The document discusses the software development process and defines key terms. It states that a software process organizes development activities and includes roles, workflows, procedures and standards. Following a defined process makes software development more orderly, predictable and repeatable. However, some view following a process as unnecessary overhead. The reality is that not following a process can lead to more rework that outweighs any initial time savings. The document also discusses software life cycle models, such as waterfall and iterative models, and how a good process is repeatable, predictable, adaptable, learnable and measurable.
The iterative model breaks a project into small modules that can be delivered incrementally. A working version is produced in the first module, with each subsequent release adding additional functionality until the full system is complete. It allows for quick releases during development and makes it easier to develop and test in smaller iterations while incorporating customer feedback at each stage. However, it requires more resources than traditional models and skilled management to avoid increased costs over time.
Following presentation answers:
- Why do we need evolution?
- What happens if we do not evolve the software?
- What are the types of software evolution?
- What are Lehman's laws
- What are the strategies for evolution?
The document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It defines SDLC as a process used by the software industry to design, implement, and test high-quality software. The main stages of SDLC are planning, analysis, design, coding/development, testing, and deployment. It then describes six common SDLC methodologies - waterfall, V-shaped, iterative, spiral, big bang, and agile - and explains when each is generally most appropriate to use.
The document defines the software development life cycle (SDLC) and its phases. It discusses several SDLC models including waterfall, prototype, iterative enhancement, and spiral. The waterfall model follows sequential phases from requirements to maintenance with no overlap. The prototype model involves building prototypes for user feedback. The iterative enhancement model develops software incrementally. The spiral model is divided into risk analysis, engineering, construction, and evaluation cycles. The document also covers software requirements, elicitation through interviews and use cases, analysis through data, behavioral and functional modeling, and documentation in a software requirements specification.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, incremental, spiral, rapid application development (RAD), dynamic systems development method (DSDM), adaptive software development, and agile methods. It provides an overview of the key characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and types of projects that each model is best suited for. Tailored SDLC models are recommended to customize processes based on specific project needs and risks.
The document describes the Spiral Model software development methodology. It discusses the history, phases, graphical representation, pros and cons, comparisons to other models like Waterfall and Agile, applications, and provides an example of how Microsoft used it to develop Windows operating systems. The Spiral Model is an iterative approach that involves planning, risk analysis, engineering, and evaluation phases within each loop or spiral. It is suited for large, expensive, complex projects and allows for risk identification and mitigation at each stage of development.
The document discusses software requirements and requirements engineering. It introduces concepts like user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, and non-functional requirements. It explains how requirements can be organized in a requirements document and the different types of stakeholders who read requirements. The document also discusses challenges in writing requirements precisely and provides examples of requirements specification for a library system called LIBSYS.
This document discusses software quality assurance (SQA). It defines SQA as a planned set of activities to provide confidence that software meets requirements and specifications. The document outlines important software quality factors like correctness, reliability, and maintainability. It describes SQA objectives in development and maintenance. Key principles of SQA involve understanding the development process, requirements, and how to measure conformance. Typical SQA activities include validation, verification, defect prevention and detection, and metrics. SQA can occur at different levels like testing, validation, and certification.
The iterative model breaks a project into small modules that can be delivered incrementally. A working version is produced in the first module, with each subsequent release adding additional functionality until the full system is complete. It allows for quick releases during development and makes it easier to develop and test in smaller iterations while incorporating customer feedback at each stage. However, it requires more resources than traditional models and skilled management to avoid increased costs over time.
Following presentation answers:
- Why do we need evolution?
- What happens if we do not evolve the software?
- What are the types of software evolution?
- What are Lehman's laws
- What are the strategies for evolution?
The document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It defines SDLC as a process used by the software industry to design, implement, and test high-quality software. The main stages of SDLC are planning, analysis, design, coding/development, testing, and deployment. It then describes six common SDLC methodologies - waterfall, V-shaped, iterative, spiral, big bang, and agile - and explains when each is generally most appropriate to use.
The document defines the software development life cycle (SDLC) and its phases. It discusses several SDLC models including waterfall, prototype, iterative enhancement, and spiral. The waterfall model follows sequential phases from requirements to maintenance with no overlap. The prototype model involves building prototypes for user feedback. The iterative enhancement model develops software incrementally. The spiral model is divided into risk analysis, engineering, construction, and evaluation cycles. The document also covers software requirements, elicitation through interviews and use cases, analysis through data, behavioral and functional modeling, and documentation in a software requirements specification.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, incremental, spiral, rapid application development (RAD), dynamic systems development method (DSDM), adaptive software development, and agile methods. It provides an overview of the key characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and types of projects that each model is best suited for. Tailored SDLC models are recommended to customize processes based on specific project needs and risks.
The document describes the Spiral Model software development methodology. It discusses the history, phases, graphical representation, pros and cons, comparisons to other models like Waterfall and Agile, applications, and provides an example of how Microsoft used it to develop Windows operating systems. The Spiral Model is an iterative approach that involves planning, risk analysis, engineering, and evaluation phases within each loop or spiral. It is suited for large, expensive, complex projects and allows for risk identification and mitigation at each stage of development.
The document discusses software requirements and requirements engineering. It introduces concepts like user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, and non-functional requirements. It explains how requirements can be organized in a requirements document and the different types of stakeholders who read requirements. The document also discusses challenges in writing requirements precisely and provides examples of requirements specification for a library system called LIBSYS.
This document discusses software quality assurance (SQA). It defines SQA as a planned set of activities to provide confidence that software meets requirements and specifications. The document outlines important software quality factors like correctness, reliability, and maintainability. It describes SQA objectives in development and maintenance. Key principles of SQA involve understanding the development process, requirements, and how to measure conformance. Typical SQA activities include validation, verification, defect prevention and detection, and metrics. SQA can occur at different levels like testing, validation, and certification.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) process. It includes 6 main steps: 1) requirement gathering, 2) software analysis, 3) software design, 4) coding, 5) testing, and 6) implementation. For each step, the document provides details on the objectives and activities involved. It also lists advantages of following the SDLC process such as increased quality, improved tracking, and decreased risks. Finally, it provides a coding example for a basic calculator application to illustrate one step of the process.
The document discusses various aspects of the software process including software process models, generic process models like waterfall model and evolutionary development, process iteration, and system requirements specification. It provides details on each topic with definitions, characteristics, advantages and diagrams. The key steps in software process are specified as software specifications, design and implementation, validation, and evolution. Generic process models and specific models like waterfall, evolutionary development, and incremental delivery are explained.
This document provides an overview of software maintenance. It discusses that software maintenance is an important phase of the software life cycle that accounts for 40-70% of total costs. Maintenance includes error correction, enhancements, deletions of obsolete capabilities, and optimizations. The document categorizes maintenance into corrective, adaptive, perfective and preventive types. It also discusses the need for maintenance to adapt to changing user requirements and environments. The document describes approaches to software maintenance including program understanding, generating maintenance proposals, accounting for ripple effects, and modified program testing. It discusses challenges like lack of documentation and high staff turnover. The document also introduces concepts of reengineering and reverse engineering to make legacy systems more maintainable.
The document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, spiral/iterative, and agile. It provides an overview of each model's phases and when they are best applied. The waterfall model follows sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. The spiral model is risk-driven and iterative. The agile model emphasizes speed, reduced documentation, and frequent customer feedback through shorter development cycles. SDLC models provide structure, standard processes and deliverables to software development projects.
Software development process models
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model
Evolutionary Process Models
Spiral Model
THE FORMAL METHODS MODEL
Specialized Process Models
The Concurrent Development Model
The waterfall model is a sequential model for software development where progress flows in one direction like a waterfall from conception to maintenance. It involves 8 phases: definition, design, implementation, testing, integration, deployment, maintenance and support. While it provides structure and is good for stable requirements, it is difficult to change requirements or go back to previous phases and does not allow for much iteration. The waterfall model works best for projects with clearly defined requirements and stable scope, but may not be suitable if requirements are likely to change.
1. Software development life cycle models break down the development process into distinct phases to manage complexity. Common models include waterfall, incremental, evolutionary (like prototyping and spiral), and component-based.
2. The waterfall model follows linear sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. Incremental models iterate through phases. Evolutionary models use prototypes to evolve requirements through customer feedback.
3. The spiral model is an evolutionary model representing phases as loops in a spiral, with risk assessment and reduction at each phase. It aims to minimize risk through iterative development and prototyping.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models: Waterfall, V-shaped, structured evolutionary prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, and spiral. For each model, it describes the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios where the model is best applied. The Waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance, while the V-shaped model adds verification and validation phases. Structured evolutionary prototyping uses iterative prototyping for requirements gathering. RAD emphasizes rapid delivery through time-boxing and productivity tools. Incremental development prioritizes requirements delivery in groups. The spiral model incorporates risk analysis, prototyping, and iterative cycles.
Agile Development | Agile Process ModelsAhsan Rahim
Agile Development | Agile Process Models
Here you are going to know What is Agile Development & What are Agile Process Models for the development of Software Product.
What are different types of Agile Development, steps involve in Agile Development, XP, Scrum, Traditional Process Models with full text and animated description.
Software Process Models defines a distinct set of activities, actions, tasks, milestones, and work products that are required to engineer high-quality software...
For more knowledge watch full video...
Video URL:
https://youtu.be/3Lxnn0O3xaM
YouTube Channel URL:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKVvceV1RGXLz0GeesbQnVg
Google+ Page URL:
https://plus.google.com/113458574960966683976/videos?_ga=1.91477722.157526647.1466331425
My Website Link:
http://appsdisaster.blogspot.com/
If you are interested in learning more about topics like this so Please don't forget to like, share, & Subscribe to us.
The document describes the software development life cycle (SDLC) process. There are typically six stages in the SDLC: analysis, planning, design, coding, testing, and implementation & maintenance. The analysis stage involves identifying requirements, feasibility studies, and evaluating possible solutions. The design stage then further develops the logical and physical design based on requirements. Finally, the coding, testing, and implementation stages produce the final software product.
The document discusses the waterfall model, which is a sequential software development process where progress flows steadily from one phase to the next - conception, initiation, analysis, design, construction, testing, production/implementation, and maintenance. The key phases and deliverables are completed one at a time before moving to the next phase. The waterfall model is simple and easy to understand, manage, and works well for smaller projects with well-defined requirements. However, it is inflexible and carries high risks since changes are difficult once a later phase has begun and no working software is produced until late in the lifecycle. The model is not suitable for complex, long-term, or ambiguous projects where requirements may change.
The document describes the waterfall model of software development. It begins by listing the presenters and defining sequential and incremental software development models. It then discusses the waterfall model in more detail, describing it as a linear sequential process where each phase must be completed before the next begins. The document outlines the history, use cases, diagram, phases and advantages/disadvantages of the waterfall model.
This document provides an overview of software testing concepts and processes. It discusses the importance of testing in the software development lifecycle and defines key terms like errors, bugs, faults, and failures. It also describes different types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Finally, it covers quality assurance and quality control processes and how bugs are managed throughout their lifecycle.
Software Engineering- Requirement Elicitation and SpecificationNishu Rastogi
The document discusses the process of requirements engineering for software development. It involves four main steps:
1) Feasibility study to determine if the project is possible.
2) Requirements gathering by communicating with clients and users to understand what the software should do.
3) Creating a software requirements specification (SRS) document that defines system functions and constraints.
4) Validating requirements to ensure they are clear, consistent, and can be implemented.
In systems engineering and software engineering, requirements analysis encompasses those tasks that go into determining the needs or conditions to meet for a new or altered product or project, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the various stakeholders, analyzing, documenting, validating and managing software or system requirements.
This document provides information about an IT project management presentation on Agile software development lifecycle. It contains the following key points:
- The presentation was created by 4 students and discusses the Agile model of software development.
- Agile follows an iterative approach where working software is delivered in increments after each iteration to meet customer requirements.
- It emphasizes principles like early delivery of value to customers, welcoming changing requirements, frequent delivery of working software, and face-to-face collaboration between business and development teams.
- Advantages of Agile include rapid delivery, minimal upfront planning, flexibility, and suitability for changing environments. Disadvantages include risk to sustainability and lack of documentation.
This document provides an overview of advanced software engineering and software process improvement (SPI). It discusses SPI frameworks like the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) and defines what SPI entails. The document outlines the five activities in the SPI process: assessment and gap analysis, education and training, selection and justification, installation/migration, and evaluation. It also discusses SPI risks, success factors, maturity models, and returns on investment. Finally, it covers the People CMM and trends toward more agile SPI approaches.
SDLC is the acronym of Software Development Life Cycle. It is also called as Software development process. The software development life cycle (SDLC) is a framework defining tasks performed at each step in the software development process.
The Waterfall model is a popular sequential model of the software development life cycle where each phase must be completed before the next begins. It consists of requirements, design, implementation, verification, and maintenance phases. Though simple to understand and manage, the Waterfall model works best for smaller, well-defined projects as it is inflexible to changes and produces no working software until late in the cycle.
This document discusses software design concepts, including defining software design, key elements of a software design model, guidelines for translating requirements to design, and principles of good software design. It notes that software design encompasses principles, concepts and practices that lead to high-quality systems and products. The design model provides details on data structures, architecture, interfaces and components needed to implement a system. It also lists guidelines for modular and traceable design, as well as principles like accommodating change and minimizing errors.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) process. It includes 6 main steps: 1) requirement gathering, 2) software analysis, 3) software design, 4) coding, 5) testing, and 6) implementation. For each step, the document provides details on the objectives and activities involved. It also lists advantages of following the SDLC process such as increased quality, improved tracking, and decreased risks. Finally, it provides a coding example for a basic calculator application to illustrate one step of the process.
The document discusses various aspects of the software process including software process models, generic process models like waterfall model and evolutionary development, process iteration, and system requirements specification. It provides details on each topic with definitions, characteristics, advantages and diagrams. The key steps in software process are specified as software specifications, design and implementation, validation, and evolution. Generic process models and specific models like waterfall, evolutionary development, and incremental delivery are explained.
This document provides an overview of software maintenance. It discusses that software maintenance is an important phase of the software life cycle that accounts for 40-70% of total costs. Maintenance includes error correction, enhancements, deletions of obsolete capabilities, and optimizations. The document categorizes maintenance into corrective, adaptive, perfective and preventive types. It also discusses the need for maintenance to adapt to changing user requirements and environments. The document describes approaches to software maintenance including program understanding, generating maintenance proposals, accounting for ripple effects, and modified program testing. It discusses challenges like lack of documentation and high staff turnover. The document also introduces concepts of reengineering and reverse engineering to make legacy systems more maintainable.
The document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, spiral/iterative, and agile. It provides an overview of each model's phases and when they are best applied. The waterfall model follows sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. The spiral model is risk-driven and iterative. The agile model emphasizes speed, reduced documentation, and frequent customer feedback through shorter development cycles. SDLC models provide structure, standard processes and deliverables to software development projects.
Software development process models
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model
Evolutionary Process Models
Spiral Model
THE FORMAL METHODS MODEL
Specialized Process Models
The Concurrent Development Model
The waterfall model is a sequential model for software development where progress flows in one direction like a waterfall from conception to maintenance. It involves 8 phases: definition, design, implementation, testing, integration, deployment, maintenance and support. While it provides structure and is good for stable requirements, it is difficult to change requirements or go back to previous phases and does not allow for much iteration. The waterfall model works best for projects with clearly defined requirements and stable scope, but may not be suitable if requirements are likely to change.
1. Software development life cycle models break down the development process into distinct phases to manage complexity. Common models include waterfall, incremental, evolutionary (like prototyping and spiral), and component-based.
2. The waterfall model follows linear sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. Incremental models iterate through phases. Evolutionary models use prototypes to evolve requirements through customer feedback.
3. The spiral model is an evolutionary model representing phases as loops in a spiral, with risk assessment and reduction at each phase. It aims to minimize risk through iterative development and prototyping.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models: Waterfall, V-shaped, structured evolutionary prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, and spiral. For each model, it describes the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios where the model is best applied. The Waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance, while the V-shaped model adds verification and validation phases. Structured evolutionary prototyping uses iterative prototyping for requirements gathering. RAD emphasizes rapid delivery through time-boxing and productivity tools. Incremental development prioritizes requirements delivery in groups. The spiral model incorporates risk analysis, prototyping, and iterative cycles.
Agile Development | Agile Process ModelsAhsan Rahim
Agile Development | Agile Process Models
Here you are going to know What is Agile Development & What are Agile Process Models for the development of Software Product.
What are different types of Agile Development, steps involve in Agile Development, XP, Scrum, Traditional Process Models with full text and animated description.
Software Process Models defines a distinct set of activities, actions, tasks, milestones, and work products that are required to engineer high-quality software...
For more knowledge watch full video...
Video URL:
https://youtu.be/3Lxnn0O3xaM
YouTube Channel URL:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKVvceV1RGXLz0GeesbQnVg
Google+ Page URL:
https://plus.google.com/113458574960966683976/videos?_ga=1.91477722.157526647.1466331425
My Website Link:
http://appsdisaster.blogspot.com/
If you are interested in learning more about topics like this so Please don't forget to like, share, & Subscribe to us.
The document describes the software development life cycle (SDLC) process. There are typically six stages in the SDLC: analysis, planning, design, coding, testing, and implementation & maintenance. The analysis stage involves identifying requirements, feasibility studies, and evaluating possible solutions. The design stage then further develops the logical and physical design based on requirements. Finally, the coding, testing, and implementation stages produce the final software product.
The document discusses the waterfall model, which is a sequential software development process where progress flows steadily from one phase to the next - conception, initiation, analysis, design, construction, testing, production/implementation, and maintenance. The key phases and deliverables are completed one at a time before moving to the next phase. The waterfall model is simple and easy to understand, manage, and works well for smaller projects with well-defined requirements. However, it is inflexible and carries high risks since changes are difficult once a later phase has begun and no working software is produced until late in the lifecycle. The model is not suitable for complex, long-term, or ambiguous projects where requirements may change.
The document describes the waterfall model of software development. It begins by listing the presenters and defining sequential and incremental software development models. It then discusses the waterfall model in more detail, describing it as a linear sequential process where each phase must be completed before the next begins. The document outlines the history, use cases, diagram, phases and advantages/disadvantages of the waterfall model.
This document provides an overview of software testing concepts and processes. It discusses the importance of testing in the software development lifecycle and defines key terms like errors, bugs, faults, and failures. It also describes different types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Finally, it covers quality assurance and quality control processes and how bugs are managed throughout their lifecycle.
Software Engineering- Requirement Elicitation and SpecificationNishu Rastogi
The document discusses the process of requirements engineering for software development. It involves four main steps:
1) Feasibility study to determine if the project is possible.
2) Requirements gathering by communicating with clients and users to understand what the software should do.
3) Creating a software requirements specification (SRS) document that defines system functions and constraints.
4) Validating requirements to ensure they are clear, consistent, and can be implemented.
In systems engineering and software engineering, requirements analysis encompasses those tasks that go into determining the needs or conditions to meet for a new or altered product or project, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the various stakeholders, analyzing, documenting, validating and managing software or system requirements.
This document provides information about an IT project management presentation on Agile software development lifecycle. It contains the following key points:
- The presentation was created by 4 students and discusses the Agile model of software development.
- Agile follows an iterative approach where working software is delivered in increments after each iteration to meet customer requirements.
- It emphasizes principles like early delivery of value to customers, welcoming changing requirements, frequent delivery of working software, and face-to-face collaboration between business and development teams.
- Advantages of Agile include rapid delivery, minimal upfront planning, flexibility, and suitability for changing environments. Disadvantages include risk to sustainability and lack of documentation.
This document provides an overview of advanced software engineering and software process improvement (SPI). It discusses SPI frameworks like the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) and defines what SPI entails. The document outlines the five activities in the SPI process: assessment and gap analysis, education and training, selection and justification, installation/migration, and evaluation. It also discusses SPI risks, success factors, maturity models, and returns on investment. Finally, it covers the People CMM and trends toward more agile SPI approaches.
SDLC is the acronym of Software Development Life Cycle. It is also called as Software development process. The software development life cycle (SDLC) is a framework defining tasks performed at each step in the software development process.
The Waterfall model is a popular sequential model of the software development life cycle where each phase must be completed before the next begins. It consists of requirements, design, implementation, verification, and maintenance phases. Though simple to understand and manage, the Waterfall model works best for smaller, well-defined projects as it is inflexible to changes and produces no working software until late in the cycle.
This document discusses software design concepts, including defining software design, key elements of a software design model, guidelines for translating requirements to design, and principles of good software design. It notes that software design encompasses principles, concepts and practices that lead to high-quality systems and products. The design model provides details on data structures, architecture, interfaces and components needed to implement a system. It also lists guidelines for modular and traceable design, as well as principles like accommodating change and minimizing errors.
This document proposes a "Linear-Pilot Process Model" that combines elements of the waterfall model and prototyping. It is intended for situations where a software house has expert but few developers, the client is new but mature, and the deadline is flexible but the client wants a dummy of each phase. The model aims to address the lack of reversibility in the waterfall model by applying prototyping in each phase. An example is given of a client who wants to see dummy projects of each phase from a small but expert software house.
The document describes several software process models: the 4 block SDLC model, waterfall model, evolutionary development model, incremental development model, reuse-oriented development model, rapid application development model, and software prototyping models including evolutionary prototyping and throw-away prototyping. It also outlines Boehm's spiral model and notes this as a homework task.
The document discusses software development life cycles (SDLC). It describes the typical stages of an SDLC including feasibility study, requirements analysis, system design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Several SDLC models are mentioned, including waterfall, spiral, iterative, prototyping, and RAD (rapid application development). The waterfall model is described as having distinct sequential stages with no overlap between phases. Prototyping and RAD methodologies are also explained in further detail.
Process models are not perfect, but provide road map for software engineering work. Software models provide stability, control, and organization to a process that if not managed can easily get out of control
Software process models are adapted to meet the needs of software engineers and managers for a specific project.
The document describes project based learning methodologies for embedded systems design. It discusses how project based learning differs from traditional teaching approaches in engaging students through extended inquiry projects. It outlines the roles of instructors in facilitating student-led projects and of students in taking responsibility. Examples of embedded hardware and software development processes on platforms like 8051, AVR and ARM are provided. The document also discusses design complexities and related work before concluding that the methodology presents an approach combining traditional and project based learning for teaching embedded and intelligent systems.
Architecture design of a virtual embedded system pptRajeev Mohanty
The document discusses embedded systems and virtualization techniques. It begins with an introduction to embedded systems, their basic principles and characteristics. Examples of embedded systems are provided. The document then discusses the state of the art in multi-agent systems, embedded systems, and virtualization techniques. It describes insulation, para-virtualization, and full virtualization. The document proposes a solution using an agent-based model and describes a prototype implementation of a virtualized embedded system using a Linux kernel and KVM that provides the benefits of virtualization for embedded systems.
This document provides an introduction to software architecture design. It discusses key concepts like the relationship between requirements and architecture, architecture styles, quality attributes, and tradeoff analysis. The document is divided into multiple parts that cover topics such as an overview of software architecture, common architecture styles, quality attributes, and some rules of thumb for architecture design.
The document discusses different types of software testing:
- Development testing includes unit, component, and system testing to discover bugs during development. Unit testing involves testing individual program units in isolation.
- Release testing is done by a separate team to test a complete version before public release.
- User testing involves potential users testing the system in their own environment.
The goals of testing are to demonstrate that software meets requirements and to discover incorrect or undesirable behavior to find defects. Different testing types include validation testing to check correct functionality and defect testing to uncover bugs. Both inspections and testing are important and complementary methods in software verification.
The document discusses various software life cycle models, including waterfall, V-model, incremental, prototype, spiral, RAD and 4GT. It provides descriptions of each model's phases, advantages and disadvantages. The waterfall and V-model are presented as classic sequential models. Incremental and spiral models iterate through phases to allow for flexibility. Prototype and RAD models emphasize early prototypes. Risk analysis is a key part of the spiral model.
software engineering notes for cse/it fifth semesterrajesh199155
The document provides an overview of software engineering principles and practices. It discusses:
1) The scope and necessity of software engineering to systematically develop large, complex software products. Without principles, developing large programs would be difficult and error-prone.
2) The "software crisis" caused by ineffective development leading to cost overruns and inefficient resource usage. Proper use of principles can help solve this.
3) The difference between a program developed by an individual and a commercial software product developed by a team for multiple users, requiring careful design, documentation and adherence to principles.
4) How early exploratory development styles focused on error correction after coding, while modern styles emphasize error prevention through defined stages like
The document discusses software design and key concepts related to software design including:
1) Software design is the process of planning the architecture, components, interfaces, and other characteristics of a software system.
2) Good software design aims for high cohesion and loose coupling between modules. It involves conceptual design, technical design, and refinement of the design.
3) Modularity, coupling, and cohesion are important design principles. Modularity enhances manageability while loose coupling and high cohesion are design goals.
The document discusses various software development methodologies and life cycle models that have been used since the 1950s. It provides detailed descriptions of the waterfall model, spiral model, evolutionary prototyping, and staged delivery approaches. Each methodology takes different approaches to requirements analysis, design, development, testing, and deployment. The document emphasizes the importance of choosing a life cycle model that fits the needs of the specific project.
The document discusses different software engineering process models including:
1. The waterfall model which is a linear sequential model where each phase must be completed before moving to the next.
2. Prototyping models which allow requirements to be refined through building prototypes.
3. RAD (Rapid Application Development) which emphasizes short development cycles through reuse and code generation.
4. Incremental models which deliver functionality in increments with early increments focusing on high priority requirements.
5. The spiral model which has multiple iterations of planning, risk analysis, engineering and evaluation phases.
An introduction to software engineering, based on the first chapter of "A (Partial) Introduction to Software Engineering
Practices and Methods" By Laurie Williams
The document discusses the software design process. It begins by explaining that software design is an iterative process that translates requirements into a blueprint for constructing the software. It then describes the main steps and outputs of the design process, which include transforming specifications into design models, reviewing designs for quality, and producing a design document. The document also covers key concepts in software design like abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, and information hiding.
The importance of software since there is were the motivation for software engineering lies and then and introduction to software engineering mentioning the concept and stages of development and working in teams
This document discusses DevOps, a methodology that combines software development (Dev) and IT operations (Ops). It describes how DevOps aims to improve collaboration between developers and operations teams to more quickly identify and solve problems, allowing for faster and more reliable software delivery. The document provides examples of how DevOps streamlines processes like continuous integration, delivery and deployment through automation and bringing the teams together into a single workflow.
The document describes the evolution of software development methodologies over time, from the 1950s to the 2000s. It discusses several models including code and fix, waterfall model, spiral model, V-model, and agile methods. The waterfall model was introduced in the 1970s and emphasized sequential development through requirements, design, implementation, testing, integration, and maintenance phases. The spiral model was developed in the 1980s to address limitations of the waterfall model through an iterative, risk-driven approach. The V-model emerged in the 1990s and depicted the relationships between project phases and testing activities.
The document discusses software engineering and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts. It defines software, engineering, and software engineering. It explains that software engineering uses scientific principles and methods to develop reliable and efficient software products. The document also summarizes different software life cycle models including waterfall, incremental, prototyping, spiral and agile models. It explains the various phases in the software development life cycle such as requirements gathering, design, coding, testing etc.
This document discusses various process models for software engineering:
- The waterfall model defines sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It is inflexible to change.
- Iterative models allow repetition of phases to incrementally develop software. The incremental model delivers functionality in increments.
- Evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral development use iterative evaluation and refinement of prototypes to evolve requirements and manage risk.
- Other models include component-based development, formal methods, aspect-oriented development, and the Unified Process with iterative development of use cases. Personal and team software processes focus on self-directed teams, planning, metrics, and process improvement.
The document discusses various approaches for selecting a project methodology, including whether to build a system in-house or outsource it. It covers the waterfall model, spiral model, prototyping, and incremental delivery. The key aspects addressed are identifying project characteristics and risks to determine the most appropriate software process model. Structured versus agile approaches are weighed in terms of balancing requirements specification with delivery speed.
MODULE 1 :
Software Product and Process
Introduction –FAQs About Software Engineering,
Definition Of Software Engineering,
Difference Between Software Engineering And Computer Science,
Difference Between Software Engineering And System Engineering,
Software Process,
Software Process Models,
The Waterfall Model,
Incremental Process Models,
Evolutionary Process Models
Spiral Development, Prototyping,
Component Based Software Engineering ,
The Unified Process, Attributes Of Good Software,
Key Challenges Facing By Software Engineering,
Verification – Validation,
Computer Based System,
Business Process Engineering,
The document discusses various aspects of the design process for interactive systems, including design rules, usability engineering, and iterative design. It provides an overview of different types of design rules such as principles, standards, and guidelines. Specific examples of design rules like learnability, flexibility, and robustness are mentioned. Ben Shneiderman's eight golden rules of interface design are also summarized, which include consistency, informative feedback, error handling, and reducing memory load.
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The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. For each model, the key steps or phases are described along with strengths and weaknesses. When each model is most applicable is also discussed. The document then covers quality assurance planning and activities that should be included like defect tracking, testing at various levels, and technical reviews.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), Waterfall model, V-shaped model, Rapid Application Development (RAD) model, Incremental model, and Spiral model. It provides an overview of the key stages and characteristics of each model as well as their strengths and weaknesses to help determine when each model is best applied.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), Waterfall model, V-shaped model, Rapid Application Development (RAD) model, Incremental model, and Spiral model. It provides an overview of the key stages and characteristics of each model as well as their strengths and weaknesses to help determine when each model is best applied.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. For each model, the key steps or phases are described along with strengths and weaknesses. When each model is most applicable is also discussed. The document then covers quality assurance planning and activities that should be included like defect tracking, testing at various levels, and technical reviews.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. For each model, the key steps or phases are described along with strengths and weaknesses. When each model is most applicable is also discussed. The document then covers quality assurance and the importance of having a quality assurance plan that includes elements like defect tracking, testing at various stages of development, and code reviews.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), Waterfall model, V-shaped model, Rapid Application Development (RAD) model, Incremental model, and Spiral model. It provides details on the key steps and phases in each model as well as their strengths and weaknesses. The models range from traditional plan-driven approaches like Waterfall to more iterative approaches like RAD and Spiral that allow for user feedback and adjustments throughout the process.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. For each model, the key steps or phases are described along with strengths and weaknesses. When each model is most applicable is also discussed. The document then covers quality assurance planning and activities that should be included like defect tracking, testing at various levels, and technical reviews.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. For each model, the key steps or phases are described along with strengths and weaknesses. When each model is most applicable is also discussed. The document then covers quality assurance planning and activities that should be included like defect tracking, testing at various levels, and technical reviews.
Ao concluir este curso, o/a estudante mencionado/a acima adquiriu novas habilidades, incluindo como selecionar a melhor tecnologia para sua empresa e como integrar soluções tecnológicas aos seus negócios com sucesso.
Apresentado 4/7/2021
Cesar A. Nogueira has successfully completed all the requirements to be recognized as a Google Cloud Certified Professional Cloud Architect. The certificate acknowledges this and was issued on June 27, 2018, expiring on June 27, 2020 with a certification ID of DcolTX. Diane Greene, CEO of Google Cloud, certified Cesar Augusto Nogueira.
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Palestra feita no Hacktown 2017, dia 9 de Setembro de 2017 (http://hacktown.com.br/palestra-minando-dados-de-sua-cidade-para-sua-comunidade-utilizando-java-ou-python/)
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Este documento certifica que uma pessoa participou da conferência Python Brasil 11 entre 7 e 11 de novembro de 2015 em São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brasil, com 40 horas de duração como um participante.
The document provides an introduction and overview of developing Android applications. It discusses what Android is, the major Android application components of Activities, Services, Intents, and Content Providers. It outlines the Android development environment, including installing the SDK and creating a sample "Hello World" application. It also covers the key parts of an Android project like the AndroidManifest file, resources, and source code directories. The document aims to guide users through the essentials of Android application development without assuming prior Java knowledge.
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Power Grid Model
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What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
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https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
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Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying Ahead
The Software Development Process
1. The Software Development
Process
"It is better not to proceed at all, than to
proceed without method." --Descartes
"Stop the life cycle--I want to get off"
-- Barry Boehm
2. A Software Development Process Organizes
the Activities of Software Development
Gather
Requirements
Design
System
Test
Unit
TestIm
plem
ent
Rework Correct
Mistakes
Review
CreatePrototype
ManageRisks
Integrate
Developing software without a
defined process is chaotic and
inefficient
Following a defined process
makes software development
more orderly, predictable and
repeatable
. . . . . .
3. Software Process
• A software process is more detailed than a life
cycle model.
• A Software process says who does what when.
• A software process includes:
– Roles
– Workflows
– Procedures
– Standards
– Templates
4. Resistance to Process
• Some people view following a process as an unnecessary
tax on productivity. That is, they view the time devoted to
following a process as taking away from time that could
otherwise be spent on “productive work” without any
otherwise appreciable affects on the development process
[McConnell 1998].
5. The Reality
• A group not following a defined process might show more
productivity at the start, but rework due to poor
development practices will quickly outweigh any time
saved by not following a process [McConnell 1998].
Too little process in the beginning often
leads to too much process towards the end
The overhead of following a process
decreases with time
6. When Bad Process Happens to
Good People
• Some processes are rigid and bureaucratic;
don’t use these
• Some people abuse process for their own
agenda (i.e. feed their desire to have power
and control, block changes or developments
they don’t agree with); don’t allow these
people to have authority over the process
7. Characteristics of a Good Process
• A good software process is:
– Repeatable – a process is repeatable if it can be performed again
on a new project? If the process isn’t documented, it probably isn’t
repeatable.
– Predictable – Organizations like predictability. It means they
know what to expect when repeating the process.
– Adaptable - the process can be tailored for the unique aspects of a
project. In general, the more adapted a process is, the less
predictable it will be.
– Learnable –
– Measurable – Measurability is important for tracking, control,
visibility and improvability.
– Improvable
8. Terminology
• Software Life Cycle – The high-level phases or stages
that software goes through from the moment it is
conceptualized until the last version is removed from the
last machine. The software life cycle consists of new
development followed by a number of maintenance
updates and finally retirement. [IEEE 610]
• Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) – The
sequence of phases a project goes through from start to
finish. The standard phases of the SDLC are: requirements
specification, analysis, design, implementation and test.
Inception and delivery may also be included. Note, these
phases are not necessarily sequential. They may overlap or
be performed iteratively. The SDLC is applied to new
development and maintenance updates. [IEEE 610]
9. Terminology [cont]
• Software Life Cycle Models (aka Software
Process Models) – abstract models that describe a
class of development approaches with similar
characteristics. Some of the criteria used to
distinguish software life cycle models are: timing
between phases, entry and exit criteria between
phases and the artifacts created during each phase.
Examples include: Waterfall, Spiral, Rapid
Prototyping, Incremental Development, etc.
11. Phase Names vs. Activity Names
• Is requirements (or design, or coding, or etc.) a
phase or an activity?
• Terms such as requirements, design, coding, etc.
are used to characterize a phase (adjective) and
also an activity (verb/adverb) that might occur
during one or more phases.
• It’s important to distinguish between a label given
to a phase and the activity that occurs during that
phase.
12. Phase Names vs. Activity Names [cont]
• The label on a phase is descriptive of the dominate
activity performed during that phase. It becomes
confusing when there isn’t a one-to-one
correspondence between phase name and activity
within that phase.
13. Phase Names vs. Activity Names [cont]
• The Rational Unified Process (RUP) avoids any
ambiguity/confusion by using phase names that
can’t be confused with the activities that might
take place during a phase.
• The names are also more appropriate because they
better match the milestones and deliverable of the
phases.
14.
15. Software Life Cycle Models
• Abstract models that define a few broad types
of software development processes
• Life cycle models specify:
– Major phases including milestones and
deliverables
– Timing between each phase
– Entry and exit criteria for each phase
• Life cycle models are a starting point for
project management
17. Code-and-Fix Development
• Not a viable development model for most
projects.
• Code-and-Fix is to software development as
dog paddling is to swimming.
20. Risk Profile of Waterfall Project
• When following the waterfall process
model risks aren’t resolved until late in the
development cycle.
21. What’s Wrong with these
Antiquated Life Cycle Models?
• Code-and-fix lacks discipline and is
inefficient
• Waterfall, although appropriate for some
projects, doesn’t fit well in today’s
environment
22. Iterative and Incremental
• A characteristic of modern life cycle
models. The product evolves incrementally
over a series of iterations.
23. Benefits of an Iterative and
Incremental Approach
• More appropriate for applications with emergent
requirements. For many UI applications,
requirements aren’t well-known form the start but
rather emerge over time based on experience with
early increments and prototypes.
• Incremental functionality is a more accurate
measure of progress than paper deliverables. This
provides better visibility into project status.
• Manages risks better (technical risks with
architecture and programming and project risks
with meeting schedule and budget targets)
24. Modern Software Life Cycle
Models
• Spiral
• Staged
• Evolutionary Prototyping
• Evolutionary Delivery
28. Evolutionary Delivery
• The middle ground. Considerable planning and
product definition occur up-front, but the content
of each iteration is also influenced by feedback
from previous iterations.
30. Other forms of prototyping
• Evolutionary prototyping is a life cycle model—a way of
organizing the activities of software development.
• Prototyping can also be used selectively on any project as
a technique for buying information.
• Developing the wrong product can be costly. Sometimes it
pays to invest in an early quick-and-dirty prototype to
explore requirements and resolve technical risks before
committing to expensive production-quality development.
• With evolutionary prototyping the product increment is
expected to evolve into the eventual production system.
With other forms of prototyping the software created may
or may not be a part of the eventual implementation. If it is
a paper prototype, definitely not. If the prototype is a
series of screens created with an IDE, the screens may
very well end up in the final product.
31. Options for creating a prototype
• Paper mock-ups are perhaps the simplest form of prototyping. A paper
mock-up is a stack of fabricated screen shots created by hand or with
the help of a graphics editing or desktop publishing system. There
should be a page for every view and/or state of the application you
want to test. The experimenter simulates the behavior of the
application by showing different pages at different times in reaction to
the test subject’s actions [Nielson 93].
• Most integrated development environments (IDE’s) come with tools
for creating UI’s by dragging and dropping UI elements on a canvas.
You don’t have to implement the behavior behind each screen to have
a useful prototype. A small amount of control logic may be helpful to
move from screen to screen.
• If your target language isn’t conducive to prototyping, you can create
the prototype with a prototyping tool or high level (possibly scripting)
language that has better support for rapid application development.
32. Horizontal and vertical prototyping
• A prototype represents a subset of the eventual system
functionality. There are two dimensions along which a
prototype can vary.
33. Horizontal and vertical prototyping
• A horizontal prototype is one that includes many
features but little functionality behind each one.
Think of a movie set with store front facades but
no actual stores behind them. Horizontal
prototyping helps to clarify requirements and
evaluate usability.
• A vertical prototype is one that implements only a
few features but each one in depth. Vertical
prototyping can be used to explore various design
and implementation options.
34. Throwaway Prototyping
• When code is written quickly without regard for sound
engineering practices, it is poor bases on which to build
and should be thrown out once the goals for creating the
prototype have been accomplished. This form of
prototyping is appropriately called throwaway prototyping.
35. Anchoring the Software Process
• Intuitively—Requirements, Architecture,
Design, Code—seem like good milestones for
marking progress during a software project,
but in practice they don’t work so well.
• Rarely do these products evolve sequentially
as discrete entities.
• More commonly, these artifacts evolve slowly
in parallel. This makes them poor milestones
for anchoring a software development process
36. Anchoring the Software
Process - 2• Barry Boehm proposes an alternative set of
milestones that are more appropriate for iterative
development [IEEE Software July 1996]:
– Life cycle objectives (Major requirements, major scenarios
of operation, candidate architecture, and top-level plan are
known)
– Life cycle architecture (Most requirements and scenarios of
operations are known, validated system architecture)
– Initial operational capability (The product is ready for
transition to its production environment.
Editor's Notes
A software process organizes and prescribes the activities necessary to write software . Tbd: add “Define problem” There isn't one best process for writing software. The process that an individual or organization selects and follows should be selected for and tailored to the specific characteristics of the project, the organization’s culture and the abilities and preferences of the people involved . Software process is a guide that leads/instructs less experienced teams but also is flexible enough to be tailored by more experienced teams. A good process will raise the productivity of less experienced team members without impeding the work/progress of more experienced team members. “ I expect that we will end up with a number of these methodologies with overlapping boundary conditions. We will need to choose which one best matches our profile. We’ll start with one of these then rapidly tune it to a particular circumstance. Certainly, anything you pick will only be a starting point and then you tune it to what you need it to be. Methodologies can also give you good practice ideas.”
A software process “establishes the technical and management framework for applying methods, tools, and people to the s/w task.” I could add a slide comparing characteristics of life cycle models and processes. Life cycle models: major phases, timing between each phase, entry and exit criteria for each phase (exit criteria includes milestones and deliverables at the end of each phase). Processes include more detail: roles, specific tasks, measures, entry and exit criteria for major steps [psp: A self-improvement process for software engineers]. Good introduction to s/w processes in [psp: A self-improvement process for software engineers, p 12].
“ interferes with creativity” “ Bureaucratic and regimented” “ Hinders agility in fast-moving markets” There once was a time (70’s) when some people seriously believed not wearing a seatbelt was safer because you would be thrown from the car which would give you a better chance of survival.
Groups that don’t start out following a defined process often find themselves adding process later in the project in reaction to problems. As the size and complexity of a project grows, the importance of following a defined process grows proportionally.
Process A has an average productivity of X but is predictable; Process B has an average productivity of X + 1 but is less predictable. Which one would most businesses prefer? A good process is repeatable and predictable. This improves the ability to estimate work. Don’t confuse repeatability with rigidity . To the extent the next project deviates from the previous project, the process may need to be modified. Question: Consider a high performance team that has lots of experience working together that generally follows their own internalized process. How well does this approach to process measure up to these characteristics of a good process?
Software Lifecycle: Requirements, specification, design, implementation, testing, deployment, maintenance and evolution, replacement or retirement. Words derive their meaning from usage and context. When there are subtle differences between concepts in a single context the same words are not always used in a consistent way. This is a frequent problem in the emerging field of software technology especially when it comes to defining the concepts around the software development process. It’s impossible to give a definitive definition of these terms because they aren’t used consistently. I’ll do the next best thing which is to define how I intend to use them. As much as possible, these definitions are consistent with the way these terms are used in practice.
A process is a series of steps for turning inputs into outputs. In the case of software it’s a sequence of steps for turning customer requirements into finished product. In general software development is too complex to be described by a detailed prescriptive process, instead we have methodologies. A software methodology is a collection of processes, methods, techniques, standards, values etc. used to develop software. In short, a methodology is a group of methods unified by a philosophy. (TBD: Add “workflows”) Example methods: OOP, CRC cards, refactoring, etc.
Big-M or Capital-M Methodology is not consistently defined. Some authors (Cockburn July 2000 IEEE Software) use it to distinguish between a full methodology (I.e. XP) and a collection of related methods and techniques (I.e. OOP). Other authors (Rosenberg) use it to distinguish between Methodologies that advocate strict adherence (like a religion) and methodologies which can be selectively tailored for unique project needs. Milton friedman use to say he was a libertarian with a small “l” meaning he wasn’t a devoted member of the party but believed strongly in it’s ideals.
Waterfall is considered antiquated. It has largely been discredited.
Image from: http://software-document.blogspot.com/2011/01/what-is-rational-unified-process-and.html Activities aren’t confined to one phase. Activities overlap and interact.
Life cycle models are also used to express and promote philosophies of development.
[Not really a model. Code and fix is to software development as dog paddling is to swimming. This analogy works on several levels. If you throw someone who can't swim into a pool they are likely to dog paddle instinctively . There are much more effective and efficient swimming strokes but they take training and experience. They might make it across the pool but are likely to be exhausted and in no mood for another swim. If you throw an untrained inexperienced person into a software development project there inclination will be to resort to code and fix. It might get the job done but it's certainly not the most efficient approach. Also, just as some individuals learning to swim sometimes panic and revert back to dog paddling, a project can sometimes revert back to code and fix at the first sign of trouble following a defined process. At the risk of overstretching the analogy, the best swimming stroke and the best process model depends on the individual and environment .] Might seem odd and unnatural at first (going through the motions until it becomes part of muscle memory). The code-and-fix model is probably the most-derided but most-used model of them all. (If you count the thousands of small software programs created each day.) A process following the code-and-fix model starts with just enough requirements analysis to begin coding. Once something is working it is reworked until it meets all of the requirements of the project. This may require repeated cycles of requirements analysis, design and coding. [I could be a little less tolerant] For all the ridicule it has received the code-and-fix model is a reasonable choice for some programs. If you are building a program for your personal use (you are the sole source of requirements), it is a small simple program, and you don't plan on extending the program in the future your best choice might be a process that follows the code-and-fix model. The problem with the code-and-fix model occurs when it is applied to a project that doesn't meet the special criteria mentioned above. The reason it fails for projects that don't meet the criteria above is because it causes too much rework. Rework not only takes time but can also destroy the structure of the system. Code and fix has persisted for so long probably because of its intuitive nature. It’s generally tolerated because proper methods aren’t well understood or universally accepted. Some developers have never been exposed to alternatives. Others have been exposed but don’t see any clear consensus on how best to develop software so aren’t encouraged to move beyond intuitive methods.
The pure waterfall model is probably the most familiar software development lifecycle model yet least used. It’s familiar because it is orderly and intuitively easy to understand. It’s least used because most of software development involves unfamiliar problems and technology. The waterfall model doesn’t deal with uncertainty well ( little or no opportunity for incorporating feedback ). It did include backtracking and prototyping as originally proposed [Royce 1970] but most consider waterfall to refer to a sequential development process with no backtracking.
[Source Unknown]
Good ref: http://www.craiglarman.com/wiki/downloads/misc/history-of-iterative-larman-and-basili-ieee-computer.pdf
The term iterative and incremental is sometime used to refer to a life cycle model. The terms are so general that it’s better to think of iterative and incremental as characteristics of life cycle models. Benefits: o On of the advantages of iterative development is that it provides visible signs of progress. This is good for progress tracking and team morale. o Gets partial functionality into the hands of users early Process feedback examples: o validate the accuracy of early estimates o
Also: manage complexity. Iteration is a powerful tool for managing complexity . It’s a divide and conquer process. It’s usually easier to evolve the artifacts of software development in parallel. Working on down-stream artifacts often helps in the completion of up-stream artifacts. For example, when doing object modeling you might model the objects in the problem domain before writing use cases. Writing use cases will invariable lead to forgotten domain objects. It’s rare for complex intellectual artifacts to be perfected during one inspirational moment. Most evolve over a cycle of continuous refinement.
The Spiral model improves on the models that preceded it because it is a risk-driven rather than document- or code-driven model [Boehm 1988]. The spiral model deals with risks early in the software life-cycle when there is more time to deal with problems the risks may cause and before there is significant amount of work completed which can be affected. First real use of iteration. Needed to address software systems with emergent requirements and users that couldn’t properly articulate their requirements without something tangible to evaluate. A loop around the circle represents one phase in the process. Each phase has 4 parts: 1. (upper left-hand corner) Determine objectives alternatives and constraints. 2. Evaluate alternatives, assess risks, resolve risks 3. Develop and validate. Any development model may be used during this step. 4. Plan the next phase
Like waterfall but the product is delivered over a sequence of iterations. The customer gets value from certain features early but no prevision is made for incorporating feedback from previous iterations. It provides a stable environment for development but little or no opportunity to incorporate feedback.
In pure evolutionary prototyping no attempt is made at planning or product definition beyond the immediate iteration. Don’t be mislead by the term “prototyping”. With evolutionary prototyping the product is built to production standards of quality. It’s prototyping in the sense that early versions of the software are being provided to users in order to discover requirements that haven’t been thought of yet. Potentially releasable . XP follows this model with the contents of each iteration decided by the customer prior to the start of each iteration. To avoid expensive rework, a prerequisite for using this model is: All of the critical requirements—those likely to effect the architecture of the solution—are well-understood and not likely to change based on feedback from early iterations. OR B) There is reasonable expectations that techniques such as refactoring can be used to evolve the architecture in the event there are new or changing architecturally significant requirements. Before you can start evolutionary prototyping, critical requirements must be understood. If they aren’t, you can use throwaway prototyping in order to convert poorly understood requirements into well-understood requirements. Strength: uncover previously unknown requirements. Trying to discover requirements critical to the selection of the software’s architecture.
In most cases a majority of planning and requirements definition is performed up-front and stabilizes quickly.
Prototyping can also be a handy technique for buying information. A more general use of prototyping is a technique Prototyping can also be used more selectively/surgically as a technique for buying information. Throwaway prototyping is a technique that can be used throughout the software life cycle no matter what model is being used to organize the activities of development. “ simulates only a few aspects of the features of the eventual program, and may be completely different from the eventual implementation.” “ obtain feedback from the users early in the project”
Prototypical Prototypes
From page 94 in Usability Engineering [Nielsen] He also discusses scenario prototyping. (Consider adding a def of this)
Older definition. Even though Advances in Computers was published after Usability Engineering more people reference Nielsens definition.
The first decision when building a prototype is to decide what subset of functionality to include in the prototype. The decision is driven by the goals of the prototype. More generally, a prototype represents some subset of total system features and functionality.
[What] o A throwaway prototype is an early mock-up of a software system developed/created quickly in order to clarify requirements and experiment with design and implementation options. o The prototype is created quickly without regard for maintainability and robustness. It would be difficult to maintain or enhance. o A throwaway prototype is used to explore requirements and experiment with various design alternatives. Because it is created for timely feedback without concern for qualities that will make it robust and sustainable, it is discarded once information is obtained. o The creation of a prototype is a standard engineering practice. Car manufactures routinely build prototypes in order to elicit customer feedback and better understand the car they intend to build. The production line needed to manufacture a product is expensive to build and difficult to change. Manufactures create prototypes to minimize the risks associated with building the wrong product. Software engineers create prototypes in order to minimize risk of wasted effort associated with building the wrong product. Writing production-quality code is expensive. o Building a prototype or mock-up of a product before committing to an expensive build process is a common engineering practice. [What is the relationship between throwaway prototyping and evolutionary prototyping?] o They are two really very different things. Evolutionary prototyping is a development approach or lifecycle model and throwaway prototyping is a technique or practice that can be selectively/narrowed applied within the context of any lifecycle model. For example, the spiral model suggests creating prototypes in order to resolve risks during each iteration. They are really apples and oranges. [Why/Benefits] o Provides insights into alternative design approaches. o Gain experience with the technologies needed to implement certain features. This experience helps forms concepts useful during design also. The use of prototypes to resolve technical risks and improve design are often overlooked. Explore alternative designs. Compare design and implementation options. Helps programmers understand implementation options and form concepts useful during design conceptualization. o Validate API’s and other dependent services are working as expected. o Tool for more effective communication between developers and users. Sometimes clients aren’t sure what they want until they have a chance to interact with working software. Users need actual experience with the proposed software system before they can provide a complete and accurate set of requirements. Allows clients to better articulate what behavior is needed from the software. o The introduction of software into an environment changes that environment which can lead to new requirements. Introducing a throwaway prototype is one way to identify these emergent requirements early in the software development lifecycle. You want to identify them early so they can be analyzed and prioritized along with existing requirements. o Creating a throwaway prototype addresses s/w eng principles: “do it twice” and “plan to throw one away”. o It’s a great way to get the user involved. Most users don’t have the time or patience to read through hundreds of pages of specifications. Reacting to software is much easier. They are also likely to get the feeling their needs are being addressed. o The prototype can server as partial system specification. Users would much rather validate requirements by working with a prototype rather than read 100’s of pages of documentation. [When to apply] o When requirements are unknown or not well-understood, especially requirements likely to have a strong impact on the architecture. It’s not advisable to start writing production code until the architecture is stabilized. o When using unfamiliar implementation technologies. Reduces technical risks which helps with project estimating and planning. On a more abstract level, experimenting with implementation technologies help establish concepts useful for positing an architecture. [How to apply] o Start with a clear definition of the purpose and scope of the prototype. o Prototypes don’t have to be elaborate. Much can be learned by simple paper prototypes or simulated screen sequence. o When building a throwaway prototype, select a development approach, such as code-and-fix, that is optimized for speed. The code doesn’t have to be robust, doesn’t have to be well-designed or maintainable and doesn’t have to include error checking and exception handling code. You want to get something in the hands of users quickly and react quickly to there suggestions for changes. Build the prototype as quickly as possible. o Focus on areas that are poorly understood. There is little value in prototyping well-understood requirements and implementation technologies. [Potential problems or pitfalls associated with creating a throwaway prototype] o The throwaway prototype might not get thrown away. The outwardly appearance of the prototype fails to reflect the shabby nature of its construct. Nobody would recommend a western set façade be used as an actual place of business, but managers routinely press to have the “throwaway” prototype messaged into the finaly working product. It’s often not simply of adding error checking and exceptions. Often the software isn’t robust and lacks the structure needed to make it maintainable and extendable. (how to deal with this problem) Get a firm commitment to actually discard the prototype once the reasons for creating it are satisfied. Option 2: code it in a different language so it has to be rewritten. You can’t retrofit quality. o Users may develop unrealistic expectations regarding the time it takes to deliver the final production-quality system. Unless they are warned against it, most users will underestimate the amount of effort it takes to convert a throwaway prototype into production-quality software. The rate at which features can be added to a throwaway prototype can mislead clients (and managers) into expecting the same rate of progress with the production version of the software. This can lead to unrealistic expectations on the part of end users and under estimation on the part of project managers. o Another problem with failing to make a clear distinction between the prototype and the production system to be delivered in the future is expecting too little. Users might assume shortcomings in the prototype will be carried over into the actual production system. (How to deal with it.) Limit access to prototype to controlled settings where technical staff can explain the prototyping process and manage expectations. o [Gordon 94, Rapid Prototyping: Lessons Learned] warns, “…developers should not oversell the prototype in an effort to impress the customer.” o Most of these problems and pitfalls can be avoided by making a clear distinction between the prototype and the final delivered system and by carefully defining upfront the purpose and scope of the prototype [Gordon 94, Rapid Prototyping: Lessons Learned].
You could define a 4 th milestone which is “project complete”. These are the major milestones used in the Rational Unified Process.