Smartdust
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Smart dust refers to tiny wireless sensing devices that are millimeters in size and can monitor environments without disruption. They contain sensors, computers, wireless transmitters, and power supplies. Due to their small size, they can be suspended in air and moved by air currents like ordinary dust. Communication techniques for smart dust include radio frequency transmission, passive laser transmission where dust reflects laser beams, and active laser transmission where dust uses its own laser. Fiber optic communication is also possible using lasers, receivers, and retroreflectors. Research aims to minimize smart dust's size while maximizing its capabilities and lowering its cost so it can be used for applications like medical implants and environmental monitoring.
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Smart dust techno
Smart dust are tiny wireless sensing devices that combine computing, communication, and power capabilities. They are very small, just a few millimeters, and can be suspended in air like dust particles. Smart dust motes have components like an optical transmitter and receiver, signal processing circuitry, and a power source. They communicate using radio frequency, passive laser optics which reflect signals, or active laser beams. Challenges include fitting all components in a small size while providing enough power. Potential applications include environmental monitoring, health monitoring, factory automation, and more. Research aims to make smart dust as small and inexpensive as possible to enable widespread use.
Laser communication system
Laser communication systems transmit data using laser light. They work by modulating the amplitude of the laser carrier wave according to the signal. The transmitter includes a signal processing circuit, laser diode, and modulator. The receiver acts as an antenna and includes a signal processing circuit and detector. Laser communication can occur through optical cables, free space, or between satellites in space. It provides faster, more secure data transmission than traditional copper cables.
Laser Communication
Laser communication uses lasers to transmit information through free space instead of fiber optic cables. It works similarly to fiber optics but transmits the beam through the atmosphere instead of cables. The transmitter converts signals into laser light and the receiver includes a telescope to capture the beam and detectors to convert it back into signals. Laser communication has advantages over radio frequency and fiber optics for applications where laying cable is not possible or practical such as for satellites, remote areas, and emergencies due to its high bandwidth, directivity, security, and smaller antenna size.
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This document describes a student project to create a laser-based voice communication system using a laser torch. The system uses amplitude modulation to transmit voice signals via laser pulses from a transmitter to a receiver with a photodetector. The objectives are to implement a low-cost laser communication system using easily available electronics. It has applications for wireless neighborhood communication and remote areas lacking traditional infrastructure. Block and circuit diagrams show the transmitter amplifying and modulating the voice signal to drive the laser and the receiver demodulating the signal with a photodetector.
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Lasser communication
Laser communication uses laser beams to transmit data through free space. It works similarly to fiber optic communication but through the atmosphere instead of cables. The system consists of a transmitter section that converts signals into a laser beam and a receiver section that receives the beam and extracts the data signals. Laser communication has advantages over radio including higher bandwidth and more secure communication. Its applications include satellite communication and tactical networks. Challenges include atmospheric effects like absorption, fog, and pollution that can disrupt the laser beam.
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This document describes how a basic one-way laser communication system works. It consists of a transmitter that uses amplitude modulation to vary the intensity of a laser beam according to an input audio signal. At the receiver, the varying laser intensity is detected by a photodiode or other optical sensor. The document discusses components of the transmitter and receiver, modulation techniques, advantages like high bandwidth and security, and challenges like beam dispersion and interference from other light sources.
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Smart dust are tiny wireless sensing devices that combine computing, communication, and power capabilities. They are very small, just a few millimeters, and can be suspended in air like dust particles. Smart dust motes have components like an optical transmitter and receiver, signal processing circuitry, and a power source. They communicate using radio frequency, passive laser optics which reflect signals, or active laser beams. Challenges include fitting all components in a small size while providing enough power. Potential applications include environmental monitoring, health monitoring, factory automation, and more. Research aims to make smart dust as small and inexpensive as possible to enable widespread use.
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This document describes a student project to create a laser-based voice communication system using a laser torch. The system uses amplitude modulation to transmit voice signals via laser pulses from a transmitter to a receiver with a photodetector. The objectives are to implement a low-cost laser communication system using easily available electronics. It has applications for wireless neighborhood communication and remote areas lacking traditional infrastructure. Block and circuit diagrams show the transmitter amplifying and modulating the voice signal to drive the laser and the receiver demodulating the signal with a photodetector.
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This document provides an overview and summary of a laser communication system project. The system allows for wireless voice communication over distances of up to 500 meters using a laser as the transmission medium.
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Smart dust are tiny wireless sensor devices that combine sensing, computing, communication and power into a small volume. They can monitor environments without disruption and transmit data wirelessly. Communication methods include passive optical using retroreflectors, active laser, and fiber optic. Challenges include fitting all components into a small size while conserving energy. Potential applications include environmental monitoring, health, security, and industrial automation.
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Smart dust are tiny wireless sensing devices that combine sensing, computing, communication and power into a small volume. They are designed to monitor environments without disrupting the environment. Smart dust uses various transmission techniques like passive laser communication, active laser communication and radio frequency. It faces challenges related to size, energy and networking constraints. However, with ongoing research focusing on reducing size and cost, smart dust is expected to have many applications in environmental monitoring, health, security and more.
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Smart dust are tiny wireless sensor devices that combine sensing, computing, communication and power into a small volume. They can monitor environments without disruption and transmit data wirelessly. Communication methods include passive optical using retroreflectors, active laser, and fiber optic. Challenges include fitting all components into a small size while conserving energy. Potential applications include environmental monitoring, health, security, and industrial automation.
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This document discusses transmission systems in satellite communications. It begins by defining a transmission line as a device that transmits or guides energy from one point to another. It then discusses how transmission lines carry alternating current and are used to connect radio transmitters and receivers. The document goes on to describe the key components of fiber optic and wireless transmission systems, including transmitters, receivers, optical fiber cables, antennas, and amplifiers. It explains how each component functions and its role in transmitting signals across long distances.
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The document discusses optical computing technology as an alternative to traditional electronic computing. It notes that optical computing was researched in the 1980s but work tapered off due to materials limitations. Light is well-suited for computing due to its speed, ability to be manipulated, and suitability for parallelization. Optical computing could solve miniaturization problems and allow data to be processed in parallel. Key components discussed include vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, smart pixel technology, wavelength division multiplexing, and spatial light modulators. The document outlines some advantages and challenges of optical computing.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...
This document summarizes a research paper on statistical multipath signal detection in CDMA for ad hoc networks. The paper presents simulation results of transmitting a signal through 5 different Rayleigh fading channels and selecting the signal with the highest SNR. The selected signal is then transmitted over an ad hoc network using a shortest path routing algorithm. Key aspects covered include: Rayleigh fading modeling, CDMA, OFDM, theoretical and simulated BER comparisons of BPSK over Rayleigh and AWGN channels, implementation of signal transmission over 5 channels in MATLAB, and use of the highest quality signal for transmission in an ad hoc network.
Smartdust
Smart dust consists of tiny autonomous sensing devices called motes that are less than 1.5mm3 in volume and 5mg in mass. Motes can collect sensor data and transmit it wirelessly over distances of 15-50m to a base station using radio frequency, passive optical reflectors, or active laser transmitters. They incorporate sensors, microprocessors, memory, transmitters and receivers, and thick film batteries or solar cells to operate independently for long periods with very low power usage. Potential applications include environmental monitoring, infrastructure inspection, health monitoring, and more.
Optical Computing
Optical computing uses light instead of electricity to perform computations much faster than traditional electronic computers. It offers several advantages like speed, easy manipulation of light, and inherent parallelism. Research is developing optical computers using electro-optical hybrids or completely optical architectures. Key components being developed include vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, smart pixel arrays, and wavelength division multiplexing to improve bandwidth. While optical computing promises great speedups, challenges remain in developing robust, low-power optical materials and components to build practical consumer devices. Continued research aims to overcome these challenges and fully realize the potential of optical computing.
Optical fibers
Fiber optics communication systems use optical fibers to transmit information over long distances. Optical fibers confine light and guide it through total internal reflection. This document discusses the principles, advantages, types and losses associated with optical fiber communication. It describes how step index single mode fibers have a small core and transmit a single mode of light for long distance communication. Graded index multimode fibers have a refractive index that decreases from the center of the core to reduce dispersion losses. Fiber optic communication systems work by converting signals to light pulses, transmitting them through fibers, and converting them back at the receiver end.
APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATION.docx
Fiber optic communication has seen widespread adoption due to the ability to transmit large amounts of data over long distances with low latency. Optical fibers can carry hundreds of thousands of telephone channels using only a small part of the theoretical capacity. Over generations, transmission capacity per fiber has increased enormously from 45 megabits/second to over 100 gigabits/second currently. Future trends include multi-terabit networks using dense wavelength division multiplexing, advancement of amplification and network configuration technologies, and improvements to fiber materials.
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Smartdust
- 1. Smart Dust Presented By Pratiksha Gangoliya 0901IT151033 SMART DUST
- 2. What is Smart Dust? A tiny dust size device with extra-ordinary capabilities. Often called micro electro-mechanical sensors Combines sensing, computing, wireless communication capabilities and autonomous power supply within volume of only few millimeters. Useful in monitoring real world phenomenon without disturbing the original process.
- 3. Cont… so small and light in weight that they can remain suspended in the environment like an ordinary dust particle. the air currents can also move them in the direction of flow. It is very hard to detect the presence of the Smart Dust and it is even harder to get rid of them once deployed.
- 5. Architecture A single Smart Dust mote has: a semiconductor laser diode and MEMS beam steering mirror for active optical transmission a MEMS corner cube retro-reflector for passive optical transmission an optical receiver a signal processing and control circuitry a power source based on thick-film batteries and solar cells.
- 6. Components of Smart Dust
- 7. Corner Cube Retro- reflector(CCR) Comprises of three mutually perpendicular mirrors of gold-coated poly-silicon. Has the property that any incident ray of light is reflected back to the source provided that it is incident within a certain range of angles centered about the cube’s body diagonal.
- 9. CCR cont… The micro-fabricated CCR includes an electrostatic actuator that can deflect one of the mirrors at kilohertz rates. Thus the external light source can be transmitted back in the form of modulated signal at kilobits per second.
- 10. Challenges It is difficult to fit all these devices in a small Smart Dust both size wise and Energy wise. With devices so small, batteries present a massive addition of weight.
- 11. COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE Wireless communication collects data from thousands of sensors simultaneously Various techniques are a) Radio Frequency Transmission b) Optical Transmission Technique
- 13. Radio Frequency Transmission Based on the generation, propagation and detection of electromagnetic waves with a frequency range from tens of kHz to hundreds of GHz. Multiplexing techniques: time, frequency or code-division multiplexing. Their use leads to modulation, band pass filtering, demodulation circuitry, and additional circuitry, all of which needs to be considered, based on power consumption.
- 14. Problems with RF comm.. Large size of antenna. RF communication can only be achieved by using time, frequency or code division.
- 15. Passive Laser based comm.. Downlink communication (BST to dust)- the base station points a modulated laser beam at a node.Dust uses a simple optical receiver to decode the incoming message Uplink communication (dust to BST)- the base station points an un-modulated laser beam at a node, which in turn modulates and reflects back the beam to the BST
- 16. Limitations Is a single-hop network topology, where dust nodes cannot directly communicate with each other, but only with a base station. Communication may suffer from variable delays if the laser beam is not already pointing at a node that is subject to communication with the BST.
- 17. Active Laser Based comm.. Has a semiconductor laser, a collimating lens and a beam-steering micro-mirror. Uses an active-steered laser-diode based transmitter to send a collimated laser beam to a base station . Suitable for peer-to-peer comm.., provided there exist a line of sight path between the motes.
- 18. Fiber Optic comm.. Employs semiconductor laser, fiber cable and diode receiver to generate, transfer and detect the optical signal. Similar to passive optical comm.. Relatively small size of the optical transceiver is employed with low-power operation. CCR employed on each Dust mote to modulate uplink data to base station.
- 19. Advantages Does not require unbroken line-of-sight and the link directionality. Each dust mote does not need to employ more than one CCR. Comm.. between dust motes and a base station can be guaranteed. It has a longer range of communication link than that of a free space passive optical comm..
- 20. Limitations Optical fiber cables restrict the mobility of dust mote. Since a base station should employ several optical components for fiber connection to each dust mote, it may complicate base station design.
- 21. Bridges
- 24. Conclusion There are many ongoing researches on Smart Dust, the main purpose of these researches is to make Smart Dust mote as small as possible and to make it available at as low price as possible. Soon we will see Smart Dust being used in varied application from all spans of life.
- 25. Thank You!