Sodium carbonate, historically used by ancient Egyptians for mummification, is a disodium salt of carbonic acid with various chemical properties including a molecular weight of 105.988 and a melting point of 851 °C. It is primarily produced through the Solvay process, which involves reacting ammonia and carbon dioxide in salt brine, resulting in sodium carbonate and its by-products. In pharmaceuticals, it is used for pH adjustment and in effervescent formulations for treating indigestion and headaches.

2. SODIUM CARBONATE
PRESENTED BY:
FAWAD AHMAD
PRESENTED TO:
SIR AMJAD KHAN
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY KUST KOHAT

3. HISTORY
• HUMANS HAVE KNOWN ABOUT AND USED SODIUM CARBONATE FOR
THOUSANDS OF YEARS.
• THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS EXTRACTED THE COMPOUND FROM A MINERAL
KNOWN AS NATRON FOUND IN DRY LAKE BOTTOMS.
• NATRON IS A COMBINATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE AND SODIUM
BICARBONATE.
• THE EGYPTIANS USED SODIUM CARBONATE IN THE MUMMIFICATION OF DEAD
BODIES.

4. CHEMISTRY
• STRUCTURE
• MOLECULAR FORMULA: NA2CO3
• MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 105.988
• DENSITY: 2.54 G/CM³
• BOILING POINT: 1,600 °C
• MELTING POINT: 851 °C
• PH: 11
• IUPAC NAME: DISODIUM CARBONAT
• ODORLESS, TASTELESS AND COLOURLESS CRYSTALS OR WHITE, GRANULAR OR
CRYSTALLINE POWDER

5. CHEMISTRY
• FREELY SOLUBLE IN WATER. INSOLUBLE IN ETHANOL.
• SODIUM CARBONATE IS THE DISODIUM SALT OF CARBONIC ACID WITH
ALKALINIZING PROPERTY
• WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER, SODIUM CARBONATE FORMS CARBONIC ACID AND
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
• THE ANHYDROUS FORM IS HYGROSCOPIC

6. OCCURRENCE
• SODIUM CARBONATE OCCURS NATURALLY IN MINERAL FORM AS ITS HYDRATE
SALTS (SUCH AS TRONA, NATRON, NATRITE, ETC.). THERE ARE SEVERAL OF ITS
MINERAL DEPOSITS FOUND IN DRY REGIONS AROUND THE WORLD
• THE SOLVAY PROCESS PROVIDES MOST SODIUM CARBONATE FOR INDUSTRIAL
USE. IT IS FOUND IN LARGE NATURAL DEPOSITS AND IS MINED IN WYOMING; IT IS
ALSO RECOVERED (WITH OTHER CHEMICALS) FROM LAKE BRINES IN
CALIFORNIA.

7. METHOD OF PREPARATION
• SODIUM CARBONATE IS NOW EXCLUSIVELY MANUFACTURED BY THE SOLVEY
PROCESS.
• IN THIS PROCESS CARBON DIOXIDE AND AMMONIAARE PASSED INTO A COLD
SATURATED SOLUTION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE.
• IN THE REACTIONS WHICH OCCUR SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE IS FORMED
WHICH IS ONLY VERY SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE IN THE PRESENCE OF SODIUM IONS, IS
ALMOST COMPLETELY PRECIPITATED.
• IT IS REMOVED BY FILTRATION AND IGNITED TO PRODUCE SODIUM CARBONATE.
• THE INGREDIENTS OF THIS PROCESS ARE READILY AVAILABLE AND INEXPENSIVE.
• THESE ARE SALT BRINE (NACL), AMMONIA (NH3) AND LIMESTONE (CACO3).
• IN THIS PROCESS, CACL2 IS AN IMPORTANT BY-PRODUCT OBTAINED.

8. METHOD OF PREPARATION
• THE REACTIONS CAN BE REPRESENTED BY THE FOLLOWING EQUATION
• 2NH3 + H2O + CO2 → (NH4)2CO3
(NH4)2CO3 + H2O + CO2 → 2NH4HCO3
• ADDITION OF COMMON SALT TO THE SOLUTION CONTAINING NH4
+ AND HCO3
–
RESULTS IN THE PRECIPITATION OF NAHCO3 WHICH IS LEAST SOLUBLE. IT IS THEN
FILTERED OFF.
• NH4HCO3 + NACL → NH4CL + NAHCO3
• SODIUM BICARBONATE IS THEN HEATED TO GIVE NA2CO3.
• 2NAHCO3 → NA2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
• THE CO2 GAS EVOLVED CAN BE REUSED AGAIN
• ANHYDROUS SODIUM CARBONATE IS DISSOLVED IN WATER AND RECRYSTALLIZES TO
GET WASHING SODA CRYSTALS CONTAINING 10 MOLECULES OF WATER OF
CRYSTALLIZATION.

9. PHARMACEUTICALAPPLICATIONS
• IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS SODIUM CARBONATE PLAY TO
PERFORM PROCESSES COMPRISING PH ADJUSTMENT
• FURTHERMORE, PHARMACEUTICAL-GRADE SODIUM CARBONATE IS
APPROPRIATE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF EFFERVESCENT FORMULATIONS
UTILIZED AS DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR OTC (OVER-THE-COUNTER) FLU
AND COLD REMEDIES. FUNCTIONAL OVER ISSUES RELATED TO
INDIGESTION AND HEADACHE.
• BOOTS COMPANY UTILIZES SODIUM CARBONATE IN THE FORM OF AN API
IN ITS EFFERVESCENT POWDER WHICH IS EMPLOYED TO CARE FOR
HEADACHES AND STOMACH ISSUES.

10. PHARMACOLOGICALACTION
• USED TOPICALLY FOR DERMATITIDES, MOUTHWASH, VAGINAL DOUCHE
• VETERINARY USE AS EMERGENCY EMETIC.
• OCCASIONALLY, FOR DERMATITIDES TOPICALLY AS A LOTION.
• MEDICATION: IN SOLUTION TO CLEANSE SKIN, IN ECZEMA, TO SOFTEN SCABS OF
RINGWORM.