This document describes the process of saponification to produce soap. Key steps include: 1) Boiling fats or oils with a concentrated alkali solution like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide to hydrolyze the oils into fatty acids and glycerol. 2) Neutralizing the fatty acids produced with additional alkali to form soap, which is then separated, washed, and dried. 3) The procedure involves boiling palm oil with sodium hydroxide solution, adding water and sodium chloride, cooling and filtering to obtain solid soap, then testing the soap.

3. 1) Prepared by HYDROLYSING FATS OR
OILS under alkaline condition
2) NEUTRALISATION of fatty acids and
concentrated alkali

6. 1) Boiling fats or oils with concentrated
sodium hydroxide solution or
concentrated potassium hydroxide
solution
Alkali act as
catalysts
Hydrolysis
Ester +
Water fatty acid
+ glycerol

7. Fatty acid
+ sodium
hydroxide
( alkali )
Sodium salt
of fatty acid
(soap) + water
2) Neutralisation of fatty acids
and concentrated alkali

9. • Aim :
To prepare soap through the saponification process.
• Material :
Palm oil , 5 mol concentrated sodium hydroxide
solution , sodium chloride powder , red litmus
paper and distilled water.
• Apparatus :
250 beaker , glass rod , tripod stand , wire gauze ,
Bunsen burner , spatula , 10 and 100 measuring
cylinder , filter funnel , filter paper and test tube

10. • Procedure :
1)Approximately 5 of palm oil is poured into the beaker.
2)Approximately 30 of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is added into
the same beaker.
3)The mixture is then boiled slowly while being stirred with a glass rod for 10
minutes. The mixture is prevented from bubbling.
4)50 distilled water and two spatulas of sodium chloride are added.
5)The mixture is boiled and stirred for s few minutes.
6)The mixture in the beaker is left to cool down and the resulting white solid is
filtered.
7)The white solid that is produced is washed with a little distilled water and
dried with filter paper.
8)The following test are carried out on the white solid :
a. Touched with fingers
b. Some of the white solid is shaken together with some water in a
test tube
c. Tested with red litmus paper
9) The observation are recorded in the table provided.