Soil biodiversity Global Report - Cuevas
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This document discusses soil biodiversity, including what it is, what is known about it, why it is important, and challenges. It defines soil biodiversity as the variety of life belowground, from genes to species and communities. It notes that soil contains the most diverse terrestrial communities and supports most aboveground life. It lists examples of soil biodiversity such as billions of bacteria and millions of fungal and invertebrate species. Soil biodiversity is important for agriculture, environment, health and more. It is threatened by activities like intensive agriculture, pollution, and climate change. Knowledge gaps remain around the soil microbiome and different soil organism groups. Potential opportunities include improved agriculture, bioremediation, climate solutions, and
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Soil biodiversity Global Report - Cuevas
- 1. STATE of KNOWLEDGE of SOIL BIODIVERSITY- Status, Challenges and Potentialities Rosa Cuevas, GSP Secretariat
- 3. A healthy soil is capable of providing most terrestrial ecosystem services, therefore contributing to achieve the SDGs and human well-being
- 4. We define soil biodiversity as the variety of life belowground, from genes and species to the communities they form, as well as the ecological complexes to which they contribute and to which they belong, from soil micro-habitats to landscapes. What is soil biodiversity?
- 5. What is soil biodiversity? © Lucia Núñez © Winston Bess & Joanne Emerson © Clément Duckert © Andy Murray© Andy Murray © Andy Murray© Andy Murray © Alessandra Arrázola. © Oscar Franken © Daniel Castro© Oscar Franken © Sergii Dymchenko
- 6. What do we know about soil biodiversity? • Bacteria and Archaea: 2.5×1030 cells. • Fungi: 0.8-3.8 million species. • Nematodes: 4 x 1020 individuals in soils alone. • Mites: 20 000 described, 80 000 undescribed species. • Collembola: 8 000 described species worldwide. • Earthworms: 6 000 species, from 20 families • Termites: 2 934 species in 282 genera. • Ants: 20 000 species.
- 7. What do we know about soil biodiversity?
- 8. • More than 40% of living organisms in terrestrial ecosystems are associated during their life-cycle directly with soils. • Soils contains arguably the most diverse terrestrial communities on the planet. • It supports most life above ground by means of increasingly well-understood above and belowground linkages. What do we know about soil biodiversity?
- 10. Why is soil biodiversity important? Clean biotechnology in agricultural production
- 11. Why is soil biodiversity important?
- 12. Why is soil biodiversity important? • The discovery of antibiotics has had a major impact on increasing human life expectancy. • The early exposure to a diverse collection of soil microorganisms might help prevent chronic inflammatory diseases, including allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel disease and depression.
- 13. Why is soil biodiversity important? © Christopher Marley © Christopher Marley© Christopher Marley © Christopher Marley © Christopher Marley Beauty inspires art!! © Christopher Marley
- 15. How is soil biodiversity threatened?
- 16. How is soil biodiversity threatened?
- 17. What are the challenges and gaps?
- 18. What are the potentialities? • Food security and food safety: improvement of agricultural production (biofertilizers, nitrogen fixation, pathogen control). • Biological control: pests, diseases. • Environmental remediation (bioremediation): bioaugmentation, phytoremediation, vermiremediation. • Climate change mitigation/adaptation: carbon sequestration, GHG. • Nature-based solutions: stimulate the growth and activities of soil fauna for ecosystem restoration. • Nutrition and human health: vaccines, medicines, traditional medicine, microbiome.
- 19. The way forward 1. Advocate for mainstreaming Soil Biodiversity into the sustainable development agenda, the Post-2020 biodiversity framework, the UN decade on ecosystem restoration, and all areas where SB can contribute; 2. Develop standard protocols and procedures for assessing SB at different scales; 3. Promote the establishment of soil information and monitoring systems that include SB as a key indicator of soil health; 4. Improve knowledge (including local or traditional knowledge) of the soil microbiome; 5. Strengthen the knowledge on the different soil groups forming SB (i.e., microbes, micro, meso, macro and megafauna); 6. Establish a global capacity building programme for the use and management of soil biodiversity and the Global Soil Biodiversity Observatory. 7. Execute the Implementation Plan of the International Initiative for sustainable management of Soil Biodiversity initiative.
- 21. Thanks for your attention!
Editor's Notes
- Soil biodiversity can be clearly identified as a cross-cutting topic; it is at the heart of the alignment of several global agendas such as the SDGs and many multi-lateral environmental agreements, in particular those related to biodiversity, desertification and climate change. Furthermore, soil biodiversity and ecosystem services will be pivotal for the success of the recently declared UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021-2030). A growing awareness of the importance of soil biodiversity and structure of the report Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative (GBSI). Global Soil Partnership (GSP). The Status of the World’s Soil Resources report (SWSR). Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030). The Global Soil Biodiversity Atlas. The World Soil Charter. The Voluntary Guidelines for Sustainable Soil Management (VGSSM).
- La biodiversidad del suelo es esencial para la mayoría de los servicios ecosistémicos provistos por los suelos que benefician a las especies del suelo y sus múltiples interacciones (bióticas y abióticas) en el medio ambiente. La biodiversidad del suelo también sustenta la mayor parte de las formas de vida sobre la superficie a través de vínculos cada vez mejor comprendidos entre la superficie y debajo de ella. Para los humanos, los servicios provistos por la biodiversidad del suelo tienen fuertes implicaciones sociales, económicas, de salud y ambientales.
- from unicellular and microscopic forms, to invertebrates such as nematodes, insect larvae, earthworms, and arthropods to mammals, reptiles, and amphibians that spend considerable parts of their lives below ground. This without leaving aside the great diversity of algae and fungi, as well as the great variety of symbiotic associations between soil microorganisms with algae, fungi, mosses, lichens and plant roots.
- Soil communities are hierarchical systems where various types of organisms populate critically different volumes of soil. This includes the micrometre-thick water film around soil particles that house aquatic organisms like bacteria, protists, nematodes and tardigrades (that is, the microfauna), the air-filled pore space for soil animals between 100 μm and 2 mm width (that is, the mesofauna), the hot-spots of nutrients and other resources around plant roots for microorganisms, and the macrofauna and megafauna that perceive soil as a whole in which they make passages that can penetrate all soil horizons across significant soil volumes. The main driving force of the high diversity of soil animals is this body size fractionation, but also their functional differentiation. A variety of ecological niches in the soil, both in terms of size and in the range of resources provided, leads to a significant functional differentiation of soil organisms.
- Fig. 2. Las comunidades de la superficie se ven afectadas por efectos directos e indirectos. consecuencias de los organismos de la red alimentaria del suelo. (Derecha) Las actividades de alimentación en la red trófica de detritos (flechas blancas delgadas) estimulan la renovación de nutrientes (flecha roja gruesa), la adquisición de nutrientes de las plantas (a) y el rendimiento de las plantas y, por lo tanto, influyen indirectamente en los herbívoros de la superficie (flecha roja discontinua) (b1). (Izquierda) La biota del suelo ejerce efectos directos sobre las plantas alimentándose de las raíces y formando relaciones antagónicas o mutualistas con sus plantas hospedantes. Estas interacciones directas con las plantas influyen no solo en el rendimiento de las propias plantas hospedantes, sino también en el de los herbívoros (b2) y potencialmente en sus depredadores. Además, la red trófica del suelo puede controlar el desarrollo sucesional de las comunidades de plantas tanto directa (c2) como indirectamente (c1), y estos cambios en las comunidades de plantas pueden, a su vez, influir en la biota del suelo.
- Mining activities have drastic negative effects on soils, especially in arid areas. An alternative to restore the biological communities of the soils is the establishment of technosols that can perform again several ecosystem services. Essential actions in the recovery of soil functionality include the addition of organic matter, which together with the action of pioneer plants favor the growth and activity of soil microbial populations, eventually influencing the improvement of the ability to produce biomass. Soil microorganisms represent a powerful tool in the management of contaminated soils. Biostimulation and bioaugmentation are environmentally-friendly strategies that contribute to the degradation of target contaminants.
- A series of studies and evidences suggests that early exposure to a diverse collection of soil microorganisms might help prevent chronic inflammatory diseases, including allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel disease and depression. Soils hold many other potential medicinal functions and possible cures.
- © Christopher Marley
- Lack of data/information on soil biodiversity at local, national, regional and global levels (not included in soil surveys). Few countries that maintain a national soil information system/monitoring that includes soil biodiversity. Unavailable global harmonized sampling, measurements and analysis protocols. Strengthen all groups (i.e., microbes and micro, meso, macro and mega soil fauna) with data and information. Recognition of Soil biodiversity in the 2030 and Post 2020 Biodiversity Agenda. Weak capacity development in the adoption of molecular tools and emerging novel technologies to contribute to human, plant and soil health. Ecosystem restoration does not include soil health and soil biodiversity considerations. Microbiome investigations for environmental management are still novel and highly experimental, yet they underline the need for conservation of entire soil biotic communities. Need to invest on research for soil borne diseases and scale up soil biodiversity responses for the Agricultural sector. Need to scale up bioremediation to address soil pollution. Further work is needed in terms of soil biodiversity and human health.
- Soil biodiversity as a tool for nature-based solutions