The document discusses the properties, reactions, and uses of sodium chloride (table salt), sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), and sodium carbonate (washing soda). It describes various chemical processes such as electrolysis, the Solvay process for producing sodium carbonate, and methods for separating mixtures. Essential characteristics of these compounds include their physical states, solubility, and applications in daily life and industrial processes.

1. SUBSTANCES IN COMMON USE
BY ADT

2. SODIUM CHLORIDE (TABLE SALT-NaCl)
• CHEMICAL NAME : SODIUM CHLORIDE.
• SODIUM HYDROXIDE REACTS WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID, SODIUM CHLORIDE IS FORMED.
THIS IS NEUTRALIZATION REACTION.

3. ELECTROLYSIS OF AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE
• SATURATED SOLUTION OF SODIUM
CHLORIDE, COMMONLY KNOWN
AS BRINE (25% NaCl)

4. ELECTROLYSIS OF FUSED SODIUM CHLORIDE
• WHEN SODIUM CHLORIDE
IS HEATED TO HIGH
TEMPERATURE, IT MELTS.
• THE MOLTEN STATE OF
SODIUM CHLORIDE IS
TERMED AS FUSED STATE.
• NACL IN FUSED STATE
CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY.
• DURING ELECTROLYSIS OF
FUSED SODIUM CHLORIDE,
Cl2 IS LIBERATED AT THE
ANODE AND LIQUID
SODIUM IS DEPOSITED AT
THE CATHODE.

5. PROPERTIES OF SODIUM CHLORIDE
• PURE SODIUM CHLORIDE IS A COLORLESS AND CRYSTALLINE IONIC COMPOUND.
• IT IS SOLUBLE IN WATER.
• IT IS A NEUTRAL SALT AND GIVES A SALTY TASTE.
• THE PH VALUE OF ITS AQUEOUS SOLUTION IS 7.
• IMPURE SODIUM CHLORIDE IS BROWN IN COLOUR AND IS KNOWN AS ROCK SALT

6. USES OF SODIUM CHLORIDE
• IT IS AN ESSENTIAL CONSTITUENT OF OUR DAILY LIFE AND IS USED IN ALL FOOD ITEMS.
• IT IS USED IN THE PREPARATION OF BAKING SODA AND WASHING SODA.

7. Q. ELECTROLYSIS OF AQUEOUS NaCl PRODUCES
1. ACIDITY
2. ALKALINITY
3. NEUTRALITY
4. NONE

13. ASSERTION :IF AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF NACL IS ELECTROLYZED, THE
PRODUCT OBTAINED AT THE CATHODE IS H2 GAS AND NOT Na.
REASON: GASES ARE LIBERATED FASTER THAN THE METALS.
A.BOTH ASSERTION AND REASON ARE CORRECT AND REASON IS THE CORRECT
EXPLANATION FOR ASSERTION
B.BOTH ASSERTION AND REASON ARE CORRECT BUT REASON IS NOT THE
CORRECT EXPLANATION FOR ASSERTION
C.ASSERTION IS CORRECT BUT REASON IS INCORRECT
D.ASSERTION IS INCORRECT BUT REASON IS CORRECT

14. During the electrolysis of aqueous KCl solution using inert electrodes, gaseous
hydrogen is evolved at one electrode and gaseous chlorine at the other electrode.
The solution around the electrode at which hydrogen gas is evolved becomes basic
as the electrolysis proceeds. Which of the following responses describe or are
applicable to the cathode and the reaction that occurs at the cathode?
(1) the positive electrode (2) the negative electrode
(3) 2 Cl- Cl2 + 2 e- (4) Cl2 + 2 e- 2 Cl-
(5) 2 H2O O2 + 4 H+ +
4 e-
(6) 2 H2O + 2 e- H2 + 2
OH-
(7) electrons flow from
the electrode to the
external circuit
(8) electrons flow into the
electrode from the
external circuit
(9) oxidation (10) reduction
(a) 2, 6, 8, 9
(b) 1, 5, 7, 9
(c) 2, 5, 7, 9
(d) 1, 6, 8, 10
(e) 2, 6, 8, 10

15. • MIXTURE OF NACL AND AMMONIUM
CHLORIDE IS SEPARATED BY
(A) FILTRATION
(B) CRYSTALLIZATION
(C) SUBLIMATION
(D) CHROMATOGRAPHY

16. • IF YOU HAVE A MIXTURE OF SAND (SiO2)
AND TABLE SALT (NACL), WHAT METHOD
COULD YOU USE TO SEPARATE THE TWO
SUBSTANCES?
• A) FILTRATION
• B) DISTILLATION
• C) MAGNETIC SEPARATION
• D) NONE OF THE ABOVE​
• HOW IS SALT SEPARATED FROM SEA WATER?
• A. FILTRATION
• B. DISTILLATION
• C. EVAPORATION
• D. FROTH FLOTATION

17. SODIUM BICARBONATE ( BAKING SODA )
• CHEMICAL NAME : SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE.
• •PROPERTIES OF BAKING SODA :
• (1) SODIUM BICARBONATE (BAKING SODA) IS A WHITE, AMORPHOUS POWDER.
• (2) IT TURNS RED LITMUS BLUE, INDICATING IT IS ALKALINE IN NATURE.

18. USES OF BAKING SODA
• BAKING SODA IS USED IN THE PREPARATION OF LIGHT AND SPONGY BREAD, CAKES AND
DHOKLA.
• IT IS USED AS AN INGREDIENT IN ANTACID, WHICH HELPS TO REDUCE ACIDITY IN THE
STOMACH.
• IT IS USEFUL IN PREPARING CO, GAS AND IS ONE OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF A FIRE
EXTINGUISHER.

28. SODIUM CARBONATE (WASHING SODA) :
NA2C03. 10H2O
PROPERTIES OF SODIUM CARBONATE :
• SODIUM CARBONATE IS A WROTE CRYSTALLINE SUBSTANCE.
• IT IS SOLUBLE IN WATER.
• IT IS HYGROSCOPIC I.E. IT ABSORBS MOISTURE IF LEFT EXPOSED TO AIR.
• IT TUMS RED LITMUS BLUE INDICATING ITS BASIC NATURE.
• IT EXISTS AS A MONOHYDRATED SALT (NA2CO3.H2O), ANHYDROUS SALT (NA2CO3),
HEPTAHYDRATE SALT (NA2CO3.7H2O) AND DECAHYDRATE SALT (NA2CO3.10H2O).
• IT HAS A MELTING POINT OF 851°C.
• IN THE PRESENCE OF HEAT, IT LOSES ITS WATER TO FORM AN ANHYDROUS SALT (SODA
ASH).
NA2CO3.10H2O → NA2CO3.H2O → NA2CO3 (AT 373 K)

29. USES OF SODIUM CARBONATE (WASHING SODA)
• AS A CLEANSING AGENT IN WASHING CLOTHES.
• USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF DETERGENT POWDER, PAPER AND GLASS.
• IT IS ALSO USED TO REF1NE PETROLEUM.
• IT IS USED IN THE PROCESS OF SOFTENING WATER.

30. • WASHING SODA IS THE COMMON NAME FOR
• A. SODIUM CARBONATE
• B. CALCIUM BICARBONATE
• C. SODIUM BICARBONATE
• D. CALCIUM CARBONATE

31. SOLVAY PROCESS- PREPARATION OF SODIUM
CARBONATE
• THE STEPS INVOLVED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SODIUM CARBONATE ARE
EXPLAINED BELOW:
• PURIFICATION OF BRINE
• FORMATION OF SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE
• FORMATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE
• RECOVERY OF AMMONIA

32. • STEP 1: PURIFICATION OF BRINE
• A HIGHLY CONCENTRATED WATER SOLUTION OF COMMON SALT IS KNOWN AS A BRINE SOLUTION.
CONCENTRATED BRINE IS OBTAINED BY THE PROCESS OF EVAPORATION AND IMPURITIES LIKE
CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, ETC ARE REMOVED BY THE PRECIPITATION PROCESS. THE CONCENTRATED
BRINE SOLUTION UNDERGOES FILTRATION AND IS MIXED WITH AMMONIA IN THE AMMONIA TOWER
AND THE AMMONIA TOWER GETS COOLED.
• STEP 2: FORMATION OF SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE
• IN A CARBONATE TOWER, CARBON DIOXIDE IS PASSED THROUGH AN AMMONIATED BRINE
SOLUTION.
• NH3(AQ) + CO2(G) + NACL(AQ) +H2O → NAHCO3(S) + NH4CL(AQ)

33. • STEP 3: FORMATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE
• SODIUM BICARBONATE FORMED IS HEATED TO 300°C TO GET SODIUM CARBONATE.
• 2NAHCO3 → NA2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
• STEP 4: RECOVERY OF AMMONIA
• AMMONIA CAN BE RECOVERED BY TREATING THE SOLUTION OF NH4CL WITH CA (OH)2.
THIS AMMONIA IS AGAIN USED IN THE SOLVAY PROCESS AND CACL2 IS OBTAINED AS A
BY-PRODUCT.
• 2NH4CL + CA(OH)2 → 2NH3 + CACL2 + H2O