This document summarizes key information about soils and rocks for geoscientists and engineers. It defines soil as unconsolidated mineral and organic material that forms in place and supports plant life, while rock is a solid aggregate of minerals. It describes the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and their formation processes. Several important properties of soils and rocks are also outlined, including particle size, density, porosity, plasticity, compressibility, shear strength, deformation, discontinuities, and methods for evaluating rock mass quality.

1. SOIL AND ROCK FOR
GEOSCIENTIST AND
ENGINEERS.

3. Geologist
SOIL Unconsolidated mass of newly formed
mineral, relict mineral, organic
matter, organism, and water that form in
place.
Soil
Soil scientist.
 that support living thing.

4. ROCK Igneous rocks.
Formed when molten
Geologist. magma cools.
Rock is a naturally occurring
solid aggregate of one or more
minerals.
Sedimentary rocks.
Formed when other material
deposit and follow by
compaction and cementation.
Metamorphic rocks.
Formed when igneous and
sedimentary go through different
temperature and pressure.

6. SOIL
Any material (rock, air and water) or mineral that has low strength
Particle size.
D Volume and weight relation.
Coarse grain (sand and
gravel ). e Specific gravity (density
 fine grain ( silt and clay ). s material/ density of pure water)
 highly organic soil.
c Porosity ( n= = (Vv/Vt)x100 )
r
Cohesive.
i Void ratio (e = Vv/Vs )
Sticky when wet or dry. p Water content
Reclaim area.
t (W=(Ww/Ws)x100 )
i Degree of saturation (saturated
Non cohesive. o and unsaturated )
Sticky only when wetted. n

7. Soil consistency.
Deformation behavior control by amount of water.
Deformation of soil
Atterberg limit.
Change of water content due to stress applied.
Parameter - liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), shrinkage limit (SL).
Plasticity index, (LL-PL), indicate how much water can absorb by
soil particle.
High PI, tend be clay while low tend be silts.

8. Properties of soil.
Will determined the suitability of soil
and the usage.
Compressibility.
Volume change when Shear strength.
under load.
Resistance of soil to
slide.
Consolidation (static load). Measurement  direct
shear and trixial tasting.
 total consolidation (max vertical
displacement ) and natural
consolidation.
Compaction ( change
mechanically).

9. ROCK Deformation.
static elastic moduli
Index test. (young modules and
poisson’s ratio).
Point load test.
Schmidt rebound Dynamic elastic moduli
hammer. Intact rock (young and shear
Durability test. modulus, poisson’s ratio).
Clean rock.
Chemical Strength.
weathering.
stress applied fail
Hydrolysis. (strongest rock).
Oxidation. Test  Stress strength
Acidification. and tensile strength.

10. Rock mass.
Has discontinuity.
Discontinuity.
Characteristic:
Orientation
spacing
Continuity
Surface
Deformation. Separation
filling of joint.
Strength of deformation is important.
Shear strength (insitu &lab
Modulus : test).
•Sum of deformation that occur Weathering.
with closure of joint under
compression.
Occur with continues stress after
closure.
Insitu test.

11. Influence by:
Intact rock strength.
Rock mass quality
Orientation.
(RMQ) Frequency of discontinuity.
Easy than deformation Chemical weathering.
Method
Direct:
RQD ( rock quality designation )
 Provide quantitative estimate of
Insitu stress
rock mass quality from drill core
measurement: logs.
Overcoring method.
Bonded strain gauge.
Borehole deformation
gauge. RSR (rock structure rating).
Photoelastic method. Describe quality of rock.
 Indirect:
Seismic velocity.
Modulus elastic & dynamic elastic.

12. -The End-
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