Things and Hazardous Materials (1) Solid waste • Industrial solid • Municipal solid waste (MSW) • Hazardous, toxic, waste Hazardous wastes • Organic compounds • Toxic heavy metals • Radioactive waste
- 8. We Throw AwayHuge Amounts of Useful Things and Hazardous Materials (2) 80–90% of hazardous wastes produced by developed countries Why reduce solid wastes? • ¾ of the materials are an unnecessary waste of the earth's resources • Huge amounts of air pollution, greenhouse gases, and water pollution
- 9. What Harmful ChemicalsAre in Your Home?
- 10. Fig. 21-2, p.562 What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your Home? Cleaning Gardening Disinfectants Pesticides Drain, toilet, and window cleaners Weed killers Ant and rodent killers Spot removers Flea powders Septic tank cleaners Paint Products Paints, stains, varnishes, and lacquers Paint thinners, solvents, and strippers Wood preservatives Automotive Artist paints and inks Gasoline Used motor oil General Antifreeze Dry-cell batteries (mercury and cadmium) Battery acid Brake and transmission fluid Glues and cements
- 11. Fig. 21-2, p.562 What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your Home? Cleaning Disinfectants Drain, toilet, and window cleaners Spot removers Septic tank cleaners Paint Products Paints, stains, varnishes, and lacquers Paint thinners, solvents, and strippers Wood preservatives Artist paints and inks Gardening Pesticides Weed killers Ant and rodent killers Flea powders General Dry-cell batteries (mercury and cadmium) Glues and cements Automotive Gasoline Used motor oil Antifreeze Battery acid Brake and transmission fluid Stepped Art
- 12. Solid Waste Leaderin solid waste problem • What is thrown away? Leader in trash production, by weight, per person Recycling is helping
- 13. 21-2 How ShouldWe Deal with Solid Waste? Concept 21-2 A sustainable approach to solid waste is first to reduce it, then to reuse or recycle it, and finally to safely dispose of what is left.
- 14. We Can Burnor Bury Solid Waste or Produce Less of It Waste Management Waste Reduction Integrated waste management • Uses a variety of strategies
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- 16. Fig. 21-5, p.565 Raw materials Processing and manufacturing Products Solid and hazardous wastes generated during the manufacturing process Waste generated by households and businesses Food/yard waste Hazardous waste Remaining mixed waste Plastic Glass Metal Paper To manufacturers for reuse or for recycling Compost Hazardous waste management Landfill Incinerator Fertilizer
- 17. Integrated Waste Management:Priorities for Dealing with Solid Waste
- 18. Fig. 21-6, p.565 First Priority Second Priority Last Priority Primary Pollution and Waste Prevention Secondary Pollution and Waste Prevention Waste Management Change industrial process to eliminate use of harmful chemicals Reuse Treat waste to reduce toxicity Repair Incinerate waste Use less of a harmful product Recycle Bury waste in landfills Reduce packaging and materials in products Compost Release waste into environment for dispersal or dilution Make products that last longer and are recyclable, reusable, or easy to repair Buy reusable and recyclable products
- 19. Fig. 21-6, p.565 Use less of a harmful product Last Priority Waste Management Treat waste to reduce toxicity Incinerate waste Bury waste in landfills Release waste into environment for dispersal or dilution First Priority Primary Pollution and Waste Prevention Change industrial process to eliminate use of harmful chemicals Reduce packaging and materials in products Make products that last longer and are recyclable, reusable, or easy to repair Second Priority Secondary Pollution and Waste Prevention Reuse Repair Recycle Compost Buy reusable and recyclable products Stepped Art
- 20. Science Focus: Garbology William Rathje: analyzes garbage in landfills Landfills and trash decomposition
- 21. We Can CutSolid Wastes by Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling (1) Waste reduction is based on • Reduce • Reuse • Recycle Seven strategies: (1) Redesign manufacturing processes and products to use less material and energy (2) Redesign manufacturing processes to produce less waste and pollution
- 22. We Can CutSolid Wastes by Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling (2) Seven strategies cont… (3) Develop products that are easy to repair, reuse, remanufacture, compost, or recycle (4) Eliminate or reduce unnecessary packaging (5) Use fee-per-bag waste collection systems (6) Establish cradle-to grave responsibility (7) Restructure urban transportation systems
- 23. What Can YouDo? Solid Waste
- 24. 21-3 Why IsReusing and Recycling Materials So Important? Concept 21-3 Reusing items decreases the use of matter and energy resources and reduces pollution and natural capital degradation; recycling does so to a lesser degree.
- 25. Reuse: Important Wayto Reduce Solid Waste, Pollution and to Save Money Reuse: clean and use materials over and over Downside of reuse in developing countries Salvaging automobiles parts Rechargeable batteries
- 26. Case Study: Useof Refillable Containers Reuse and recycle • Refillable glass beverage bottles • Refillable soft drink bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic Paper, plastic, or reusable cloth bags • Pros • Cons
- 27. Energy Consumption Involvedwith Using Different Types of 350 ml Containers
- 28. Fig. 21-8, p.568 Aluminum can, used once Steel can, used once Recycled steel can Glass drink bottle, used once Recycled aluminum can Recycled glass drink bottle Refillable drink bottle, used 10 times 0 8 16 24 32 Energy (thousands of kilocalories)
- 29. What Can YouDo? Reuse
- 30. There Are TwoTypes of Recycling (1) Primary, closed-loop recycling Secondary recycling Types of wastes that can be recycled • Preconsumer: internal waste • Postconsumer: external waste
- 31. There Are TwoTypes of Recycling (2) Do items actually get recycled? What are the numbers? Will the consumer buy recycled goods?
- 32. We Can Mixor Separate Household Solid Wastes for Recycling Materials-recovery facilities (MRFs) Source separation • Pay-as-you-throw • Fee-per-bag Which program is more cost effective? Which is friendlier to the environment?
- 33. We Can CopyNature and Recycle Biodegradable Solid Wastes Composting • Individual • Municipal Benefits Successful program in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- 34. Backyard Composter Drum:Bacteria Convert Kitchen Waste into Compost
- 35. Case Study: RecyclingPaper Production of paper versus recycled paper • Energy use • Water use • Pollution Countries that are recycling Replacement of chlorine-based bleaching chemicals with H2O2 or O2
- 36. Case Study: RecyclingPlastics (1) Plastics: composed of resins Most containers discarded: 4% recycled Litter: beaches, water • Significance?
- 37. Case Study: RecyclingPlastics (2) Low plastic recycling rate • Hard to isolate one type of plastic • Low yields of plastic • Cheaper to make it new
- 38. Individuals Matter: MikeBiddle’s Contribution to Recycling Plastics Mike Biddle and Trip Allen: MBA Polymers, Inc. Leaders in plastic recycling Plants in • U.S. • China • Australia
- 39. Science Focus: Bioplastics(1) Plastics from soybeans: not a new concept Key to bioplastics: catalysts Sources • Corn • Soy • Sugarcane
- 40. Science Focus: Bioplastics(2) Sources cont… • Switchgrass • Chicken feathers • Some garbage • CO2 from coal-burning plant emissions Benefits: lighter, stronger, cheaper, and biodegradable
- 41. Recycling Has Advantagesand Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages
- 42. Trade-Offs: Recycling, Advantagesand Disadvantages
- 43. Fig. 21-12, p.573 TRADE-OFFS Recycling Advantages Disadvantages Reduces air and water pollution Can cost more than burying in areas with ample landfill space Saves energy Reduces mineral demand May lose money for items such as glass and some plastics Reduces greenhouse gas emissions Reduces solid waste production and disposal Reduces profits for landfill and incinerator owners Helps protect biodiversity Can save landfill space Source separation is inconvenient for some people Important part of economy
- 44. We Can EncourageReuse and Recycling (1) What hinders reuse and recycling? Encourage reuse and recycling • Government • Increase subsidies and tax breaks for using such products • Decrease subsidies and tax breaks for making items from virgin resources
- 45. We Can EncourageReuse and Recycling (2) • Fee-per-bag collection • New laws • Citizen pressure
- 46. 21-4 The Advantagesand Disadvantages of Burning or Burying Solid Waste Concept 21-4 Technologies for burning and burying solid wastes are well developed, but burning contributes to pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and buried wastes eventually contribute to pollution and land degradation.
- 47. Burning Solid WasteHas Advantages and Disadvantages Waste-to-energy incinerators 600 Globally • Most in Great Britain Advantages Disadvantages
- 48. Solutions: A Waste-to-EnergyIncinerator with Pollution Controls
- 49. Fig. 21-13, p.575 Electricity Turbine Smokestack Crane Steam Generator Furnace Wet scrubber Boiler Electrostatic precipitator Waste pit Water added Ash for treatment, disposal in landfill, or use as landfill cover
- 50. Trade-Offs: Incineration, Advantagesand Disadvantages
- 51. Burying Solid WasteHas Advantages and Disadvantages Open dumps Sanitary landfills
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- 53. When landfill isfull, layers of soil and clay seal in trash Topsoil Sand Electricity generator building Clay Garbage Methane storage and compressor building Leachate treatment system Probes to detect methane leaks Pipes collect explosive methane for use as fuel to generate electricity Methane gas recovery well Leachate storage tank Compacted solid waste Leachate pipes Garbage Leachate pumped up to storage tank for safe disposal Groundwater monitoring well Sand Synthetic liner Leachate monitoring well Sand Groundwater Clay Clay and plastic lining to prevent leaks; pipes collect leachate from bottom of landfill Subsoil
- 54. Trade-Offs: Sanitary Landfills, Advantagesand Disadvantages
- 55. Fig. 21-16, p.576 TRADE-OFFS Sanitary Landfills Advantages Disadvantages No open burning Noise and traffic Little odor Dust Low groundwater pollution if sited properly Air pollution from toxic gases and trucks Can be built quickly Releases greenhouse gases (methane and CO2) unless they are collected Low operating costs Can handle large amounts of waste Slow decomposition of wastes Filled land can be used for other purposes Output approach that encourages waste production No shortage of landfill space in many areas Eventually leaks and can contaminate groundwater
- 56. 21-5 How ShouldWe Deal with Hazardous Waste? Concept 21-5 A sustainable approach to hazardous waste is first to produce less of it, then to reuse or recycle it, then to convert it to less hazardous materials, and finally, to safely store what is left.
- 57. We Can UseIntegrated Management of Hazardous Waste Integrated management of hazardous wastes • Produce less • Convert to less hazardous substances • Rest in long-term safe storage Increased use for postconsumer hazardous waste
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- 59. Fig. 21-17, p.577 Produce Less Hazardous Waste Convert to Less Hazardous or Nonhazardous Substances Put in Perpetual Storage Change industrial processes to reduce or eliminate hazardous waste production Natural decomposition Landfill Incineration Underground injection wells Recycle and reuse hazardous waste Thermal treatment Surface impoundments Chemical, physical, and biological treatment Underground salt formations Dilution in air or water
- 60. Case Study: RecyclingE-Waste 70% goes to China • Hazardous working conditions Reduce toxic components in electronics 2008: Basal Action Network • Instituted e-Stewards Initiative
- 61. We Can DetoxifyHazardous Wastes Collect and then detoxify • Physical methods • Chemical methods • Use nanomagnets • Bioremediation • Phytoremediation Incineration Using a plasma arc torch
- 62.
- 63. Trade-Offs: Phytoremediation, Advantages andDisadvantages
- 64. Fig. 21-19, p.579 TRADE-OFFS Phytoremediation Advantages Disadvantages Easy to establish Slow (can take several growing seasons) Inexpensive Effective only at depth plant roots can reach Can reduce material dumped into landfills Some toxic organic chemicals may evaporate from plant leaves Produces little air pollution compared to incineration Some plants can become toxic to animals Low energy use
- 65. Trade-Offs: Plasma Arc,Advantages and Disadvantages
- 66. Fig. 21-20, p.580 TRADE-OFFS Plasma Arc Advantages Disadvantages Small High cost Produces CO2 and CO Mobile. Easy to move to different sites Can release particulates and chlorine gas Can vaporize and release toxic metals and radioactive elements Produces no toxic ash
- 67. We Can StoreSome Forms of Hazardous Waste Burial on land or long-term storage Deep-well disposal Surface impoundments Secure hazardous landfills
- 68. Trade-Offs: Deep-Well Disposal, Advantagesand Disadvantages
- 69. Fig. 21-21, p.580 TRADE-OFFS Deep-Well Disposal Advantages Disadvantages Safe method if sites are chosen carefully Leaks or spills at surface Leaks from corrosion of well casing Wastes can often be retrieved if problems develop Existing fractures or earthquakes can allow wastes to escape into groundwater Output approach that encourages waste production Easy to do Low cost
- 70. Trade-Offs Surface Impoundments, Advantagesand Disadvantages
- 71. Fig. 21-23, p.581 TRADE-OFFS Surface Impoundments Advantages Disadvantages Low construction costs Groundwater contamination from leaking liners (or no lining) Low operating costs Air pollution from volatile organic compounds Can be built quickly Overflow from flooding Wastes can often be retrieved if necessary Disruption and leakage from earthquakes Can store wastes indefinitely with secure double liners Output approach that encourages waste production
- 72.
- 73. Fig. 21-24, p.582 Bulk waste Gas vent Topsoil Earth Plastic cover Sand Impervious clay cap Clay cap Impervious clay Water table Earth Leak detection system Groundwater Double leachate collection system Plastic double liner Reactive wastes in drums Groundwater monitoring well
- 74. What Can YouDo? Hazardous Waste
- 75. Case Study: HazardousWaste Regulation in the United States 1976: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 1980: Comprehensive Environmental, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), or Superfund • Pace of cleanup has slowed • Superfund is broke Laws encouraging the cleanup of brownfields
- 76. Leaking Barrels ofToxic Waste at a Superfund Site in the United States
- 77. 21-6 How CanWe Make the Transition to a More Sustainable Low-Waste Society? Concept 21-6 Shifting to a low-waste society requires individuals and businesses to reduce resource use and to reuse and recycle wastes at local, national, and global levels.
- 78. Grassroots Action HasLed to Better Solid and Hazardous Waste Management “Not in my backyard” Produce less waste • “Not in anyone’s backyard” • “Not on planet Earth”
- 79. Providing Environmental Justicefor Everyone Is an Important Goal Environmental Justice Which communities in the U.S. have the largest share of hazardous waster dumps?
- 80. Countries Have DevelopedInternational Treaties to Reduce Hazardous Waste (1) 1989 Basel Convention • 1995: Amended • 2008: Ratified by 192 countries, but not • The United States • Afghanistan • Haiti
- 81. Countries Have DevelopedInternational Treaties to Reduce Hazardous Waste (2) 2000: Delegates from 122 countries completed a global treaty • Control 12 persistent organic pollutants 2000: Swedish Parliament Law • By 2020 ban all chemicals that are persistent and can accumulate in living tissue
- 82. We Can Makethe Transition to Low-Waste Societies Norway, Austria, and the Netherlands • Committed to reduce resource waste by 75% East Hampton, NY, U.S. • Reduced solid waste by 85% Follow guidelines to prevent pollution and reduce waste
Editor's Notes
- #11 Figure 21.2 Harmful chemicals found in many homes. The U.S. Congress has exempted disposal of these materials from government regulation. Question: Which of these chemicals are in your home?
- #12 Figure 21.2 Harmful chemicals found in many homes. The U.S. Congress has exempted disposal of these materials from government regulation. Question: Which of these chemicals are in your home?
- #17 Figure 21.5 Integrated waste management: wastes are reduced through recycling, reuse, and composting or managed by burying them in landfills or incinerating them. Most countries rely primarily on burial and incineration. Question: What happens to the solid waste you produce?
- #19 Figure 21.6 Integrated waste management: priorities suggested by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences for dealing with solid waste. To date, these waste reduction priorities have not been followed in the United States or in most other countries. Instead, most efforts are devoted to waste management (bury it or burn it). Question: Why do you think most countries do not follow these priorities, even though they are based on reliable science? (Data from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. National Academy of Sciences)
- #20 Figure 21.6 Integrated waste management: priorities suggested by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences for dealing with solid waste. To date, these waste reduction priorities have not been followed in the United States or in most other countries. Instead, most efforts are devoted to waste management (bury it or burn it). Question: Why do you think most countries do not follow these priorities, even though they are based on reliable science? (Data from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. National Academy of Sciences)
- #29 Figure 21.8 Energy consumption involved with using different types of 350-milliliter (12-fluid-ounce) beverage containers. (Data from Argonne National Laboratory)
- #44 Figure 21.12 Advantages and disadvantages of recycling solid waste (Concept 21-3). Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why?
- #50 Figure 21.13 Solutions: a waste-to-energy incinerator with pollution controls. It burns mixed solid wastes and recovers some of the energy to produce steam used for heating or producing electricity. Question: Would you invest in such a project? Why or why not?
- #54 Figure 21.15 Solutions: state-of-the-art sanitary landfill, which is designed to eliminate or minimize environmental problems that plague older landfills. Since 1997, only modern sanitary landfills are allowed in the United States. As a result, many small, older local landfills have been closed and replaced with larger regional landfills. Question: How do you think sanitary landfills could develop leaks of toxic liquids?
- #56 Figure 21.16 Advantages and disadvantages of using sanitary landfills to dispose of solid waste (Concept 21-4). Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why?
- #60 Figure 21.17 Integrated hazardous waste management: priorities suggested by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences for dealing with hazardous waste (Concept 21-5). To date, these priorities have not been followed in the United States and in most other countries. Question: Why do you think that most countries do not follow these priorities? (Data from U.S. National Academy of Sciences)
- #65 Figure 21.19 Advantages and disadvantages of using phytoremediation to remove or detoxify hazardous waste. Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why?
- #67 Figure 21.20 Advantages and disadvantages of using a plasma arc torch to detoxify hazardous wastes. Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why?
- #70 Figure 21.21 Advantages and disadvantages of injecting liquid hazardous wastes into deep underground wells. Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why?
- #72 Figure 21.23 Advantages and disadvantages of storing liquid hazardous wastes in surface impoundments. Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why?
- #74 Figure 21.24 Solutions: secure hazardous waste landfill.