The document describes the design, simulation, and fabrication of a lab-scale solar thermal power plant to generate about 40W of power. The objectives are to demonstrate the principle of direct steam generation using solar energy. After analyzing various power generation methods, the team selected direct steam generation with water as the working fluid. Extensive thermal and heat loss analyses were conducted to optimize the design of the boiler and superheater. The results show that using a glass coating on the tubes reduces heat losses and improves efficiency. The overall design, simulation, and testing of the plant are aimed at harnessing solar energy on a small scale.
This document discusses water to water heat recovery concepts and applications. It begins with an overview of industry trends and topics to be covered, including the basics of heat pumps and various heat recovery arrangements. It then provides examples of heat pump applications for hospital and university preheating, hotel domestic hot water heating, and industrial process water heating. Overall economics are evaluated for different applications. Design considerations like temperature ranges, control schemes, and water quality are also addressed.
This document discusses energy recovery requirements, design, and applications. It covers reasons to use energy recovery like code requirements and economic benefits. It describes ASHRAE standards requiring waterside energy recovery for large facilities. It explains different types of heat recovery chillers and their characteristics. The document discusses waterside heat recovery temperatures and effects on chiller performance for different compressor types. It also covers heat recovery chiller control strategies and system configurations.
Incepted in 2007, Urja Thermal Solutions is a prominent company engaged in the Manufacturing, Exporting and supplying of Thermal Solutions. The company is working under the valuable assistance of its Owner, Mr. Swapnil Gautam. His successful contribution has helped the company grow in leaps and bounds. The company is located in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
This document provides information about steam generators and coal-fired power plants. It discusses the basics of how coal is converted to electricity in several steps: coal is burned to create heat energy, which turns water into high-pressure steam, which spins turbines connected to generators to create electrical energy. It also describes the major components involved like boilers, turbines, condensers, and alternators. Furthermore, it compares the technical specifications and costs of 660MW and 500MW subcritical and supercritical steam generators.
The document provides information about a thermal power plant and its various components. It discusses the coal handling plant, water treatment plant, boiler, steam turbine, condenser, ash handling plant and other key parts. It provides specifications for the boiler (60/170 TPH capacity), steam turbine (27/38.5 MW rating), and condenser. It also includes diagrams of the coal handling process, water treatment process and ash handling system to transport fly ash from the electrostatic precipitator to the silo.
Professor Páll Valdimarsson, Atlas Copco Geothermal Competence Center and Reykjavik University
Iceland Geothermal Conference 2013
March 5-8, 2013, Harpa, Reykjavík
1. The document discusses a gas turbine generator site with power demands of 23MW. The gas turbines on site are Siemens SGT-400 models rated at 13.9MW each.
2. It describes challenges with using higher hydrocarbon and hydrogen-rich fuels in gas turbines, such as increased risk of flashback and combustion instability. Heavier fuels require heating to maintain a suitable modified Wobbe index.
3. Solutions proposed include heating the fuel gas to adjust its Wobbe index, and rig testing of combustors with higher calorific value, high hydrogen fuels to evaluate performance.
This document discusses water to water heat recovery concepts and applications. It begins with an overview of industry trends and topics to be covered, including the basics of heat pumps and various heat recovery arrangements. It then provides examples of heat pump applications for hospital and university preheating, hotel domestic hot water heating, and industrial process water heating. Overall economics are evaluated for different applications. Design considerations like temperature ranges, control schemes, and water quality are also addressed.
This document discusses energy recovery requirements, design, and applications. It covers reasons to use energy recovery like code requirements and economic benefits. It describes ASHRAE standards requiring waterside energy recovery for large facilities. It explains different types of heat recovery chillers and their characteristics. The document discusses waterside heat recovery temperatures and effects on chiller performance for different compressor types. It also covers heat recovery chiller control strategies and system configurations.
Incepted in 2007, Urja Thermal Solutions is a prominent company engaged in the Manufacturing, Exporting and supplying of Thermal Solutions. The company is working under the valuable assistance of its Owner, Mr. Swapnil Gautam. His successful contribution has helped the company grow in leaps and bounds. The company is located in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
This document provides information about steam generators and coal-fired power plants. It discusses the basics of how coal is converted to electricity in several steps: coal is burned to create heat energy, which turns water into high-pressure steam, which spins turbines connected to generators to create electrical energy. It also describes the major components involved like boilers, turbines, condensers, and alternators. Furthermore, it compares the technical specifications and costs of 660MW and 500MW subcritical and supercritical steam generators.
The document provides information about a thermal power plant and its various components. It discusses the coal handling plant, water treatment plant, boiler, steam turbine, condenser, ash handling plant and other key parts. It provides specifications for the boiler (60/170 TPH capacity), steam turbine (27/38.5 MW rating), and condenser. It also includes diagrams of the coal handling process, water treatment process and ash handling system to transport fly ash from the electrostatic precipitator to the silo.
Professor Páll Valdimarsson, Atlas Copco Geothermal Competence Center and Reykjavik University
Iceland Geothermal Conference 2013
March 5-8, 2013, Harpa, Reykjavík
1. The document discusses a gas turbine generator site with power demands of 23MW. The gas turbines on site are Siemens SGT-400 models rated at 13.9MW each.
2. It describes challenges with using higher hydrocarbon and hydrogen-rich fuels in gas turbines, such as increased risk of flashback and combustion instability. Heavier fuels require heating to maintain a suitable modified Wobbe index.
3. Solutions proposed include heating the fuel gas to adjust its Wobbe index, and rig testing of combustors with higher calorific value, high hydrogen fuels to evaluate performance.
This document discusses methods to improve the efficiency of steam turbines, including reheating steam, regenerative feed heating, and binary vapor plants. Reheating steam involves removing steam from the turbine when it becomes wet, reheating it to a superheated state, and returning it to the next turbine stage. This increases work output, efficiency, and reduces blade erosion and water consumption. Regenerative feed heating involves using steam bled from the turbine to preheat feedwater entering the boiler, improving efficiency. Binary vapor plants use a lower boiling point fluid like mercury as the working fluid, allowing higher turbine inlet temperatures and thus greater efficiencies than steam turbines alone.
The document discusses internal combustion engines and their thermodynamic cycles. It provides details on:
- The basic workings of internal combustion engines in which chemical energy from fuel is converted to thermal and then mechanical energy through combustion and expansion of combustion gases.
- Common classifications of internal combustion engines including by ignition type, number of strokes, valve/cylinder configuration, speed, design, and application.
- Performance analysis metrics for internal combustion engines like brake torque, indicated work per cycle, indicated/brake mean effective pressures, thermal efficiencies, and specific fuel consumption.
- The ideal Otto cycle that is an approximation of the thermodynamic cycle for spark-ignition engines like gasoline engines. It involves constant volume combustion and
A boiler is a combination of systems and equipment in which chemical energy is converted into thermal energy, which is then transferred to working fluid, so as to convert it into steam at high temperature and pressure.
Corrosion is a relevant problem caused by water in boilers. Corrosion can be of widely varying origin and nature due to the action of dissolved oxygen, to corrosion currents set up as a result of heterogeneities on metal surfaces, or to the iron being directly attacked by the water.
While basic corrosion in boilers may be primarily due to reaction of the metal with oxygen, other factors such as stresses, acid conditions, and specific chemical corrodents may have an important influence and produce different forms of attack.
IPGCL/PPCL( INDRAPRASTHA POWER GENERATION CO. LTD. & PRAGATI POWER GENERATION)Rimjhim Raj singh
The document provides information about Indraprastha Power Generation Company Limited (IPGCL) and Pragati Power Generation (PPG). It summarizes that IPGCL has a total installed capacity of 994.5MW across two power stations, Rajghat and Gas Turbine. PPG has a single 330MW power station that uses a combined cycle of gas and steam turbines to generate electricity from treated sewage water. The document then provides detailed descriptions of the operations and components of the gas turbine, steam turbine, and combined cycle systems used at PPG.
The document provides information about Uhde's ammonia process technology. It discusses Uhde's extensive experience designing and building ammonia plants dating back to 1928. Key aspects of the Uhde ammonia process are described, including modifications to reduce energy consumption in steam reforming, CO2 removal using aMDEA, and a high-conversion ammonia synthesis unit using a three-bed radial flow reactor design. The document also provides process details and performance figures for recent large-scale Uhde ammonia plants.
The document provides an overview of the Kota Super Thermal Power Station in India. It discusses the power station's layout and key components including the coal handling plant, boiler, steam turbine, turbo generator, water treatment plant, and switchyard. The power station has a total installed capacity of 1240 MW generated across 7 units of varying sizes and commission dates. It utilizes bituminous coal sourced from local mines to power its steam-driven turbines. The document also briefly outlines the station's control room and various protection systems.
A gas turbine works by compressing air in a compressor and adding fuel which is burned, heating the air. The hot air then expands through turbine blades, providing power. Gas turbines are used for aircraft, locomotives, power generation and more. They have high power-to-weight ratios but low thermal efficiency compared to steam plants. Various techniques can improve efficiency, such as regeneration which recovers heat from the exhaust to preheat the incoming air.
Elite Thermal Engineers Pvt. Ltd. is an engineering company established in 1983 that designs, manufactures, and services industrial thermal equipment. It has a manufacturing facility in Maharashtra, India and serves customers in various industries including chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, and more. The company offers a wide range of products such as steam boilers, thermal fluid heaters, hot water generators, and more that can be customized. Elite Thermal Engineers aims to provide high quality, high efficiency equipment along with reliable after-sales support.
Feedwater heaters are used in thermal power plants to pre-heat feedwater and improve cycle efficiency. They extract steam from various turbine stages and use it to heat incoming feedwater in stages. This reduces the amount of heat needed in the boiler and lowers the condenser pressure, improving efficiency. Feedwater heaters come in low-pressure and high-pressure varieties and utilize extracted steam in shell-and-tube or open heat exchangers. Their performance impacts the overall plant heat rate and emissions. Maintaining optimal temperatures and addressing issues like fouling or leaks is important for efficiency.
The document provides lecture notes on steam nozzles and power plants. It discusses:
1) The basic components and energy conversion process in thermal power plants, including the Rankine cycle in which water is heated to steam to power a turbine and generator.
2) The history and development of steam turbines, from early aeolipile devices to modern turbines invented by Charles Parsons in 1884.
3) How energy is converted in steam turbines via nozzles that accelerate steam to high velocity to impulse turbine blades and produce rotation.
4) Details on nozzle types, flow properties, relationships between area, velocity and pressure, and equations for calculating velocity from enthalpy change.
This document describes the methodology for conducting an energy audit of a turbine cycle. It discusses collecting data on steam and water cycle parameters, measuring turbine efficiency, identifying factors that affect heat rate, and evaluating the performance of feedwater heaters. The key steps involve collecting design specifications and operational data, measuring temperatures, pressures, flows, and outputs, calculating turbine efficiency using enthalpy methods, identifying reasons for deviations from design performance, and analyzing factors like steam conditions, condenser performance, heat exchanger fouling that affect the heat rate.
A full package presentation about Hydrogen Production Unit including an overview about steam reformers, combustion reaction, moods of heat transfer, draft systems, reactors, chemicals used in HPU, and types of compressors. Moreover, it describes the process description, process variables, and opens the way for some possible improvements which can be implemented to develop the unit performance.
The document discusses steam turbine losses and how to identify them. It outlines several types of losses including mechanical damages, flow area decreases or increases, and flow area bypasses. Specific examples of each type of loss are provided along with their symptoms and causes. These losses can lead to reduced turbine efficiency. The document also discusses the impact of deviations from design parameters on heat rate and gives an example analysis of efficiency losses for a KWU turbine.
The document discusses gas turbines used at an NFL power plant in Vijaipur. It provides details on the models, ratings, and loads of three gas turbine generators (GTGs). It then discusses heavy duty gas turbines from GE in terms of their configurations, frame sizes, speeds, and applications. The rest of the document goes into extensive technical details about the components, workings, inspections, and factors that influence gas turbines, including compressors, combustion systems, turbines, bearings, and more.
660 mw turbo generator & its auxiliariesAshvani Shukla
This document provides an overview of the 660MW turbo-generator, its auxiliaries, and associated systems. Some key points:
- The turbo-generator has 26 concrete columns supporting its deck. The turbine hall has 3 rows of columns and 2 bays of different widths.
- The turbine is rated for 660MW and has 59 stages total across its high pressure, intermediate pressure, and low pressure sections.
- Auxiliary systems include lube oil, seal steam, control fluid, and protection systems. Materials of construction include various steel and alloy compositions.
- Comprehensive details are given on system parameters, components, piping, instrumentation, and operations across the main turbine and auxiliary systems
This document provides specifications for a direct-fired absorption chiller. It can be used for cooling, heating, or simultaneous cooling and heating of large-scale buildings. The chiller uses lithium bromide as the absorbent and works by absorbing heat from a hot water/steam source to drive the absorption refrigeration cycle. It lists the unit's rated capacities, temperature ranges, flow rates, energy consumption, dimensions and other key technical parameters.
Gas turbines operate using the Brayton cycle, which involves compressing air, adding heat through combustion at constant pressure, expanding the hot gases through a turbine, and rejecting heat at constant pressure. Early gas turbines had low efficiency around 17% but efficiency has increased through higher turbine inlet temperatures, more efficient components, and modifications like regeneration, intercooling, and reheating. Regeneration improves efficiency by heating the compressed air with the turbine exhaust, while intercooling and reheating involve multistage compression and expansion with cooling or heating between stages. Open cycle gas turbines exhaust combustion gases while closed cycle models re-circulate gases, improving efficiency but requiring more complex components.
This document discusses the calculation of heat rate and turbine cylinder efficiency for a 210 MW KWU turbine cycle. It describes the enthalpy method used to calculate heat rate, which involves measuring steam and flow parameters at various points and using steam tables to determine enthalpy values. The calculation is done in four parts: measurements, enthalpy calculations, determining hot reheat flow, and the final heat rate calculation. Turbine cylinder efficiency is also calculated using enthalpy drop methods by determining actual and theoretical enthalpy changes across the high pressure turbine. Standard methods and typical heat rates for different capacity turbines are also listed.
This PowerPoint presentation discusses electricity production in thermal power plants using the Rankine cycle. It explains the basic processes involved in the Rankine cycle, including isentropic compression, constant pressure heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant pressure heat rejection. Modifications to the Rankine cycle like reheat cycles and regenerative cycles are also presented. The document then discusses the organic Rankine cycle, which uses organic working fluids to recover heat from lower temperature sources. Key advantages of the organic Rankine cycle include higher efficiency and the ability to generate electricity from renewable sources like biomass, geothermal, and waste heat. Specific applications of organic Rankine cycle units in solar, biomass, geothermal, and waste heat
New high temperature heat pumps in district heating systemsUNEP OzonAction
The press conference discussed the development of a new high-temperature heat pump for district heating systems that can operate at temperatures up to 80°C. The goals of the project were to efficiently use low-temperature energy sources like geothermal water up to 50°C, increase the use of renewable energy, and reduce costs and greenhouse gas emissions from high-temperature heating. A one-stage heat pump using ammonia was chosen and assembled, and testing showed it could produce up to 480kW of heat with a coefficient of performance of 6.4. The heat pump allows exploitation of various energy sources and contributes to preserving a clean environment.
This document discusses methods to improve the efficiency of steam turbines, including reheating steam, regenerative feed heating, and binary vapor plants. Reheating steam involves removing steam from the turbine when it becomes wet, reheating it to a superheated state, and returning it to the next turbine stage. This increases work output, efficiency, and reduces blade erosion and water consumption. Regenerative feed heating involves using steam bled from the turbine to preheat feedwater entering the boiler, improving efficiency. Binary vapor plants use a lower boiling point fluid like mercury as the working fluid, allowing higher turbine inlet temperatures and thus greater efficiencies than steam turbines alone.
The document discusses internal combustion engines and their thermodynamic cycles. It provides details on:
- The basic workings of internal combustion engines in which chemical energy from fuel is converted to thermal and then mechanical energy through combustion and expansion of combustion gases.
- Common classifications of internal combustion engines including by ignition type, number of strokes, valve/cylinder configuration, speed, design, and application.
- Performance analysis metrics for internal combustion engines like brake torque, indicated work per cycle, indicated/brake mean effective pressures, thermal efficiencies, and specific fuel consumption.
- The ideal Otto cycle that is an approximation of the thermodynamic cycle for spark-ignition engines like gasoline engines. It involves constant volume combustion and
A boiler is a combination of systems and equipment in which chemical energy is converted into thermal energy, which is then transferred to working fluid, so as to convert it into steam at high temperature and pressure.
Corrosion is a relevant problem caused by water in boilers. Corrosion can be of widely varying origin and nature due to the action of dissolved oxygen, to corrosion currents set up as a result of heterogeneities on metal surfaces, or to the iron being directly attacked by the water.
While basic corrosion in boilers may be primarily due to reaction of the metal with oxygen, other factors such as stresses, acid conditions, and specific chemical corrodents may have an important influence and produce different forms of attack.
IPGCL/PPCL( INDRAPRASTHA POWER GENERATION CO. LTD. & PRAGATI POWER GENERATION)Rimjhim Raj singh
The document provides information about Indraprastha Power Generation Company Limited (IPGCL) and Pragati Power Generation (PPG). It summarizes that IPGCL has a total installed capacity of 994.5MW across two power stations, Rajghat and Gas Turbine. PPG has a single 330MW power station that uses a combined cycle of gas and steam turbines to generate electricity from treated sewage water. The document then provides detailed descriptions of the operations and components of the gas turbine, steam turbine, and combined cycle systems used at PPG.
The document provides information about Uhde's ammonia process technology. It discusses Uhde's extensive experience designing and building ammonia plants dating back to 1928. Key aspects of the Uhde ammonia process are described, including modifications to reduce energy consumption in steam reforming, CO2 removal using aMDEA, and a high-conversion ammonia synthesis unit using a three-bed radial flow reactor design. The document also provides process details and performance figures for recent large-scale Uhde ammonia plants.
The document provides an overview of the Kota Super Thermal Power Station in India. It discusses the power station's layout and key components including the coal handling plant, boiler, steam turbine, turbo generator, water treatment plant, and switchyard. The power station has a total installed capacity of 1240 MW generated across 7 units of varying sizes and commission dates. It utilizes bituminous coal sourced from local mines to power its steam-driven turbines. The document also briefly outlines the station's control room and various protection systems.
A gas turbine works by compressing air in a compressor and adding fuel which is burned, heating the air. The hot air then expands through turbine blades, providing power. Gas turbines are used for aircraft, locomotives, power generation and more. They have high power-to-weight ratios but low thermal efficiency compared to steam plants. Various techniques can improve efficiency, such as regeneration which recovers heat from the exhaust to preheat the incoming air.
Elite Thermal Engineers Pvt. Ltd. is an engineering company established in 1983 that designs, manufactures, and services industrial thermal equipment. It has a manufacturing facility in Maharashtra, India and serves customers in various industries including chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, and more. The company offers a wide range of products such as steam boilers, thermal fluid heaters, hot water generators, and more that can be customized. Elite Thermal Engineers aims to provide high quality, high efficiency equipment along with reliable after-sales support.
Feedwater heaters are used in thermal power plants to pre-heat feedwater and improve cycle efficiency. They extract steam from various turbine stages and use it to heat incoming feedwater in stages. This reduces the amount of heat needed in the boiler and lowers the condenser pressure, improving efficiency. Feedwater heaters come in low-pressure and high-pressure varieties and utilize extracted steam in shell-and-tube or open heat exchangers. Their performance impacts the overall plant heat rate and emissions. Maintaining optimal temperatures and addressing issues like fouling or leaks is important for efficiency.
The document provides lecture notes on steam nozzles and power plants. It discusses:
1) The basic components and energy conversion process in thermal power plants, including the Rankine cycle in which water is heated to steam to power a turbine and generator.
2) The history and development of steam turbines, from early aeolipile devices to modern turbines invented by Charles Parsons in 1884.
3) How energy is converted in steam turbines via nozzles that accelerate steam to high velocity to impulse turbine blades and produce rotation.
4) Details on nozzle types, flow properties, relationships between area, velocity and pressure, and equations for calculating velocity from enthalpy change.
This document describes the methodology for conducting an energy audit of a turbine cycle. It discusses collecting data on steam and water cycle parameters, measuring turbine efficiency, identifying factors that affect heat rate, and evaluating the performance of feedwater heaters. The key steps involve collecting design specifications and operational data, measuring temperatures, pressures, flows, and outputs, calculating turbine efficiency using enthalpy methods, identifying reasons for deviations from design performance, and analyzing factors like steam conditions, condenser performance, heat exchanger fouling that affect the heat rate.
A full package presentation about Hydrogen Production Unit including an overview about steam reformers, combustion reaction, moods of heat transfer, draft systems, reactors, chemicals used in HPU, and types of compressors. Moreover, it describes the process description, process variables, and opens the way for some possible improvements which can be implemented to develop the unit performance.
The document discusses steam turbine losses and how to identify them. It outlines several types of losses including mechanical damages, flow area decreases or increases, and flow area bypasses. Specific examples of each type of loss are provided along with their symptoms and causes. These losses can lead to reduced turbine efficiency. The document also discusses the impact of deviations from design parameters on heat rate and gives an example analysis of efficiency losses for a KWU turbine.
The document discusses gas turbines used at an NFL power plant in Vijaipur. It provides details on the models, ratings, and loads of three gas turbine generators (GTGs). It then discusses heavy duty gas turbines from GE in terms of their configurations, frame sizes, speeds, and applications. The rest of the document goes into extensive technical details about the components, workings, inspections, and factors that influence gas turbines, including compressors, combustion systems, turbines, bearings, and more.
660 mw turbo generator & its auxiliariesAshvani Shukla
This document provides an overview of the 660MW turbo-generator, its auxiliaries, and associated systems. Some key points:
- The turbo-generator has 26 concrete columns supporting its deck. The turbine hall has 3 rows of columns and 2 bays of different widths.
- The turbine is rated for 660MW and has 59 stages total across its high pressure, intermediate pressure, and low pressure sections.
- Auxiliary systems include lube oil, seal steam, control fluid, and protection systems. Materials of construction include various steel and alloy compositions.
- Comprehensive details are given on system parameters, components, piping, instrumentation, and operations across the main turbine and auxiliary systems
This document provides specifications for a direct-fired absorption chiller. It can be used for cooling, heating, or simultaneous cooling and heating of large-scale buildings. The chiller uses lithium bromide as the absorbent and works by absorbing heat from a hot water/steam source to drive the absorption refrigeration cycle. It lists the unit's rated capacities, temperature ranges, flow rates, energy consumption, dimensions and other key technical parameters.
Gas turbines operate using the Brayton cycle, which involves compressing air, adding heat through combustion at constant pressure, expanding the hot gases through a turbine, and rejecting heat at constant pressure. Early gas turbines had low efficiency around 17% but efficiency has increased through higher turbine inlet temperatures, more efficient components, and modifications like regeneration, intercooling, and reheating. Regeneration improves efficiency by heating the compressed air with the turbine exhaust, while intercooling and reheating involve multistage compression and expansion with cooling or heating between stages. Open cycle gas turbines exhaust combustion gases while closed cycle models re-circulate gases, improving efficiency but requiring more complex components.
This document discusses the calculation of heat rate and turbine cylinder efficiency for a 210 MW KWU turbine cycle. It describes the enthalpy method used to calculate heat rate, which involves measuring steam and flow parameters at various points and using steam tables to determine enthalpy values. The calculation is done in four parts: measurements, enthalpy calculations, determining hot reheat flow, and the final heat rate calculation. Turbine cylinder efficiency is also calculated using enthalpy drop methods by determining actual and theoretical enthalpy changes across the high pressure turbine. Standard methods and typical heat rates for different capacity turbines are also listed.
This PowerPoint presentation discusses electricity production in thermal power plants using the Rankine cycle. It explains the basic processes involved in the Rankine cycle, including isentropic compression, constant pressure heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant pressure heat rejection. Modifications to the Rankine cycle like reheat cycles and regenerative cycles are also presented. The document then discusses the organic Rankine cycle, which uses organic working fluids to recover heat from lower temperature sources. Key advantages of the organic Rankine cycle include higher efficiency and the ability to generate electricity from renewable sources like biomass, geothermal, and waste heat. Specific applications of organic Rankine cycle units in solar, biomass, geothermal, and waste heat
New high temperature heat pumps in district heating systemsUNEP OzonAction
The press conference discussed the development of a new high-temperature heat pump for district heating systems that can operate at temperatures up to 80°C. The goals of the project were to efficiently use low-temperature energy sources like geothermal water up to 50°C, increase the use of renewable energy, and reduce costs and greenhouse gas emissions from high-temperature heating. A one-stage heat pump using ammonia was chosen and assembled, and testing showed it could produce up to 480kW of heat with a coefficient of performance of 6.4. The heat pump allows exploitation of various energy sources and contributes to preserving a clean environment.
This document is a thesis submitted by Sh. Anandkumar singh for their Bachelor's degree in Production and Industrial Engineering. The thesis studies the design of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) power plant for renewable energy applications. ORC technology uses organic fluids instead of water to convert low-grade heat into electricity. The thesis analyzes ORC working fluids, components, advantages over traditional Rankine cycles, and applications for biomass, solar, geothermal and waste heat. It also includes calculations for an example ORC system using R-123 fluid and specifications for generator and pump components. The aim is to model and prototype a small-scale ORC plant to compete with photovoltaics.
The document discusses various components of a thermal power plant including a boiler, air preheater, and ash handling plant. It provides details on the types, operation, and technical specifications of these systems. The boiler section describes supercritical boilers and includes diagrams of boiler components. The air preheater section explains regenerative and recuperative types. The ash handling plant introduces the collection and disposal of ash from coal combustion.
1. Supercritical boilers operate above the critical pressure of water (221 bar), where there is no distinction between water and steam.
2. Operating above the critical pressure provides benefits like higher cycle efficiency, lower fuel consumption and emissions, and improved load change flexibility compared to subcritical boilers.
3. The key difference between subcritical and supercritical boilers is that supercritical boilers are drumless, with evaporation occurring in a single pass and flow induced by the feed pump rather than natural circulation.
The document discusses points related to sub critical and super critical boiler design, including boiler design parameters, chemical treatment systems, operation, feedwater systems, boiler control, and startup curves. It provides explanations of sub critical and super critical boiler technologies, comparing drum type sub critical boilers to drumless super critical boilers. Key differences in operation and response to load changes are highlighted.
Ntpc (national thermal power corporation) sipat boiler haxxo24 i~ihaxxo24
The document discusses key points about subcritical and supercritical boiler design, operation, and control including:
- Differences between subcritical and supercritical boiler technologies
- Design parameters like steam pressure and temperature, air flow rates, and coal requirements
- Chemical treatment, feedwater, and boiler control systems
- Startup procedures including boiler filling and transitioning between wet and dry modes
The document summarizes the design and analysis of a solar absorption chiller with phase change material (PCM) for cooling telecommunication shelters in India. It includes the theoretical model of the absorption chiller, building simulation using TRNSYS software, analysis of system components like the solar collector and cooling tower, and economic and environmental analysis. The results show that the solar cooling system can achieve energy savings of 24,820 kWh per year and cost savings of Rs. 1,54,812 with a payback period of 9 months, while mitigating 27.8 tons of CO2 emissions annually compared to a conventional cooling system.
Steam is water in its gas phase that is formed when water boils. Some key properties of steam include its enthalpy (heat content), temperature, and specific volume which are all fixed based on the pressure of the steam. Steam has advantages for heat transfer applications due to its high heat content and ability to transfer heat through condensation. However, engineering is required to properly size and design steam systems to account for fluctuating loads and ensure efficient distribution of steam. Common problems that can occur include improper sizing of boilers and piping systems, pressure drops, steam starvation, and lack of controls.
IRJET-Design and Analysis of Kalina Cycle for Waste Heat Recovery from 4 Stro...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a Kalina cycle for waste heat recovery from a multi-cylinder petrol engine. The Kalina cycle uses an ammonia-water working fluid mixture, which allows for more efficient heat transfer compared to the traditional Rankine cycle using a pure fluid like water. The document analyzes the specifications, heat losses, and performance of a 4-cylinder petrol engine. It then calculates the potential efficiency of implementing a Kalina cycle to recover waste heat from the engine exhaust. The Kalina cycle could capture otherwise lost heat and improve the overall thermal efficiency of the engine system.
The Kota Super Thermal Power Station is a 1240MW coal power plant located in Kota, Rajasthan. It uses a steam turbine generator system fueled by coal. Coal is transported via a conveyor system to the boiler, where it is burned to produce steam that drives the turbine generator. The steam is then condensed in condensers using cooling water from the Chambal River. Fly ash from combustion is captured and can be used for products like cement or road construction. The power station began operating in 1983 and has since expanded in stages to its current capacity.
This document discusses vapor power cycles. It provides details on the classification and features of vapor power cycles. Specifically, it notes that vapor power cycles use a working substance that does not come into contact with fuel, allowing for easier achievement of isothermal processes. It then discusses the Rankine cycle in detail, outlining the key processes and assumptions made in analyzing vapor power cycles. The document also summarizes the effects of various parameters like condenser pressure and boiler pressure on cycle efficiency. Finally, it briefly introduces regenerative and reheat cycles which aim to improve upon the basic Rankine cycle.
The document discusses boiler fundamentals, operation, and maintenance. It begins with an outline presenting these topics, then defines a boiler as a closed vessel used to heat water or other fluids. The document covers various boiler types including water tube and fire tube, classifications based on fuel, pressure levels, and circulation. It also addresses considerations for boiler selection and discusses advantages of supercritical boilers, which can achieve higher efficiencies compared to subcritical boilers.
The document discusses three main types of nuclear reactors: boiling water reactors (BWR), pressurized water reactors (PWR), and gas-cooled reactors. It provides details on the basic design and operation of BWRs and PWRs, including their primary advantages and disadvantages. For BWRs, water is flashed directly to steam in the core and piped to a turbine, while PWRs use a primary and secondary water loop to prevent boiling in the core. Gas-cooled reactors use graphite as a moderator and gases like CO2 or helium as coolants.
In any thermal power generation plant, heat energy converts into mechanical work. Then it is converted to electrical energy by rotating a generator which produces electrical energy.
CANDU reactors were first developed in the 1950s-1960s in Canada as a partnership between government and private organizations. CANDU reactors use natural uranium fuel, pressurized heavy water as a moderator, and pressurized tubes to contain the fuel and coolant as it circulates. Key components include the pressurized fuel tubes, fuel elements, reactor core, steam generator, turbines, condenser, and cooling water. Neutrons are slowed by heavy water, heating it up which is then used to power the turbines and generate electricity. Control rods are used for start-up, shutdown, and regulating power during operation. Advantages include not requiring enriched fuel and low fuel consumption, while disadvantages include the high
A report of the vocational training at MTPS(DVC) for mechanical onlyShobhan Biswas
This document provides an overview of the vocational training undergone by the author at the Mejia Thermal Power Station (MTPS) in West Bengal, India. It first acknowledges the engineers at MTPS who provided training. It then provides background on MTPS, including its installed capacity of 2340 MW from 4 units of 210 MW and 2 units each of 250 MW and 500 MW. The document also describes the basic processes involved in a thermal power plant, including coal handling, water treatment, the boiler system, and a diagram of the key components.
Thermal power plant Khedr, Hisar, HaryanaEesha Gupta
The document provides information about the Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Plant (RGTPP) in Khedar, India. It discusses that RGTPP has two units that generate 600 MW each for a total output of 1200 MW per day. It then describes the basic processes that occur in a coal-based thermal power plant, including how coal is converted to steam to drive turbines and generate electricity. The document outlines the major components of RGTPP, including the coal handling system, boiler, turbines, generators, cooling system and instrumentation.
Thermal power plants convert the heat energy from burning coal into electrical energy. Coal is burned in a boiler to produce steam which spins a turbine connected to a generator to produce electricity. The main equipment includes the coal handling plant, pulverizer, boiler, turbine, alternator, condenser and cooling towers. Thermal power is a major source of electricity in many countries but produces carbon emissions and other pollutants. The document provides an overview of how thermal power plants work and their advantages of low-cost fuel but also disadvantages of environmental impacts.
Similar to Solar Thermal Power Plant 2nd presentaion (20)
1. LAB-SCALE SOLAR THERMAL
POWER PLANT
Concept, Design, Simulation & Fabrication
Project Advisor:
Cdr. Shafiq
Dr. Sohail Zaki
Project Members:
Syed Mohammed Umair
Sulaiman Dawood Barry
Saad Ahmed Khan
Arsalan Qasim
2. Scope of Project
• To harness solar energy
• Selected DSG after comparison of various
options
3. Objectives
• To design and fabricate a lab scale solar
thermal power plant and generate about 40W
power
• To demonstrate the principle of DSG using
solar power
4. Energy Crisis In Pakistan
• Problems due to use of fossil fuels:
Crude oil is very expensive. Prices had once crossed over
$140 per barrel
Rising oil prices lead to inflation
Oil embargo can cripple Pakistan economy
5. Energy Crisis In Pakistan
• Problems due to use of fossil fuels:
In year 2006, Pakistan imported crude worth 6.7 Billion
Dollars (Dawn News)
To finance such a purchase, loans from IMF are needed.
This increases debt burden.
7. Possible Solution
• These problems can be reduced greatly by utilizing
RENEWABLE ENERGY and SOLAR POWER IN PARTICULAR.
• Pakistan has vast tracts of desert regions which receive large
quantities of solar flux throughout the year.
8. Power Generation Methods Using
Parabolic Troughs
Steam heated with a heat transfer fluid.
Steam heated directly by solar radiation.
Combined cycle power generation using both solar and
fossil fuel.
9. Electric Generation Using
Heat Transfer Fluid
Uses parabolic troughs in order to
produce electricity from sunlight
They are long parallel rows of
curved glass mirrors focusing the
sun’s energy on an absorber pipe
located along its focal line.
These collectors track the sun by
rotating around a north–south axis.
10. Electric Generation Using
Heat Transfer Fluid
The HTF (oil) is circulated through the
pipes.
Under normal operation the heated
HTF leaves the collectors with a
specified collector outlet temperature
and is pumped to a central power plant
area.
11. Electric Generation Using
Heat Transfer Fluid
The HTF is passed through several
heat exchangers where its energy is
transferred to the power plant’s
working fluid (water or steam)
The heated steam is used to drive a
turbine generator to produce electricity
and waste heat is rejected.
12. Electric Generation Using
Direct Steam Generation
The collectors reflect heat from
the sun onto the receiver.
Working fluid in the receiver is
converted into steam
After flowing through the super
heater the high pressure steam is
fed into the turbine/engine
The fluid passes through the
condenser back to the feed water
tank where the cycle begins again
13. Electric Generation Using
Combined Cycle
Hybrid system with a gas-fired
turbine and a solar field
Solar energy heats creates steam
at daytime while fossil fuel used at
night and peak time
The running cost of the fuel will
be reduced due to lesser fuel
input.
14. Our Selection
Weighing all the advantages and
disadvantages we have decided to select
Direct Steam Generation
method as our project
15. Selection of Working Fluid
Efficiency for Same Working Pressure (140 kPa) for different working
fluids in an Ideal Rankine Cycle
0.04
0.035
0.03
0.025
Efficiency
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
Steam R11 R113 R123 R134a R22 n-pentane
Working Fluids
16. Selection of Working Fluid
• Water
– Cheap abundant supply
– Non toxic
– Non flammable
– Close cycle not necessary for operation
19. Design Constraints
• Temperature is 15 K superheat
– Conserve engine life
– Demonstrate the principle
• Pressure 140 kPa
– Limitation of overhead tank
– Unavailability of Low Flow rate pumps
20. Design Constraints
• Black nickel electroplating
– Solar selective coating
– Easily available
• Tube Length 1.6 meter
– Test on existing parabola
– Unavailability of Larger electroplating setup
30. Heat Loss Analysis
1.4
1.2
1
Total Heat Loss (kW)
0.8 0 m/s
1 m/s
0.6 2 m/s
3 m/s
4 m/s
0.4
5 m/s
0.2
0
0.02
0.05
0.08
0.11
0.14
0.17
0.2
0.23
0.26
0.29
0.32
0.35
0.38
0.41
0.44
0.47
0.5
0.53
Length of Superheater (m)
32. Super-heater Heat Loss Comparison
0.7
0.6
0.5
Heat Loss (kW)
0.4
2 m/s bare
0.3 2 m/s glass
5 m/s Bare
5 m/s glass
0.2
0.1
0
0.02
0.05
0.08
0.11
0.14
0.17
0.2
0.23
0.26
0.29
0.32
0.35
0.38
0.41
0.44
0.47
0.5
0.53
Length of Superheater (m)
33. Total Plant Heat Loss For Bare and Glass Tube
1.4
1.2
1
Heat Loss (kW)
0.8
Bare Tube with 5 m/s
Glass Tube with 5 m/s
0.6
Bare Tube with 2 m/s
Glass Tube with 2 m/s
0.4
0.2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.52
0.54
Length of Superheater (m)
34. Area Required for Each Combination
11
10.5
10
Area of Trough (m2)
9.5 Bare Boiler + Bare Superheater
Bare Boiler + Glass Superheater
Glass Boiler + Bare Superheater
9 Glass Boiler + Glass Superheater
8.5
8
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.52
0.54
Length of Superheater (m)
38. Variation of Super-heater Surface Temperature and
Steam Exit Temperature with Boiler Pressure
800
700
600
Temperature (oC)
500
400 Superheater Surface
Temperature
300 Steam Exit Temperature
200
100
0
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345
360
375
Working Pressure (kPa)
39. Variation of Plant Carnot Efficiency, Efficiency with
Bare Tube and Glass Tube with Pressure
0.12
0.1
0.08
Efficiency
0.06
Carnot Efficiency
Thermal Efficiency with Bare Tube
Thermal Efficiency with Glass Tube
0.04
0.02
0
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345
360
375
Working Pressure (kPa)
40. Heat Loss with Pressure
0.9
0.8
0.7
Total Plant Heat Loss (kW)
0.6
0.5
0.4 Heat Loss Bare Tube
Heat Loss Glass Tube
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345
360
375
Working Pressure (kPa)
41. Variation Total Area Required with Pressure
18
16
14
Total Area Required (m2)
12
10
8 Area Required with Bare Tube
Area Required with Glass Tube
6
4
2
0
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
Working Pressure (kPa)
42. Cost breakup
Part Cost
Copper tube 2,500
Black nickel coating 400
Parabola frame with mounting 9,000
Valves and fittings 5,000
Steam engine 5,000
Mirror strips 2,500
Miscellaneous 1,000
Total 25,400
43. FEA Analysis
• Objective:
– Determine the deformation in Supporting
Structure
– Optimize the flow in the Superheater by
• Reducing the vortex region
• Reducing the Stagnation Pressure Drop
43
67. ACHIEVEMENTS
• Presented two papers
1. 3rd National Energy Confrence at QUEST
Nawabshah
2. SPEC-2010 at NED University Karachi
• Won as Runner up at NED University