Andrii Sofiienko - Electron range evaluation and X-ray conversion optimization in tungsten transmission-type targets with the aid of wide electron beam Monte Carlo simulations
Electron range evaluation and X-ray conversion optimization in tungsten transmission-type targets with the aid of wide electron beam Monte Carlo simulations
Analysis and simulations of optimal geometry shapes of the 4 and 9 nano hole ...IJECEIAES
The possibility to limit and manipulate photons at nanometer scales attracted a lot of interest for exciting applications from subwavelength in laser, biosensors, biomedical and optoelectronics devices, the sensor optical properties, however; are complex due to two resonances through propagating and localized surface plasmons. The optical properties of surface plasmons (SPs) at the resonant wavelength is depending on the geometrical nanostructure of materials. In this article, we used different geometry of nanoholes array, 4 and 9 nanoholes array in a metallic film gold nanoparticle with different thickness (20,50,100) nm on SiO2 substrate with refractive index 1.46, we designed two different geometries; 4- holes: hole radius r1=200 nm, period p1=600 nm; and 9- holes: r2=100 nm, period p2=300 nm. Transmission and reflection spectrum have been calculated and simulated by FDTD Lumerical program. From results are observed the effect of thickness is interesting, transmission is increased at (t=20nm) for two arrays. Furthermore, the number of hole and its area has an influence on optical transmission and other parameters (E, H, Ref) which are characteristics of design of metallic nanostructure. We can see that there is a peak value of the wavelength at 519 nm approximately to 73% strong light transmission with 4-NHA in the other hand wavelength of 519 nm transmission is 45% with 9-NHA. strong light transmission is hopeful for many applications (biomedical devices, nanoantennas and laser optical fiber).
Design of a Selective Filter based on 2D Photonic Crystals Materials IJECEIAES
Two dimensional finite differences temporal domain (2D-FDTD) numerical simulations are performed in cartesian coordinate system to determine the dispersion diagrams of transverse electric (TE) of a two-dimension photonic crystal (PC) with triangular lattice. The aim of this work is to design a filter with maximum spectral response close to the frequency 1.55 μm. To achieve this frequency, selective filters PC are formed by combination of three waveguides W 1 K A wherein the air holes have of different normalized radii respectively r 1 /a=0.44, r 2 /a=0.288 and r /a= 0.3292 (a: is the periodicity of the lattice with value 0.48 μm). Best response is obtained when we insert three small cylindrical cavities (with normalized radius of 0.17) between the two half-planes of photonic crystal strong lateral confinement.
Poster presentation I gave with one other student at the 2016 UO Undergraduate Research Symposium in collaboration with the Material Science Institute.
Analysis and simulations of optimal geometry shapes of the 4 and 9 nano hole ...IJECEIAES
The possibility to limit and manipulate photons at nanometer scales attracted a lot of interest for exciting applications from subwavelength in laser, biosensors, biomedical and optoelectronics devices, the sensor optical properties, however; are complex due to two resonances through propagating and localized surface plasmons. The optical properties of surface plasmons (SPs) at the resonant wavelength is depending on the geometrical nanostructure of materials. In this article, we used different geometry of nanoholes array, 4 and 9 nanoholes array in a metallic film gold nanoparticle with different thickness (20,50,100) nm on SiO2 substrate with refractive index 1.46, we designed two different geometries; 4- holes: hole radius r1=200 nm, period p1=600 nm; and 9- holes: r2=100 nm, period p2=300 nm. Transmission and reflection spectrum have been calculated and simulated by FDTD Lumerical program. From results are observed the effect of thickness is interesting, transmission is increased at (t=20nm) for two arrays. Furthermore, the number of hole and its area has an influence on optical transmission and other parameters (E, H, Ref) which are characteristics of design of metallic nanostructure. We can see that there is a peak value of the wavelength at 519 nm approximately to 73% strong light transmission with 4-NHA in the other hand wavelength of 519 nm transmission is 45% with 9-NHA. strong light transmission is hopeful for many applications (biomedical devices, nanoantennas and laser optical fiber).
Design of a Selective Filter based on 2D Photonic Crystals Materials IJECEIAES
Two dimensional finite differences temporal domain (2D-FDTD) numerical simulations are performed in cartesian coordinate system to determine the dispersion diagrams of transverse electric (TE) of a two-dimension photonic crystal (PC) with triangular lattice. The aim of this work is to design a filter with maximum spectral response close to the frequency 1.55 μm. To achieve this frequency, selective filters PC are formed by combination of three waveguides W 1 K A wherein the air holes have of different normalized radii respectively r 1 /a=0.44, r 2 /a=0.288 and r /a= 0.3292 (a: is the periodicity of the lattice with value 0.48 μm). Best response is obtained when we insert three small cylindrical cavities (with normalized radius of 0.17) between the two half-planes of photonic crystal strong lateral confinement.
Poster presentation I gave with one other student at the 2016 UO Undergraduate Research Symposium in collaboration with the Material Science Institute.
Luigi Giubbolini | Microwave Nondestructive Testing of Composite MaterialsLuigi Giubbolini
Microwave Nondestructive Testing (MNDT) techniques have advantages over other NDT methods (such as radiography, ultrasonics, and eddy current) regarding low cost, good penetration in nonmetallic materials, good resolution and contactless feature of the microwave sensor (antenna).
Photovoltaics: Fundamental Concepts and novel systems
Energy levels -bands
Doping of semiconductors
Energy band alignments between different phases
Space charge layers
p-n junctions, Schottky barriers
p-n cells, Si cells, thin film cells
Schottky cells (solid and liquid junction)
p-i-n cells
Fundamental limits of photovoltaic cells
How to overcome/ bypass these limits
New generation cells (brief survey)
PV stability, efficiencies and economics
https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
https://www.instagram.com/chaudharypreeti1997/
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533
https://twitter.com/preetic27018281
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Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
Neutron Imaging and Tomography with Medipix2 and Dental Microroentgenography:...IJAEMSJORNAL
An over view of Neutron Imaging and Tomography (NIT) with Medipix2 and Dental Micro-roentgenography have been presented in this article. This over view confined to semiconductor detector Medipix2, neutron radiography and tomography and dental microroentgenography. Medipix2 is a pixel-based detector technology employed to measure charge particles, photons (visible through gammas) and neutron. Neutron Beam for this technology are LVR-15 Research Reactor ( 107 n/cm2 s) and Spallation neutron source ( 3×106n/cm2 s) .This technology has been verified with photograph and neutronogram of a relay and photograph and tomographic 3D reconstruction of a bullet cartidge, tooth and fishing thread. Comparison of spatial resolution among different imagers also has been presented.
Design and Development of a Shortwave near Infrared Spectroscopy using NIR LE...IJECEIAES
Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic technology has been getting more attention in various fields. The development of a low cost NIR spectroscopy is crucial to reduce the financial barriers so that more NIR spectroscopic applications will be investigated and developed by means of the NIR spectroscopic technology. This study proposes an alternative to measure shortwave NIR spectrum using one collimating lens, two slits, one NIR transmission grating, one linear array sensor, and one microcontroller. Five high precision narrow bands NIR light emitting diodes (LEDs) were used to calibrate the proposed spectroscopy. The effects of the proposed two slits design, the distance between the grating and linear array sensor, and three different regression models were investigated. The accuracy of the proposed design was cross-validated using leave-one-out cross-validation. Results show that the proposed two slits design was able to eliminate unwanted signals substantially, and the cross-validation was able to estimate the best model with root mean squared error of cross-validation of 3.8932nm. Findings indicate that the cross-validation approach is a good approach to estimate the final model without over-fitting, and the proposed shortwave NIR spectroscopy was able to estimate the peak value of the acquired spectrum from NIR LEDs with RMSE of 1.1616nm.
Introducation to optical properties and also relation with nano material. As most of the properties are similar for simple and nano material only some fundamental points are changed.
STUDY ON FIBER GRATINGS AND ITS CHARACTERIZATIONDr. Ved Nath Jha
Good potential uses in fiber and fiber lasers have been seen through Random Fiber Gratings (RFGs). However, a quantitative link has never been studied between the RFG's randomness and spectral reaction. This paper first experimentally characterizes two RFGs of varying degrees of randomness by optical frequency reflectometry (OFDR). The high degree of randomness indicates that the grating intensity is limited and the strength variations in spatial domain are large. The experimental findings show. Study establishes the theoretical basis for the optimization configuration and implementation of the long-term fiber grating in the area of fiber optics sensing and communication.
Solar power is a very important source of renewable energy for many low power systems. Matching the power consumption level with the supply level can make a great difference in the efficiency of power utilization. MoSe2, crystals (photo-electrodes) have been grown via a direct vapour transport technique. This paper presents results of Photo Voltage (VPh) Vs. Photo current (IPh)curves measured for MoSe2 crystals of different Intensity levels between 10, 20,'¦100W/cm2 in Polychromatic as well as Monochromatic light. We finding the Open circuit Voltage (VOC), Short circuit current(ISC), fill factor and photo conversion efficiency (?) of Mose2 crystals. The Photo conversion efficiency of this MoSe2 crystals are less than 0.1% in Polychromatic light but nearly 1% in Monochromatic light H. S. Patel | S. P. Shukla | Hitesh Parmar"Optical Response of MoSe2 Crystals" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-3 , April 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd66.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/physics/66/optical-response-of-mose2-crystals/h-s-patel
Porosity and the Magnetic Properties of Aluminium Doped Nickel Ferriteijtsrd
The nanocrystalline particles of Aluminium Al doped nickel Ni ferrites with general formula NiAlxFe2 xO4 x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 were synthesized by sol gel auto combustion technique. The formation of single phase cubic spinel was confirmed by X ray diffraction analyses. Morphological features of the samples are studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM to examine the particle size, shape and homogeneity of sample. The magnetic hysteresis graphs were obtained to understand their magnetic behaviours. The relative permeability µr of AlNi ferrite samples shows a decrease for all samples as Al content increases. Sandar Oo | Ye Wint Tun | Shwe Zin Oo "Porosity and the Magnetic Properties of Aluminium Doped Nickel Ferrite" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25240.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/25240/porosity-and-the-magnetic-properties-of-aluminium-doped-nickel-ferrite/sandar-oo
Study of magnetic and structural and optical properties of Zn doped Fe3O4 nan...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
This paper describes synthesizing of magnetic nanocomposite with co-precipitation
method.
Materials and Methods:
Magnetic ZnxFe3-xO4 nanoparticles with 0-14% zinc doping (x=0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 and 0.125) were successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method. The prepared zinc-doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Results:
results obtained from X-ray diffraction pattern have revealed the formation of single phase nanoparticles with cubic inverse spinal structures which size varies from 11.13 to 12.81 nm. The prepared nanoparticles have also possessed superparamagnetic properties at room temperature and high level of saturation magnetization with the maximum level of 74.60 emu/g for x=0.075. Ms changing in pure magnetite nanoparticles after impurities addition were explained based on two factors of “particles size” and “exchange interactions”. Optical studies results revealed that band gaps in all Zn-doped NPs are higher than pure Fe3O4. As doping percent increases, band gap value decreases from 1.26 eV to 0.43 eV.
Conclusion:
These magnetic nanocomposite structures since having superparamagnetic property
offer a high potential for biosensing and biomedical application.
Resonance frequency analysis of laser optical fiber based on microcantileverIJECEIAES
The normal frequency of smart beams was originated utilizing FEM [Ansys and Comsol] code for first five modes by varying the position of actuator from the fixed end of the structure, and it has a suitable arrangement with analytically found the standard frequency. This paper includes learning a resonance frequency analysis of laser optical fiber based on microcantilever of designing magnetic actuator using Ansys and Comsol simulation. The design of optical fiber includes Nickel cantilever, two magnets and one coil that apply to force on the cantilever. After the current flows in the coil domain, the shape of microcantilever will be deformed. It will move to z- direction that depends on the force direction. Two methods including, Comsol Multiphysics, Ansys and analytical equations have been utilized to calculate the resonance frequency, current and force values. The simulation results include calculating the current (magnetic current density) and effects of the magnetic field of the coil on the cantilever (force calculation). Utilizing this method is to limit faults(errors) of optical fiber laser between transmitter and receiver system (detection system) for any time of cutting coil when the signal of a laser passes through the coil. In conculsions, resonant frequency (f_n) tuning using cantilivier presented in the resrach have larger variable range by using simulations. However,the adjusting of the system and changing the deminsions.Resolutions to this problematic contain tuning the modes of resonant frequency to produce by cantilivier with 2-magnets and coil when the signal pass from laser source. Based on these simulations and characterization results, the proposed assembly can be a good applicant for evolving a low price, high material platform for many biological, laser optical fiber, communication, machine learning, biosensors and biomedical applications.
Reduction of Mutual Coupling between Closely Spaced Microstrip Antennas Array...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Reducing mutual coupling is a key research area in design of compact microstrip antennas
arrays. To minimize the overall size of the antennas arrays, the distance between them must be very
small, as a result a strong mutual coupling is appears. Periodic structures can help to design a low profile
of antennas arrays and enable to improve their performances by the suppression of surface waves
propagation in a given frequency range. This paper proposes a novel configuration of mushroom-like
electromagnetic band-gap (2D-EBG) structure created by microstrip technology placed between two
antennas arrays to reduce the mutual coupling more than -33.24dB. When 13×2 EBG structures are used,
the mutual coupling reduces to -59.36dB at the operation frequency 5.8GHz of the antennas arrays. A
26.12dB mutual coupling reduction is achieved, which proves that the surface wave is suppressed. The
proposed configuration is designed, optimized, and miniaturized by using electromagnetic software CST
Microwave Studio. The measured results show that there is a good agreement with the computed results.
DEVELOPMENT OF OPTICAL PARAMETER CALCULATIONS OF THE PROBES IN WATERDr. Ved Nath Jha
Fiber optic technology with the role of surface plasmons has tremendously advanced the sensing technique of various physical, chemical and biochemical parameters of materials. The working of the optical fiber sensor designed by us is founded on the principle of the absorption of the evanescent waves passing through the optical fiber. The technique is based on the evanescent wave penetration between two dielectric media satisfying the conditions of attenuated total internal reflections (ATR’s). In the present work, the cladding of the fiber is removed by a suitable technique, and Silver nanoparticles are deposited on it. The evanescent light waves passing out of the core of the fiber are absorbed by the metal nanoparticles. The wavelength of maximum absorption is specific to the metal nanoparticles as well as to the dielectric constant of the surrounding medium and occurs when the wavelength of evanescent light resonates with localized surface plasmon (LSP) wavelength of the nanoparticle. Noble metal nanoparticles of Silver and Gold exhibit LSP resonance in the visible region of electromagnetic spectrum. In this article, we report the characteristic parameters of three sensor probes a, b and c developed by researcher.
Luigi Giubbolini | Microwave Nondestructive Testing of Composite MaterialsLuigi Giubbolini
Microwave Nondestructive Testing (MNDT) techniques have advantages over other NDT methods (such as radiography, ultrasonics, and eddy current) regarding low cost, good penetration in nonmetallic materials, good resolution and contactless feature of the microwave sensor (antenna).
Photovoltaics: Fundamental Concepts and novel systems
Energy levels -bands
Doping of semiconductors
Energy band alignments between different phases
Space charge layers
p-n junctions, Schottky barriers
p-n cells, Si cells, thin film cells
Schottky cells (solid and liquid junction)
p-i-n cells
Fundamental limits of photovoltaic cells
How to overcome/ bypass these limits
New generation cells (brief survey)
PV stability, efficiencies and economics
https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
https://www.instagram.com/chaudharypreeti1997/
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533
https://twitter.com/preetic27018281
Please like, share, comment and follow.
stay connected
If any query then contact:
chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
Neutron Imaging and Tomography with Medipix2 and Dental Microroentgenography:...IJAEMSJORNAL
An over view of Neutron Imaging and Tomography (NIT) with Medipix2 and Dental Micro-roentgenography have been presented in this article. This over view confined to semiconductor detector Medipix2, neutron radiography and tomography and dental microroentgenography. Medipix2 is a pixel-based detector technology employed to measure charge particles, photons (visible through gammas) and neutron. Neutron Beam for this technology are LVR-15 Research Reactor ( 107 n/cm2 s) and Spallation neutron source ( 3×106n/cm2 s) .This technology has been verified with photograph and neutronogram of a relay and photograph and tomographic 3D reconstruction of a bullet cartidge, tooth and fishing thread. Comparison of spatial resolution among different imagers also has been presented.
Design and Development of a Shortwave near Infrared Spectroscopy using NIR LE...IJECEIAES
Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic technology has been getting more attention in various fields. The development of a low cost NIR spectroscopy is crucial to reduce the financial barriers so that more NIR spectroscopic applications will be investigated and developed by means of the NIR spectroscopic technology. This study proposes an alternative to measure shortwave NIR spectrum using one collimating lens, two slits, one NIR transmission grating, one linear array sensor, and one microcontroller. Five high precision narrow bands NIR light emitting diodes (LEDs) were used to calibrate the proposed spectroscopy. The effects of the proposed two slits design, the distance between the grating and linear array sensor, and three different regression models were investigated. The accuracy of the proposed design was cross-validated using leave-one-out cross-validation. Results show that the proposed two slits design was able to eliminate unwanted signals substantially, and the cross-validation was able to estimate the best model with root mean squared error of cross-validation of 3.8932nm. Findings indicate that the cross-validation approach is a good approach to estimate the final model without over-fitting, and the proposed shortwave NIR spectroscopy was able to estimate the peak value of the acquired spectrum from NIR LEDs with RMSE of 1.1616nm.
Introducation to optical properties and also relation with nano material. As most of the properties are similar for simple and nano material only some fundamental points are changed.
STUDY ON FIBER GRATINGS AND ITS CHARACTERIZATIONDr. Ved Nath Jha
Good potential uses in fiber and fiber lasers have been seen through Random Fiber Gratings (RFGs). However, a quantitative link has never been studied between the RFG's randomness and spectral reaction. This paper first experimentally characterizes two RFGs of varying degrees of randomness by optical frequency reflectometry (OFDR). The high degree of randomness indicates that the grating intensity is limited and the strength variations in spatial domain are large. The experimental findings show. Study establishes the theoretical basis for the optimization configuration and implementation of the long-term fiber grating in the area of fiber optics sensing and communication.
Solar power is a very important source of renewable energy for many low power systems. Matching the power consumption level with the supply level can make a great difference in the efficiency of power utilization. MoSe2, crystals (photo-electrodes) have been grown via a direct vapour transport technique. This paper presents results of Photo Voltage (VPh) Vs. Photo current (IPh)curves measured for MoSe2 crystals of different Intensity levels between 10, 20,'¦100W/cm2 in Polychromatic as well as Monochromatic light. We finding the Open circuit Voltage (VOC), Short circuit current(ISC), fill factor and photo conversion efficiency (?) of Mose2 crystals. The Photo conversion efficiency of this MoSe2 crystals are less than 0.1% in Polychromatic light but nearly 1% in Monochromatic light H. S. Patel | S. P. Shukla | Hitesh Parmar"Optical Response of MoSe2 Crystals" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-3 , April 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd66.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/physics/66/optical-response-of-mose2-crystals/h-s-patel
Porosity and the Magnetic Properties of Aluminium Doped Nickel Ferriteijtsrd
The nanocrystalline particles of Aluminium Al doped nickel Ni ferrites with general formula NiAlxFe2 xO4 x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 were synthesized by sol gel auto combustion technique. The formation of single phase cubic spinel was confirmed by X ray diffraction analyses. Morphological features of the samples are studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM to examine the particle size, shape and homogeneity of sample. The magnetic hysteresis graphs were obtained to understand their magnetic behaviours. The relative permeability µr of AlNi ferrite samples shows a decrease for all samples as Al content increases. Sandar Oo | Ye Wint Tun | Shwe Zin Oo "Porosity and the Magnetic Properties of Aluminium Doped Nickel Ferrite" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25240.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/25240/porosity-and-the-magnetic-properties-of-aluminium-doped-nickel-ferrite/sandar-oo
Study of magnetic and structural and optical properties of Zn doped Fe3O4 nan...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
This paper describes synthesizing of magnetic nanocomposite with co-precipitation
method.
Materials and Methods:
Magnetic ZnxFe3-xO4 nanoparticles with 0-14% zinc doping (x=0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 and 0.125) were successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method. The prepared zinc-doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Results:
results obtained from X-ray diffraction pattern have revealed the formation of single phase nanoparticles with cubic inverse spinal structures which size varies from 11.13 to 12.81 nm. The prepared nanoparticles have also possessed superparamagnetic properties at room temperature and high level of saturation magnetization with the maximum level of 74.60 emu/g for x=0.075. Ms changing in pure magnetite nanoparticles after impurities addition were explained based on two factors of “particles size” and “exchange interactions”. Optical studies results revealed that band gaps in all Zn-doped NPs are higher than pure Fe3O4. As doping percent increases, band gap value decreases from 1.26 eV to 0.43 eV.
Conclusion:
These magnetic nanocomposite structures since having superparamagnetic property
offer a high potential for biosensing and biomedical application.
Resonance frequency analysis of laser optical fiber based on microcantileverIJECEIAES
The normal frequency of smart beams was originated utilizing FEM [Ansys and Comsol] code for first five modes by varying the position of actuator from the fixed end of the structure, and it has a suitable arrangement with analytically found the standard frequency. This paper includes learning a resonance frequency analysis of laser optical fiber based on microcantilever of designing magnetic actuator using Ansys and Comsol simulation. The design of optical fiber includes Nickel cantilever, two magnets and one coil that apply to force on the cantilever. After the current flows in the coil domain, the shape of microcantilever will be deformed. It will move to z- direction that depends on the force direction. Two methods including, Comsol Multiphysics, Ansys and analytical equations have been utilized to calculate the resonance frequency, current and force values. The simulation results include calculating the current (magnetic current density) and effects of the magnetic field of the coil on the cantilever (force calculation). Utilizing this method is to limit faults(errors) of optical fiber laser between transmitter and receiver system (detection system) for any time of cutting coil when the signal of a laser passes through the coil. In conculsions, resonant frequency (f_n) tuning using cantilivier presented in the resrach have larger variable range by using simulations. However,the adjusting of the system and changing the deminsions.Resolutions to this problematic contain tuning the modes of resonant frequency to produce by cantilivier with 2-magnets and coil when the signal pass from laser source. Based on these simulations and characterization results, the proposed assembly can be a good applicant for evolving a low price, high material platform for many biological, laser optical fiber, communication, machine learning, biosensors and biomedical applications.
Reduction of Mutual Coupling between Closely Spaced Microstrip Antennas Array...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Reducing mutual coupling is a key research area in design of compact microstrip antennas
arrays. To minimize the overall size of the antennas arrays, the distance between them must be very
small, as a result a strong mutual coupling is appears. Periodic structures can help to design a low profile
of antennas arrays and enable to improve their performances by the suppression of surface waves
propagation in a given frequency range. This paper proposes a novel configuration of mushroom-like
electromagnetic band-gap (2D-EBG) structure created by microstrip technology placed between two
antennas arrays to reduce the mutual coupling more than -33.24dB. When 13×2 EBG structures are used,
the mutual coupling reduces to -59.36dB at the operation frequency 5.8GHz of the antennas arrays. A
26.12dB mutual coupling reduction is achieved, which proves that the surface wave is suppressed. The
proposed configuration is designed, optimized, and miniaturized by using electromagnetic software CST
Microwave Studio. The measured results show that there is a good agreement with the computed results.
Optical properties of metallic nanoparticles in Ni-ion-implanted α-Al2O3 sing...
Similar to Andrii Sofiienko - Electron range evaluation and X-ray conversion optimization in tungsten transmission-type targets with the aid of wide electron beam Monte Carlo simulations
DEVELOPMENT OF OPTICAL PARAMETER CALCULATIONS OF THE PROBES IN WATERDr. Ved Nath Jha
Fiber optic technology with the role of surface plasmons has tremendously advanced the sensing technique of various physical, chemical and biochemical parameters of materials. The working of the optical fiber sensor designed by us is founded on the principle of the absorption of the evanescent waves passing through the optical fiber. The technique is based on the evanescent wave penetration between two dielectric media satisfying the conditions of attenuated total internal reflections (ATR’s). In the present work, the cladding of the fiber is removed by a suitable technique, and Silver nanoparticles are deposited on it. The evanescent light waves passing out of the core of the fiber are absorbed by the metal nanoparticles. The wavelength of maximum absorption is specific to the metal nanoparticles as well as to the dielectric constant of the surrounding medium and occurs when the wavelength of evanescent light resonates with localized surface plasmon (LSP) wavelength of the nanoparticle. Noble metal nanoparticles of Silver and Gold exhibit LSP resonance in the visible region of electromagnetic spectrum. In this article, we report the characteristic parameters of three sensor probes a, b and c developed by researcher.
Electron Diffraction Using Transmission Electron MicroscopyLe Scienze Web News
Electron diffraction via the transmission electron microscope is a powerful method for characterizing the structure of materials, including perfect crystals and defect structures. The advantages of elec- tron diffraction over other methods, e.g., x-ray or neutron, arise from the extremely short wavelength (≈2 pm), the strong atomic scattering, and the ability to exam- ine tiny volumes of matter (≈10 nm3). The NIST Materials Science and Engineer- ing Laboratory has a history of discovery and characterization of new structures through electron diffraction, alone or in combination with other diffraction methods. This paper provides a survey of some of this work enabled through electron mi- croscopy.
It is an analytical technique uselful for detection of functional groups present in particular molecules and compounds.
It is highly applicable in pharmaceutical and chemical engineering.
Finite Element Analysis of Single Slot Antenna for Microwave Tumor AblationIOSR Journals
This study is aimed at investigating the characteristics of various slot sizes of microwave antenna suitable for ablation of hepatic and other tumors. The single slot antenna for hepatic MWA was designed using COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS 4.3b software. A total number of 140 antennas models were designed out of which one was selected based on the variation in its reflection coefficient, total power density and Specific Absorption Ratio. The three antennas have different geometry parameters based on the effective wavelength in liver tissue at 2.45GHz. The inner and outer conductors of the antenna were modeled using perfect electric conductor (PEC) boundary conditions. The model was simulated at multiple discrete lengths of slot between 2.5mm and 4.5mm, using 0.1mm increment to determine the antenna efficiency. The antenna has a reflection coefficient as low as -44.67618 dB, with a corresponding total power dissipation of 9.47744 W at slot size 3.5 mm. The results show that the antenna operates with low reflection coefficient which at high power levels prevents overheating of the feedline. Feedline overheating may damage the coaxial line, thereby making it is suitable for ablation of hepatic and other tumors
A DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF OPTICAL PRESSURE SENSOR BASED ON PHOTONIC CRYSTAL ...prj_publication
ABSTRACT
MOEMS based micro-sized pressure sensor can be developed to detect even
sub-micron range dimension change using the photonic crystal. The applied pressure on the
object will change the dimension of the waveguide carved in the photonic crystal. As a result,
this change in spacing can alter the propagation feature of electromagnetic waves that pass
through them that is changing the transmission spectrum. So, this change can directly be
mapped to pressure on the observed object. In this paper, the pressure sensor using photonic
crystal has been modeled and analyzed.
The main stake is to detect a defective component or likely to become it during manufacture or inservice inspections, while improving control productivity. In this context, we develop a simulation tool of EC fastened structures testing, integrated to the ANSYS platform, aimed at conceiving testing methods, optimizing and qualifying it. The finite element method has been chosen, it is suitable for this type of problem. Various configurations have been considered for the inspection of a target with a defect in different thicknesses. Due to the impossibility to detect a defect located at a distance much greater than the skin depth δ. Indeed, the eddy currents amplitude are less than 95% of the maximum amplitude beyond a depth greater than 3 δ. We are interested in the detection of defects located at depths higher to three times the skin depth.
Aspects Regarding the Elastic Properties of Silicon and Its Influence on the ...IRJET Journal
https://irjet.net/archives/V3/i1/IRJET-V3I103.pdf
Similar to Andrii Sofiienko - Electron range evaluation and X-ray conversion optimization in tungsten transmission-type targets with the aid of wide electron beam Monte Carlo simulations (20)
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...
Andrii Sofiienko - Electron range evaluation and X-ray conversion optimization in tungsten transmission-type targets with the aid of wide electron beam Monte Carlo simulations
1. Electron range evaluation and X-ray conversion optimization in tungsten
transmission-type targets with the aid of wide electron beam
Monte Carlo simulations
Andrii Sofiienko1
, Chad Jarvis2
, Ådne Voll3
1
University of Bergen, Allegaten 55, PO Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway. E-mail: asofienko@gmail.com
2
Christian Michelsen Research AS, Fantoftveien 38, PO Box 6031, NO-5892 Bergen, Norway. E-mail: chad.jarvis@cmr.no
3
Visuray AS, Strandbakken 10, 4070 Randaberg, Norway. E-mail: david.ponce@visuray.com
Introduction
X-ray tubes are one of the most common and safest sources of X-rays and are used in many medical
[1-3] and industrial applications [4-6]. Among the many types of X-ray tubes that are available, the
transmission type features the simplest target design [7, 8] and is widely used in X-ray inspection [9,
10]. Despite the widespread use of transmission-type X-ray tubes, there is no detailed study of the
characteristics of the X-ray generation process for wide electron beams (when the beam diameter is
not much smaller than the diameter of the flat target). Additionally, there is no detailed information
about the effect of the geometrical parameters of the electron beam on the angular distribution of the
generated X-rays at accelerating voltages within the range of 250-500 kV, which are interesting for
industrial applications. The general purpose of the presented work was to investigate, using Monte
Carlo simulations, the X-ray generation process in a transmission-type X-ray tube with a wide
electron beam. We determined the following parameters for use in practical applications: approximate
electron range in a tungsten target over an energy range of 250-500 keV, the optimal target thickness,
the angular distribution of generated X-rays and the efficiency coefficient for the transfer of energy
from an electron beam to generated X-rays.
Monte Carlo simulations
MC simulations were performed using the Xenos software suite by Field Precision [12]. The
particular program is called GamBet. GamBet combines Field Precision's technology for finite-
element codes with the package PENELOPE [13]. The solution volume for the mesh created in all
cases had the following range: X-axis [-1.0 mm, 1.0 mm], Y-axis [-1.0 mm, 1.0 mm], Z-axis [0.0
mm, 0.5 mm]. The tungsten target was centred at (0.0 mm, 0.0 mm, 0.4 mm). Outside of the
tungsten target, the voxel size was (25 μm, 25 μm, 10 μm); inside the tungsten target, the voxel size
was (2.0 μm, 2.0 μm, 0.1 μm). The electron source file contained 4.6∙105
electrons with momentum
along the positive Z-axis. MC simulations were generated for target thicknesses equal to 1.0, 2.5,
5.0, 10, 20, 30, 35, 60 and 70 μm and electron source energies equal to 250, 300 and 500 keV. The
electrons were Gaussian-distributed in a regular pattern with diameter De = 0.25 mm perpendicular
to the Z-axis:
The efficiency of X-ray generation for different target thickness
Conclusions
Using Monte Carlo simulations of the X-ray generation process in a transmission-type X-ray tube
with a wide (unfocused) electron beam, several important parameters were determined: the
approximate electron range in tungsten over the energy range of 250-500 keV, the optimal target
thickness for different electron energies, the angular distribution of the flux of generated X-rays and
the efficiency coefficient for the transfer of energy from an electron beam to a generated X-ray flux.
Simple analytical relations were obtained for the electron range in tungsten and for the optimal target
thickness. It was demonstrated that the angular distribution of a flux of generated X-rays in the
forward direction has the same maximum output angle for different acceleration potentials of an X-
ray tube and that the angular distribution is more isotropic at higher energies. The efficiency
coefficient for the transfer of electron energy to a flux of generated X-rays depends on the tungsten
target thickness and compares well with the commonly used empirical relation proposed in [11].
These results can be used in practical applications to design transmission-type X-ray tubes with wide
electron beams to calculate the flux (including the angular dependence) of the generated X-rays.
This work was partially funded by the Research Council of Norway under contract 200888.
References
[1] D. N. Zeiger, J. Sun, G. E. Schumacher, S. L. Gibson, ‘Evaluation of dental composite shrinkage and leakage in extracted teeth using X-ray
microcomputed tomography’, Dental Materials, 25, 1213-1220, 2009.
[2] L. Goldstein, S. O. Prasher, S. Ghoshal, ‘Three-dimensional visualization and quantification of non-aqueous phase liquid volumes in natural
porous media using a medical X-ray Computed Tomography scanner’, J. of Contaminant Hydrology, 93, 96-110, 2007.
[3] M. Lindner, L. Blanquart, P. Fischer, et.al., ‘Medical X-ray imaging with energy windowing’, NIM: Section A, 465, 229-234, 2001.
[4] K. Wells, D. A. Bradley, ‘A review of X-ray explosives detection techniques for checked baggage’, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 70,
1729-1746, 2012.
[5] L. Auditore, R. C. Barna, U. Emanuele, D. Loria, A. Trifiro, M. Trimarchi, ‘X-ray tomography system for industrial applications’, NIM: Section
B, 266, 2138-2141, 2008.
[6] R. D. Luggar, E. J. Morton, P. M. Jenneson, M. J. Key, ‘X-ray tomographic imaging in industrial process control’, Rad. Phys. and Chem., 61,
785-787, 2001.
[7] H. H. Sung, I. Aamir, O. C. Sung, ‘Transmission-type microfocus x-ray tube using carbon nanotube field emitters’, Applied Physics Letters, 90,
183109, 2007.
[8] L. M. N. Tavora, E. J. Morton, W. B. Gilboy, ‘Design considerations for transmission X-ray tubes operated at diagnostic energies’, J. Phys. D:
Appl. Phys., 33, 2497, 2000.
[9] B. Achmad, E. M.A. Hussein, ‘An X-ray Compton scatter method for density measurement at a point within an object’, Appl. Radiation and
Isotopes, 60, 805-814, 2004.
[10] Y. Gil, Y. Oh, M. Cho, W. Namkung, ‘Radiography simulation on single-shot dual-spectrum X-ray for cargo inspection system’, Appl.
Radiation and Isotopes, 69, 389-393, 2011.
[11] S. A. Ivanov, G. A. Shchukin, ‘Rentgenovskie trubki tekhnicheskogo naznacheniya (X-ray Tubes for Technical Purposes), Leningrad:
Energoatomizdat, 1989 [in Russian].
[12] S. Humphries, ‘Computational Techniques in Xenos - Integrated 3D Software Suite for Electron and X-ray Physics’, IEEE 34th International
Conference ICOPS 2007.
[13] F. Salvat, J. M. Fernández-Varea, J. Sempau, ‘PENELOPE-2011: A code system for Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon transport’,
OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, 2011.
2 2
2 2
1
, , exp
2 2
4 4
e e
e e
x y
f x y D
D D
Figure 1: A schematic of the MC simulation of the transmission type target (on the left) and the angular distribution of the flux of
generated X-rays for the accelerating potentials of 250 kV and 500 kV (on the right)
The energy distributions of transmitted electrons with energies of 250, 300 and 500 keV were generated
by a MC method for different thicknesses of a tungsten target ranging from 1.0 μm to 70 μm. These
distributions were calculated to investigate the effect of the tungsten target thickness on the energy of
transmission electrons and their intensity behind the target. Integrating the energy distribution of the
transmitted electrons gives the relationship between the number of transmitted electrons and the target
thickness. A simple analytical expression for the estimated electron range in the tungsten target was
derived for the energy range of 250-500 keV: Re(E) = A·EB
, where A = (11 ± 1)∙10-3
(μm/keV) and B =
1.38 ± 0.07. An analysis of the dependence of the flux of generated X-rays on the tungsten target
thickness and electron energies produced a function that appoximates the optimal tungsten thickness as
a function of the electron energy as follows: dOptimal(E) = C· EP
, where C = (4.8 ± 0.3)∙10-3
(μm/keV)
and P = 1.48 ± 0.06. An analysis of the angular distribution of generated X-rays shows that the angles
with the maximum flux of generated X-rays fall within the same range (400
-600
in this case) for
different electron energies. This result may be caused by the beam size and by the electron density
distribution in the beam. However, the probability of X-ray generation in the forward direction varies
with initial electron energy. The obtained efficiency coefficients for the transfer of energy from an
electron beam to a flux of generated X-rays depends on the thickness of tungsten target and compares
well with following commonly used empirical relation: ηX = (8 ± 2)·10-10
·Z·eE, where Z is the atomic
number of the target media and eE is the enrgy of the incident electrons.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0,0
2,5x10
15
5,0x10
15
7,5x10
15
1,0x10
16
1,3x10
16
1,5x10
16
X-rayflux,s
-1
cm
-2
dW
, m
1
2
3
21 m
17 m
47 m
Figure 2: The flux of generated X-rays behind a tungsten target versus the thickness of the
target for different electron energies: 250 keV (1), 300 keV (2) and 500 keV (3)
10 100
0
1x10
14
2x10
14
3x10
14
7x10
14
8x10
14
9x10
14
1x10
15
E, keV
X
/E,keV
-1
s
-1
cm
-2
1
2
200 500
Figure 3: The energy distribution of the flux of generated X-rays (from MC simulations,
Figure 1) for a transmission-type X-ray tube at different acceleration potentials and target
thicknesses: 250 kV and 20 μm (1) and 500 kV and 60 μm (2)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0,000
0,005
0,010
0,015
0,020
0,025
0,030
0,035
Ee
= 250 keV
Ee
= 300 keV
Ee
= 500 keV
~ d
1.2
W
X
,arb.un.
dW
, m
~ dW
1
2
3
Figure 4: The efficiency coefficients for the transfer of energy from an electron beam to a flux of
generated X-rays versus tungsten target thicknesses for different electron energies: 250 keV (1), 300
keV (2) and 500 keV (3)