1) Cameras will be the dominant sensor for advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and automated driving, though radar and lidar may provide redundancy. 2) Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication allows vehicles to share information to deliver safety benefits beyond line-of-sight detection. 3) Security and protecting vehicle systems from attacks will be important as automated functions require data exchange between electronic control units and wireless connectivity increases.

1. Smart Enabling Technologies for
Automated Driving
Dr. Martin Duncan

2. • Introduction
• Cameras and the path towards autonomous driving
• The communication technology driven safety revolution
• Conclusions
2

3. ADAS Driving Forces
Product
• The development of New Car Assessment Programmes help drive the
growth of ADAS
• Consumers consider the star ratings of the worldwide NCAP
organisations
• Constructors move from providing ADAS on all cars and not just premium
models
Standards
ADAS adoption is being driven by safety standards and the move to automated driving
Product
• New entrants to the traditional vehicle manufacturing market target
assisted / autonomous driving
• Consumers expectation rising that autonomous driving will make cars
safer
• Advantages for new mobility models and fleet management
Automated Driving
3

4. Crash Avoidance Technologies and
Effectiveness
% Incidence Automatic brake
(camera/radar)
Lane departure
(camera)
Blind spot
(camera/radar)
Headlight
(camera)
Rear end (29%)
Crossing (24%)
Off road (19%)
Lane (12%)
Animal 6%)
Wrong sense (2%)
Reversing (2%)
Ped/cyclist (2%)
Source: NHTSA
4

5. ADAS Adoption rates in U.S. Market
0
5
10
15
20
25
Blind Spot ACC LDW
% Fit Rate
MY13 MY14 MY15
Source : Wards Auto
5
ACC = Automatic Cruise Control
LDW = Lane Departure Warning

6. Benefits of Collision Avoidance 6
LDW = Lane Departure Warning, AEB = Autonomous Emergency Braking, FCW = Forward Collision Warning, LKA = Lane Keeping Assist
Source : IIHS
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
% Change with same vehicle with technology fitted
Collisions Property costs Injury costs
FCW & LDW AEB AEB & LDW ACC & FCW

7. Global NCAP Requirements 7
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
LDW AEB PED LKA
LDW
LDW
LDW AEB
AEB
AEB
PED
PED
LDWAEBPED
PED
LKA
LKA
LDWAEBPEDPotential
Source : Regional NCAP agencies
LDW = Lane Departure Warning
AEB = Autonomous Emergency Braking
PED = Pedestrian Detection
LKA = Lane Keeping Assist

8. Key Drivers for Automated Driving 8
Road Safety – Zero Accident Vision
Traffic Management
Emission Reduction
Demographic Change
Innovation

9. Timeline For Vehicle Automation
Driver Engagement
Introduction
Example
Level 1
(Feet Off)
Fully Active
Pre 2010
AEB,ACC,LKA
Level 2
(Hands Off)
Level 3
(Eyes Off)
Level 4
(Mind Off)
Fully Active
2015
Highway
Autopilot
Available
2016
Country & City
Roads
Not Required
2021
Fully
Autonomous
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10. Roadmap for Sensor Introduction
Radar
sensors
Machine Vision system
Camera
sensors
Vision Processor
(w/ MobilEye)
Radar system
Radar
Control
MCU
V2X
(w/ AutoTalks)
Pedestrian
Detection
Active Cruise
Control
ADAS
Fusion
MCU
Automotive
Precise GNSSRadar
Baseband
Lane Keep
Assist
Surround View
Surround View
Surround Vision
Lidar
Add ons
L1
NO
L2
NO
L4L3
Y/N
L1
YES
Secure V2X
L1
Y/N
L2
Y/N
L4L3
YES
L1
YES
Lidar
L1
YES
L2
YES
L4L3
YES
L1
YES
Radar
L1
YES
L2
YES
L4L3
YES
L1
YES
Camera
Parkassist
Parkassist
10
Level 1
(Feet Off)
Level 2
(Hands Off)
Level 3
(Eyes Off)
Level 4
(Mind Off)

11. Trend is that Vision will drive future systems
• Richest source of raw data about the scene
- only sensor that can reflect the true
complexity of the scene.
• The lowest cost sensor - nothing can beat
it, not today and not in the future.
• Cameras are getting better - higher dynamic
range, higher resolution
• Combination of Radars/Lidar/Ultrasonic: for
redundancy, robustness
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12. WiFi based communication
• V2X is a Wireless Technology enabling vehicles to exchange information
such as position and speed with other vehicles (V2V) or infrastructures to
deliver data to vehicles (V2I)
• OBU (Onboard Unit) when V2X system is in the vehicle
• RSU (Roadside Unit) ) when V2X system is on road infrastructures
• Communication system that alerts drivers to unseen dangers of potential
collisions to increase their safety
• Non-Line-of-Sight and extended-range sensing that on-board cameras and RADARs
cannot offer
• V2X has also been developed and standardized for other non-safety
systems, such as Energy Saving
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13. Networks must be protected against
security attacks
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Vehicle Security Threats
Security means protecting
• ECU, sensors
• Functions that require multi-ECU interactions and data exchange
• Protecting data in/out of vehicular systems
• Protecting privacy of personal information
• Integrating safety, security, and usability goals
• Dealing with the full lifecycle of vehicular and transportation
systems
Potential attack entry points
• Wireless Key, TPMS, V2X Tx/Rx
• ECUs (ADAS, Lighting, Engine, Transmission, Steering, Braking,
Access, Airbag)
• Smartphone, Bluetooth, USB, OBD, Remote Link

14. Conclusions 1/2
• ADAS is to be dominated by cameras
• The primary sensor for automated driving will also be the camera
• Multiple cameras will be used
• Radars and Lidars will be used for redundancy and for additional robustness
when cost allows
• Visual interpretation is difficult if done at high image quality and will require a
massive validation resources
• Automated Driving requires environmental modeling and path planning
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15. Conclusions 2/2
• Connectivity is changing the rules radically
• Car Communication enables safety features
• Road experience management takes it to new levels
• The safety requirements bar is being raised and requires complex techniques
• Highly automated driving needs all of the above and is coming to a road near
you soon!
• Watch this space, it may be a bumpy ride but it will be fun
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