SOC226 Topic 6
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This document discusses rural development approaches. It begins by explaining why rural development is an important sociological issue, as economic restructuring has negatively impacted many rural regions. It then outlines the modernization paradigm of rural development, which views development as a linear process, but notes this has been criticized for not considering power relations and failing to reduce poverty. The document introduces the new rural development paradigm of endogenous, community-led approaches. It examines this paradigm in the global north, emphasizing self-help and social capital. However, it also notes limitations, such as the risk of further empowering local elites and blaming communities that do not develop as expected.
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SOC226 Topic 9
This document discusses the changing role of the state in regulating rural areas from government to governance. It explains that neoliberal globalization has led to a blurring of boundaries between public and private sectors, with actors beyond the state now playing an increased governing role. This shift to governance means the state is no longer the sole regulator of rural spaces, with private actors like agribusiness and retailers gaining more influence over standards and regulations. While governance is argued to provide more participation opportunities, critics say it can also foster new inequalities and place additional burdens on communities.
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Globalization is transforming agricultural production and rural communities through increased trade liberalization, corporate consolidation, and flows of labor and tourism. This has led to the intensification of industrial farming techniques, greater foreign ownership of land, and growing inequalities between resource-rich and poor areas. Rural actors have responded through political action and resistance to shape their futures. There is now a "politics of the rural" as communities contest threats to rural identity and land use from these globalizing forces.
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This document discusses different approaches to defining and conceptualizing the term "rural". It explains that historically, the idea of rural has evolved from Roman times through colonization and urban expansion. Defining rural is a contested process with significant policy and social implications. Key approaches covered include descriptive definitions based on population and land use; functional associations with agriculture; political-economic perspectives on restructuring; socio-cultural views of rural identity and lifestyle; and social constructionist views of rurality as a represented and consumed concept.
SOC226 Topic 4
This document discusses the concept of multifunctionality in agriculture. Multifunctionality refers to agriculture providing not just food production but also social and environmental benefits. It acknowledges that rural areas are no longer just spaces of production. The document examines approaches to multifunctionality and its merits and limitations. It also discusses how multifunctionality applies in the context of Australian agriculture, where there is a shift toward supporting farmers as environmental stewards but productivism remains dominant.
SOC226 Topic 7
This document discusses concepts of rural community, belonging, and inequality. It addresses how community is conceptualized from structural-functionalism and ethnographic perspectives to newer cultural and social constructionism views. Belonging is expressed through feelings towards others and place, and practiced through organizations, but can exclude some based on class, gender, ethnicity and more. Economic restructuring moves jobs from primary/secondary industries and reduces rural workforces, impacting livelihoods and identities, while social restructuring brings out-migration, in-migration, and mobile communities, affecting belonging and social identity.
SOC226 Topic 3
This document discusses productivist agriculture, which emerged in the mid-20th century as the dominant model for farming. Productivism prioritizes increasing agricultural production over other considerations through intensification, concentration, and specialization. While productivism has increased food production and lowered costs, it also has significant limitations including the growing control of transnational corporations over the food system, environmental degradation, and declining returns for farmers. The model has contradictions such as overproduction alongside increasing global hunger and the demise of rural communities.
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This document discusses perspectives on studying rural sociology. It outlines four main perspectives: functionalism, which romanticized rural communities; neo-Marxism/new rural sociology, which focuses on class, inequality, and the integration of rural areas into capitalist systems; feminism, which examines gender relations and women's roles; and post-structuralism, which questions how macro structures are constructed and adapted locally through discourses. The document also provides context on why the rural is an important area of sociological inquiry, noting its key economic and social roles, and how globalization and policy changes have impacted rural communities.
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SOC226 Topic 11
Globalization is transforming agricultural production and rural communities through increased trade liberalization, corporate consolidation, and flows of labor and tourism. This has led to the intensification of industrial farming techniques, greater foreign ownership of land, and growing inequalities between resource-rich and poor areas. Rural actors have responded through political action and resistance to shape their futures. There is now a "politics of the rural" as communities contest threats to rural identity and land use from these globalizing forces.
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This document discusses different approaches to defining and conceptualizing the term "rural". It explains that historically, the idea of rural has evolved from Roman times through colonization and urban expansion. Defining rural is a contested process with significant policy and social implications. Key approaches covered include descriptive definitions based on population and land use; functional associations with agriculture; political-economic perspectives on restructuring; socio-cultural views of rural identity and lifestyle; and social constructionist views of rurality as a represented and consumed concept.
SOC226 Topic 4
This document discusses the concept of multifunctionality in agriculture. Multifunctionality refers to agriculture providing not just food production but also social and environmental benefits. It acknowledges that rural areas are no longer just spaces of production. The document examines approaches to multifunctionality and its merits and limitations. It also discusses how multifunctionality applies in the context of Australian agriculture, where there is a shift toward supporting farmers as environmental stewards but productivism remains dominant.
SOC226 Topic 7
This document discusses concepts of rural community, belonging, and inequality. It addresses how community is conceptualized from structural-functionalism and ethnographic perspectives to newer cultural and social constructionism views. Belonging is expressed through feelings towards others and place, and practiced through organizations, but can exclude some based on class, gender, ethnicity and more. Economic restructuring moves jobs from primary/secondary industries and reduces rural workforces, impacting livelihoods and identities, while social restructuring brings out-migration, in-migration, and mobile communities, affecting belonging and social identity.
SOC226 Topic 3
This document discusses productivist agriculture, which emerged in the mid-20th century as the dominant model for farming. Productivism prioritizes increasing agricultural production over other considerations through intensification, concentration, and specialization. While productivism has increased food production and lowered costs, it also has significant limitations including the growing control of transnational corporations over the food system, environmental degradation, and declining returns for farmers. The model has contradictions such as overproduction alongside increasing global hunger and the demise of rural communities.
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This document discusses perspectives on studying rural sociology. It outlines four main perspectives: functionalism, which romanticized rural communities; neo-Marxism/new rural sociology, which focuses on class, inequality, and the integration of rural areas into capitalist systems; feminism, which examines gender relations and women's roles; and post-structuralism, which questions how macro structures are constructed and adapted locally through discourses. The document also provides context on why the rural is an important area of sociological inquiry, noting its key economic and social roles, and how globalization and policy changes have impacted rural communities.
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SOC226 Topic 12
This document discusses key challenges to rural sustainability such as neoliberalism, environmental degradation, climate change, and peak oil. It outlines current responses like continuing neoliberal policies, technological fixes for agriculture, market-based environmental mechanisms, limited climate change incentives, and a focus on developing nation food security over altering the systems that create insecurity. Finally, it questions the extent to which the "sustainability project" of reducing market externalities through institutional frameworks and practices can promote sustainable rural futures within the existing system or if systemic transformation is needed.
SOC108 Topic 12
This document discusses the health effects of climate change from a sociological perspective. It identifies that there is near unanimous consensus that human-caused greenhouse gas emissions will change Earth's climate. Climate change poses the biggest global health threat of the 21st century, with direct threats including extreme weather and changes in disease patterns, and indirect threats to water and food security. A sociological view, as advocated by Ulrich Beck, recognizes that the risks of climate change deepen existing social inequalities and are unequally distributed based on factors like location, class, age, ethnicity, and gender. For healthcare workers, it is important to understand this unequal distribution of health impacts and develop integrated health strategies that consider social determinants of climate vulnerability
SOC108 Topic 10
This document discusses Australia's aging population and the implications for the health care system. Some key points:
- Australians are living longer, with life expectancy currently 84 for males and 87 for females. However, an aging population puts pressure on the health system as older individuals generally have more health issues.
- Currently those aged 65+ make up 15% of Australia's population, expected to grow to 22% by 2056. This aging is due to lower birth rates and longer lifespans.
- While older individuals face more health risks, the aging experience is diverse. Not all have disabilities or health problems, and many remain active contributors.
- A social constructionist view recognizes aging as a social experience shaped by
SOC108 Topic 11
The Human Genome Project was an international research program that ran from 1990 to 2003 with the goal of mapping and discovering all estimated 20,000-25,000 human genes. It was completed in 2003 with the full sequencing of the human DNA. Since then, research has focused on finding genes linked to specific diseases and behaviors. While promising medical benefits, sociologists question the implications of reducing health to genetics and how knowledge may influence social inequality, control, and identity. Social scientists can contribute by critically analyzing assumptions, implications, and power dynamics of genetic technologies.
SOC108 Topic 9
This document discusses sociological approaches to understanding mental health and illness. It covers several key topics:
1) It examines lay understandings of health and illness and how sociologists make sense of how people experience illness using approaches like illness trajectories and biographical disruption.
2) It explores how mental illness is a significant social issue in Australia, affecting nearly half the population at some point.
3) It analyzes sociological perspectives on mental illness including labeling theory, which views it as a social process rather than individual pathology, and stigma theory, which examines how deviation from norms leads to a spoiled identity.
SOC108 Topic 8
This document discusses healthcare occupations that operate outside of direct medical dominance, including allied health workers and complementary/alternative medicine (CAM) practitioners. It explains that allied health workers, though diverse, collectively support patient care but have faced constraints on their autonomy from the medically dominated healthcare system. CAM was historically the norm but faced challenges gaining legitimacy from biomedicine's rise in the late 19th century. Both allied health and CAM practitioners have struggled for professional recognition due to medical dominance maintaining control through subordination, limitation, exclusion and incorporation. Gender relations have also influenced their professionalization as roles dominated by women are more easily devalued. The document outlines some future directions including CAM potentially challenging medical dominance through growing public support, and allied health facing
SOC108 Topic 7
This document discusses medical dominance in the Australian healthcare system. It begins by outlining the key learning objectives, which are to understand the concept of medical dominance and how it is achieved and maintained. It then provides context on the structure of the Australian healthcare system and how the medical profession attained power through amendments to the constitution and agreements around Medicare. The document defines medical dominance and strategies doctors use to maintain it, before examining challenges to dominance from deprofessionalization, corporatization, and McDonaldisation. It concludes that while medical autonomy is constrained in some areas, dominance remains strong overall due to being negotiated and constantly contested.
SOC108 Topic 6
This document discusses how place influences health inequalities and outcomes. It explains that people living in rural, regional, and remote areas of Australia experience poorer health than those in major cities, including higher mortality rates and less access to health services. These differences are due to a combination of factors, but place has an important influence. Globalization and neoliberal policies have contributed to economic and social changes that negatively impact rural health, such as declining industries, rising unemployment, and reduced public services. While governments have invested in rural health, questions remain around appropriate service delivery models and how to best address ongoing inequalities.
SOC108 Topic 5
This document discusses Indigenous health inequalities in Australia and the role of ethnicity in health outcomes. It notes that Indigenous Australians experience much higher rates of illness and mortality than non-Indigenous Australians, with life expectancy being 10-11 years lower. It explores historical and structural factors like racism, low socioeconomic status, and underfunding of Indigenous health services that contribute to persistent health inequalities. The document also examines how migrant health varies according to length of stay, refugee status, and barriers to healthcare for some non-English speaking communities. It proposes cultural competence as an alternative to mainstream health services to better meet the needs of Australia's ethnically diverse population.
SOC108 Topic 4
This document discusses how gender impacts health and identifies key differences in how women and men experience health and illness. It explains that women have a longer life expectancy than men due to behaviors linked to constructions of masculinity like smoking, drinking, and aggression. Women face different health hazards due to the sexual division of labor and patriarchy, which can increase stress levels. Medicalization also renders women's lives more subject to medical control, especially regarding reproductive health. The document argues that understanding gender relations is important for explaining health inequalities between women and men.
SOC108 Topic 3
This document discusses social class and health inequalities. It outlines several explanations for health inequalities, including artefact, natural/social selection, cultural/behavioral, materialist/structuralist, and psychosocial explanations. However, most sociologists favor materialist/structuralist explanations that focus on poor living and working conditions rather than victim-blaming. Class is defined broadly as one's position in a system of inequality based on power, wealth and status. There are relationships between patterns of illness/mortality and social class, as working class populations experience poorer health due to living/working conditions and access to resources.
SOC108 Topic 2
This document provides an overview of major theoretical perspectives in health sociology. It discusses functionalism and its concept of the sick role; Marxism and commodification of health; Weberianism and McDonaldisation; symbolic interactionism and concepts like illness trajectory; feminism's focus on medicalization and biological determinism; and post-structuralism/Foucault's concept of the medical gaze. The document emphasizes that different perspectives offer different insights and that incorporating multiple perspectives can best help understand specific health issues.
SOC108 Topic 1
This document introduces the topic of sociology and the sociological imagination. It discusses how sociology examines common assumptions and looks beneath surface appearances to understand social patterns and issues. The sociological imagination allows people to link personal experiences to broader social contexts. It involves asking questions about historical, cultural, and structural influences. The document then applies these concepts to understandings of health and illness. It describes the biomedical model and some of its underlying assumptions, before providing a sociological critique that considers how history, culture, social structures, and power dynamics shape health in important ways beyond individual factors.
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SOC226 Topic 6
- 1. SOC226 Rural Sociology Topic 6 Rural development
- 2. Topic objectives • Identify the main features of the modernisation paradigm and the different ways in which it has been challenged as an approach to rural development. • Understand the differences and similarities between rural development approaches in the Global North and the Global South. • Explain the merits and limitations of endogenous rural development strategies. 2
- 3. Why is rural development an important sociological issue? • The concentration, specialisation and integration of productivist industries has led to declining economic fortunes for many rural regions. • At the same time, not all of these regions have been able to capitalise on the shift to a consumption economy. • As a consequence governments have become involved in regenerating “rural regions that are perceived to be lagging economically, or to be challenged by economic restructuring” (Woods, 2011, p.131). • Why do governments intervene? 3
- 4. Modernisation and rural development • The ‘conventional’ approach to rural development. Assumes that societies as well as regions evolve in a similar linear way over time from ‘less developed’ to ‘advanced’. • According to Woods, rural modernisation involves four parallel processes: – Agricultural modernisation – Economic modernisation – Infrastructure modernisation – Social modernisation • In what ways is this approach applicable to Australia? 4
- 5. Critiques of modernisation • Evidence shows that a uniform, linear mode of development does not exist in practice. • Does not take into account historic power or colonial relations, which have contributed to significant inequalities in development trajectories. • Despite development policies and programs, poverty and insecurity continue to exist in poor as well as ‘advanced’ countries. • The modernisation paradigm has done little to promote sustainable rural livelihoods or resource use. 5
- 6. The new rural development paradigm • Emerged as a response to the limits of the modernisation paradigm, and as part of the neoliberalist critique of state intervention in rural development. • Three core features: – Endogenous development – A ‘bottom-up’ community-led approach – Territorial based integrated development 6
- 7. New rural development in the Global North (Australia as a case study) • Since the 1990s greater attention has been given to the social and environmental (in addition to economic) dimensions of rural decline. • Emphasis on: – Self help – Capacity building – Social capital – Local leadership • According to Vanclay (2011, p.66), the endogenous rural development principles on which this approach is based enhance rural sustainability and increase social well-being as well as quality of life. 7
- 8. Limitations? • Assumes that rural communities are homogenous with common interests. • Assumes a level playing field for development. However, not all towns possess the human or natural capital to reverse declining fortunes. • The emphasis on community leadership in capacity- building can increase control by established local elites. • Can result in a tendency to ‘blame the victim’ – those communities that fail to develop as expected are viewed as having insufficient motivation or willingness to change. 8