The document discusses how soil characteristics influence nutrient availability for plants. It describes the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of soil and how they interact with mineral elements. Nutrients are obtained by plants from the soil solution, and their availability depends on factors like soil texture, particle size and charge, pH, and cation exchange capacity. Finer textured soils with more clay tend to store more nutrients due to their larger surface area for adsorption. Soil pH also affects nutrient availability and solubility.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. Plants are unable to grow in pure water,
the reason is that in addition to water
plants also require a number of mineral
elements.These are take up as inorganic
ions from the soil solution.
The soil support the plant and it is the
main reservoir of water and nutrients for
plant.
3. The soil is a complex physical, chemical
and biological substrate which is made up
of mineral matter , air, water and
organic materials
4. It is a heterogenous material containing
solid, liquid and gaseous phase
All of these phase interact with mineral
elements
The solid particles may be inorganic,
organic or a mixture of both.
Inorganic particles, often called mineral
particles
Organic particles was formed by the
decay of organism
5. The inorganic particles of solid phases
provided a reservoir of pottasium,
calcium, magnesium, and iron
Also solid phase are organic compounds
containing nitrogen, phosphorus and
sulphur
The liquid phase of the soil constitutes
the soil solution, which contains dissolved
mineral ions
6. Plants obtain most of their oxygen and
carbon from the air by photosynthesis
and hydrogen is obtained directly or
indirectly from the water in the soil
These three element together make up
the 90%of fresh plant tissue
How ever plants cannot survive with out
the much smaller quantity of essential
nutrients
7. So the nutrients like nitrogen,
phosphorous, pottassium,calcium
magnesium and sulphur obtained from
the soil
So the characters of the soil play a big
part in the plants ability to extract
water and nutrients
Soil characters like size , charge of
soil particles and soil pH will influence
the nutrient availability for plants
8. Soil particles are classed on their size :
Anything over 2mm in diameter is referred
to as gravel, pebbles or stones
Particles from 2mm to 0.5mm are called
sand particles
0.5mm to 0.002mm are called silt particles
Any particle under 0.002 mm is referred to
as clay
9. Sand and silt are similar in composition
and are formed by physical and chemical
break down of rocks
10. The texture of a soil depends on the
reletive mixture of sand ,silt and clay
particles
Soil texture has an important role in
nutrient management because it
influences nutrient retention.
For instance, finer textured soils tend
to have greater ability to store soil
nutrients
11. More nutrients can be adsorbed by gram
of clay particles than by a gram of
sand or silt particles
Because the clay particles provide a
much greater surface area for
adsorption
Also soil texture influence in water
holding capacity and water infiltrating
rates
12. In the soil ,the larger portion of plants
nutrients is bound up in complex compounds
that are unavailable to plants
The complex compounds are gradually
changed in to the simpler compounds by
chemical weathering
Thus the fertility of a soil depends in parts
on how easily the complex compounds be
change to simpler forms this is referred to
as the availability of a nutrients
13. Plant nutrients are composed of single
elements eg;phosphorus
compound of elements eg; ammonium
nitrate
Most of the soil nutrients that a plant
take up must be in a soluble form (mixed
with water)
When an atom is in water it is usually
becomes electrically charged and is called
an ion
An ion with positive charge is called a
cation
An ion with a negative charge is called an
anion
14. Cation include sodium ,potassium,
calcium magnesium and aluminium
Anions include chloride ,nitrate,
sulphate, carbonate and borate
Both organic and inorganic soil particles
have predominantly negative charge on
their surfaces
15. As a result
mineral cations
become adsorbed
on the negative
surface of soil
particles
And also found
dissolved in the
soil solution and it
will later
absorbed by the
16. This cation absorption is an important
factor in the soil fertility
Mineral cation adsorbed on the surface
of soil particles are not easily lost when
the soil is leached by water and they
provide a nutrients reserve available to
plants roots
17. Mineral nutrients adsorbed in this way
can be replaced by other cations in a
process known as cation exchange
18. The degree to which a soil can adsorb
and exchange ions is termed its cation
exchange capacity and is highly
dependent on the soil type
The soil with higher cation exchange
capacity generally has a larger reserve
of mineral nutrients
19. Mineral anions such as nitrate and
chloride tend to be repelled by the
negative charge on the surface of soil
particles and remain dissolved in the soil
solution
Thus the anion exchange capacity of
most agricultural soil is small compared
to the cation exchange capacity
20. Among anions, sulphate in the presence
of calcium forms gypsum
Gypsum is only slightly soluble, but it
releases sufficient sulphate to support
plant growth
Phosphate ions may bind to soil particles
containing aluminum or iron because the
positively charged iron and aluminum ions
have hydroxyl group that exchange with
phosphate
21. As a result, phosphate can tightly
bound, and its mobility and availability in
soil limit plant growth
Once the nutrients are in the soil
solution ,they can be adsorbed by the
plant’s roots
The soil solution is the medium by which
most soil nutrients are supplied to
growing plants
22. The soil solution can be neutral ,acid, or
alkaline this is called soil pH
When the soil solution contain more H ions it is
acidic
When there are fewer H ions the soil solution
is alkaline
The level of the acidity and the alkalinity in
a soil affects the availability of soil nutrients
23. Hydrogen ion concentration (pH)is an
important property of soil because it
affects the growth of plant roots and
soil microorganism
Root growth is generally favored in
slightly acidic soil,at pH values between
5.5 and 6.5
24. Soil pH determines the availability of
soil nutrients
25. CO2 is produced from decaying organic
matter
CO2 is also released from the respiring
roots
It dissolves in water and forms
carbonic acid which lowers the pH of
the soil
Ammonia and hydrogen sulphide
released from decaying organic matter
ultimately get oxidized to form nitric
acid and sulphuric acid
26. When the soil becomes acidic it will
promotes the weathering of rocks that
releases ca, Mg, K and Mn and
increases the solubility of carbonates,
phosphates and sulphate
There for , the solubility of nutrients
facilitate and are more easily available
to roots
27. Major factors that lower the soil pH
are decomposition of organic matter and
the amount of rain fall
Carbon dioxide is produced as a result
of the decomposition of organic
materials and equilibrates with soil
water in the following reaction:
CO2 +H2O H+HCO3
28. This reaction releases hydrogen ions,
lowering the pH of the soil
In arid regions, the weathering of rocks
releases ca, Mg, K and Mn to soil, but
because of the low rain fall, these ions
do not leach from the upper soil layers,
and the soil remains alkaline
Iron is absorbed best in acidic soil
whereas molybdenum is absorbed best in
alkaline soils
29. Verma.V, (2008) Text book of plant
physiology, published by Ane books india
Kochhar P.L, KrishnamoorthyH.N,(1985), Text
book of plant physiology ,published by ATMA
RAM and Sons Delhi
Jain, V.K,(1990)fundamentals of plant
physiology, published by S.Chand and Company
Lincoln Taize,Eduardo Zeiger, (2002),plant
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publishers