An infographic based on public information which I put together on the need and value for various levels of autonomous driving.

1. 1
HUAWEI | GERMAN RESEARCH CENTER
Source: Bosch, BMW, Frost & Sullivan, Euro NCAP, Gartner, IHS, NXP, Strategy Analytics, Visteon, Veoneer
L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
No Automation Driver Assistance
SOP 2013-2015
Partial
Automation SOP 2016-2017
Conditional
Automation. SOP 2018-2019
High
Automation. SOP 2020-2023
Full
Automation SOP >2025
Scenario • Autonomous Emergency Braking
• Lane Keep Assist
• Auto High Beam
• Adaptive Cruise Control
• Cross Traffic Alert
• Surround View
• Lane Change Assist
• Lane Centering
• Advanced Parking Assist
• Traffic Jam / Highway Assist
• Advanced Emergency Braking
• Adaptive Cruise Control with LKA
• Rush Hour Pilot
• Automated Lane Change
• Traffic Jam Pilot
• Automated Parking
• Highway Pilot
• Piloted Highway Driving
• Geo-fenced City Pilot
• Unattended Valet Parking
• Mobility on Demand
Auto Pilot / Driverless Driving
Hardware 1-6 Sensors
+ Optional Control Unit
• Mono-Vison
• Mid Range Rader
• 2 Front Corner Radars
• 2 Rear Corner Radars
• ADAS ECU
1,500 DMIPS
6 MB RAM
2-10 Sensors + Control Unit
• Mono-Vision
• 2 Front Corner Radars
• Mid Range Radar
• 2 Rear corner Radars
• Far Infrared Camera
• ADAS ECU
• E-Horizon
• Rear/Surround View
• Driver Monitoring
• HD Map
3,000 DMIPS 16 MB RAM 25W
>15 Sensors + Control Unit (incl.
AI) and Driver Monitoring
• 4 Corner Radars
• Stereo Vision
• Mid Range Radar
• Far Infrared Camera
• ADAS ECU
• Mono-Vision Rear
• V2X
• LiDAR
• HD Map
• E-Horizon
• Driver Monitoring System
• Rear/Surround View
>40,000 DMIPS >25 TOPS
512 MB – 3 GB RAM 200W
25 Sensors + Control Unit (incl. AI) and Driver Monitoring
• Stereo-Vison, Long Range Radar
• 4 Corner Radars, Satellites
• LiDAR Front, Mono-Vision Rear
• Driver and / or Passenger Monitoring System
• HD Map
• V2X
• Surround View
• Far Infrared Camera
• Mid-Range Side Sensors
• AD ECU
260,000 – 845,000 DMIPS
>300 TOPS 32 GB RAM 600W
Software 40+ Features
• Classic AUTOSAR
50+ Features
• Classic + Adaptive AUTOSAR
• POSIX Operating System
55+ Features
• Classic + Adaptive AUTOSAR
• POSIX Operating System
60+ Features
• Adaptive AUTOSAR
• POSIX Operating System
Safety concept Fail-safe Fail-operational
No intervening vehicle
system active.
Vehicle assisted longitudinal and
lateral control.
Vehicle assisted longitudinal and
lateral control (for a period of time
and/or in specific use cases).
System as longitudinal and lateral
control in specific use cases (for a
period of time).
System has longitudinal and lateral
control in a specific use case.
Recognize its performance limits
and requests driver to resume
control with sufficient time margin
System can cope with all situations
automatically during the entire
journey. Driver does not monitor
the system.
E/E architecture • Each function has his
ECU with functional
integration
• Central Domain ECUs
• Central cross domain
ECUs
• Central Domain ECUs
• Central cross domain ECUs
• Central Domain ECUs
• Central cross domain ECUs
• Central cross domain ECUs
• Zone oriented architecture and
vehicle control computer
• Zone oriented architecture and
vehicle control computer
• Zone oriented architecture and
vehicle control computer
Global adoption
rate
2017 :
2020 :
2023 :
2025 :
1%
8%
19%
28%
2020 :
2023 :
2025 :
2%
6%
12%
2023 :
2025 :
3%
4%
Semiconductor
value per car
$50 $150 $550 $1,150 $1,800
Total system value
per car
$100-500 $500-800 $1,500-2,000 $4,000-10,000
Connectivity
C4 C5
+ 4G-LTE Advanced, V2X
Security
Fully Connected Car
4G-LTE
AM/FM Digital | WiFi, BT
5G
AM/FM Digital | WiFi, BT, NFC
Improved passenger car safety (Vision Zero / Euro NCAP)
Primary safety scenario
• Autonomous Emergency Braking • Autonomous Emergency Braking
• AEB – Junction and Cross
Traffic Assist
• AEB – Head-on
• Driver Monitoring
• Pre Sense Side
• Autonomous Emergency Braking
• AEB – Junction and Cross Traffic
Assist
• AEB – Head-on
• Driver Monitoring
• Pre Sense Side
• Automatic Emergency Steering
• V2X
• Autonomous Emergency Braking
• AEB – Junction and Cross Traffic
Assist
• AEB – Head-on
• Driver and Occupants Monitoring
• Pre Sense Side
• Automatic Emergency Steering
• V2X
• Autonomous Emergency Braking
• AEB – Junction and Cross Traffic
Assist
• AEB – Head-on
• Occupants Monitoring
• Pre Sense Side
• Automatic Emergency Steering
• V2X
Secondary safety scenario
• Child Presence Detection • Child Presence Detection
• Pedestrian and Cyclist Safety
• Child Presence Detection
• Pedestrian and Cyclist Safety
• Child Presence Detection
• Pedestrian and Cyclist Safety
Detailed Description
Target Critical corner cases Proposed action Timeframe (for legislation) Sensors Sensor fusion
Driver Monitoring Mitigate the very
significant problems of
driver distraction and
impairment through
inexperience, alcohol,
drugs, etc.
• Give appropriate warning
• Speed limitation
• Initiate safe evasive manoeuvre
• Limp home mode
• Increased sensitivity of electronic
stability control, lane support,
speed, etc.
2020
Autonomous
Emergency
Steering
2020, 2022
Autonomous
Emergency
Braking
Address cross-junction,
head-on and reversing
accidents, etc.
• Detect the presence of persons
behind the car
• Detect crossing accidents of
running a red light, lack of
visibility, driver inattentiveness or
speeding
• Warning
• Initiate braking
• Preventing acceleration
2020, 2022
Pedestrian and
Cyclist Safety
• Occluded traffic participants
• Running pedestrian parked cars
• Fall over pedestrian towards road
• Pedestrians at night time
• …
2022
Child Presence
Detection
Monitor a child’s
presence in the vehicle
to alert if the situation
becomes dangerous.
• Alert car owner or emergency
services
2022
V2X Vehicles exchanging
data with each o the
and the infrastructure.
• Transmit and receive messages
like “emergency brake light”,
“motorcycle is approaching” or
“road work ahead”
2024
Automated driving assessment based on functionalities
Speed range [km/h] Type of road Level of automation Examples of required
emergency functions
Parking 0 – 10 • Parallel parking
• Perpendicular parking
Assisted Automated • AEB City
• AEB Pedestrian
City Driving 5 – 25
5 – 50
• City roads (crossings, traffic
lights, etc.)
• Any type of lane marking
Assisted Automated • AEB City
• AEB Pedestrian
• AEB Cyclist
• Speed Assist System
• Lane Support System
Inter-urban driving 0 – 80 • Fully marked lane
• Single lane marking
• No lane marking
Assisted Automated • AEB City
• AEB Pedestrian
• AEB Cyclist
• Speed Assist System
Traffic jam (inter-
urban & highway)
0 – 60 • Fully marked lane
• (Single lane marking)
• (No lane marking)
Assisted Automated • AEB City
• (AEB Pedestrian)
• (AEB Cyclist)
• Lane Support System
Highway driving 50 – 130 • Fully marked lane Assisted Automated • AEB Inter-urban
• Speed Assist system
• Lane Support System
Need and value for various levels of autonomous driving
Version 3