The document defines key concepts related to the Internet of Things (IoT), including definitions of IoT, how IoT works, enabling technologies, and common standards. Specifically, it defines IoT as a network of physical devices connected via the internet that can sense and communicate with their environment and with other devices. It describes the main components of an IoT system including sensors, communication methods, computation technologies, and services. Finally, it provides examples of identification methods, communication protocols, hardware platforms, and semantic technologies that support IoT applications.

1. ECVET Training for Operatorsof IoT-enabledSmart Buildings (VET4SBO)
2018-1-RS01-KA202-000411
Level 1
Module 3: Fundamentals of Internet-of-Things (IoT) and
indicative applications. Opportunities for low-cost
operational improvement
Unit 3.1: Definition of Internet-of-Things

2. Outline
1. The Internet of Things (IoT) concept
2. Technologies enabling the IoT
3. Basic example applicationsof IoTs in various domains
4. Quality of Service criteria:
– cost reduction, energy efficiency, users’ comfort and their link to IoT
applications.
5. IoT in the Smart Buildings context

3. Outline
1. The Internet of Things (IoT) concept
2. Technologies enabling the IoT
3. Basic example applicationsof IoTs in various domains
4. Quality of Service criteria:
– cost reduction, energy efficiency, users’ comfort and their link to IoT
applications.
5. IoT in the Smart Buildings context

4. What is “Internet of Things”
“Internet of Things” is a giant network of connected “things”.
“Things” are people (still through personal communication devices), physical
devices and components (e.g. mobile phones, coffee makers, washing machines,
lamps, health monitoring devices, a jet engine of an airplane), virtual entities (e.g.
a weather service, a movie, a flight booking service).
Anything that has capability to connect to the internet and/or to other “things” and
exchange data.
The communication can involve people and/or things without limitations.
– “Things” are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) in order to be uniquely recognisable when
they transfer data over a network

5. What is “Internet of Things”
According to the Smart-America Global Cities Challenge
IoT is a “Cyber-Physical System (CPS)” which involves connecting smart devices and
systems in diverse sectors like transportation, energy, manufacturing and healthcare in
fundamentally new ways. Smart Cities/Communities are increasingly adopting CPS/IoT
technologies to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of their operation and
improve the quality of life.”
(NIST, “Global City Teams,” 2014)
So, what is a “Cyber-Physical System (CPS)”?

6. What is “Internet of Things”
According to “OASIS” (a non-profit consortium that drives the development,
convergence and adoption of open standards for the global information
society):
A CPS is a systemwhere the Internetis connectedto the physical world via
ubiquitous sensors.Ubiquity of sensors exists in every mobile, every auto, every
door, every room, every part, every sensor, every device,every home, office,
building or hospital room, every city and village on Earth.”
(OASIS, “Open Protocols,” 2014)

7. What is “Internet of Things”
According to the W3C (an international community where member organizations work
together to develop Web standards):
W3C addresses the IoT under the umbrella of “Web of Things”
“Web of things” is related to IoT from the application and Web technologies perspective.
W3C defines “Web of Things” as:
“…is essentially about the role of Web technologies to facilitatethe development of applications
and services for the Internet of Things, i.e., physical objects and their virtual representation.
This includes sensors and actuators, as well as physical objects tagged with a bar code or NFC.
…”

8. What is “Internet of Things”
Some more definitions:
“The Internetof Things links the objects of the real world with the virtual world, thus enabling anytime,
anyplace connectivity for anything and not only for anyone. It refers to a world where physicalobjects
and beings, as well as virtual data and environments, all interact with each other in the same space and
time.”
(Gérald Santucci, 2010)
“A global network infrastructure, linking physical and virtual objects using cloud computing, data capture
and network communications. It allows devices to communicatewith each other, access information on
the Internet, store and retrieve data, and interact with users, creating smart, pervasiveand always-
connected environments.”
Arduino, Sensors, and the Cloud (Charalampos Doukas, 2012)

9. The history of “Internet of Things”
The first use of the term “Internet of Things” was by Kevin Ashton, the co-
founder of the Auto-ID Center at MIT, in a presentation he gave to Procter &
Gamble (P&G) in 1999
– Kevin Ashton was “selling” the radio frequency ID (RFID) technology to
P&G's management, and called his presentation"Internet of Things"
MIT professor Neil Gershenfeld's book, titled “When Things Start to Think”
(1999), provided a clear vision of IoT although not using the exact term
The idea of connected devices has been around since 1970s, in the areas of
embedded computing

10. The history of “Internet of Things”
The first internet appliance was a Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University in
the early 1980s. It could send information via internet on whether a cold drink was
ready to be delivered
The connectivity that enables IoT, stems from the area of Machine-to-Machine
(M2M) communication
The IoT ecosystem concept, however, became a reality in mid-2010 when the
government of China said it would make IoT a strategic priority in its five-year plan

11. Why “Internet of Things”?
Why do we want so many devices connected on the internet and talking to each other? What’s the value
for us?
There are manyexamples and use cases:
• Your car can find the best route to take to a destination by talking to your calendar and the
navigationsystem
• Your coffee machine can have your coffee ready waiting for you at the office, by talking to your alarm
and car
• Your home lights can use the luminosity measurementon your mobile phone and turn on when it’s
time
• Your heart monitoring wearable device can contact your doctor when needed
• A plant may inform the farmer when something goes wrong with the underline ground
It is estimatedthat by 2030 the number of “things” (internet connected and data exchanging devices)
worldwide may reach 125 billion[1]
_______________________________
[1] “The Internet of Things: a movement, not a market,” IHS Markit, Tech. Rep., 02 2017.

12. Why “Internet of Things”?
- IoT has the potential to help people live and work smarter, as well as gain complete control over
several aspects of their lives currently uncontrolled.
- IoT provides businesses with a real-time look into how their companies’ systems really work,
delivering insights into everything from the performance of machines to supply chain and logistics
operations.
- IoT enables companies to automate processes and reduce labour costs. It also cuts down on waste
and improves service delivery, making it less expensive to manufacture and deliver goods, as well
as offering transparency into customer transactions.

13. Why “Internet of Things”?
- IoT finds applications in many industries, including healthcare, finance, retail and manufacturing.
- Smart cities help citizens reduce waste and energy consumption and connected sensors are even
used in farming to help monitor crop and cattle yields and predict growth patterns.
- IoT is one of the most important technologies of everyday life and it will continue to emerge as
businesses realize its potential in the market. It allows for virtually endless opportunities and
connections to take place, many of which we can't even think of or fully understand their impact
today.

14. Outline
1. The Internet of Things (IoT) concept
2. Technologies enabling the IoT
3. Basic example applicationsof IoTs in various domains
4. Quality of Service criteria:
– cost reduction, energy efficiency, users’ comfort and their link to IoT
applications.
5. IoT in the Smart Buildings context

15. How IoT works
An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use
embedded processors, sensors and communication hardware to
collect, send and act on data they acquire from their
environments.
The IoT devices communicatethe data they collect either directly
or through “IoT gateways”or other devices near them.
The data can be analysed locally or be sent to the cloud to be
analysed.
Sensing
Networking and
Data
Communications
Applications

16. How IoT works
Sometimes, devices communicate with each other and act upon
the information they exchange.
The devices do mostof the work without human intervention,
although people can interact with the devices - for instance, to
set them up, give them instructions or access the data.
The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used
with these web-enabled devices, depend on the specific IoT
application.
Sensing
Networking and
Data
Communications
Applications

17. IoT components
• Sensors/actuators
• Storage units
• Communicationunits and
gateways
• Processing units (data
analysis, monitoring, control,
event detection, etc.)

18. Summary of IoT enabling technologies
• Sensors and embedded systems
• Wireless sensor networks
• Real-time data processing and analytics
• Automatic/Intelligent control systems
• Home/Building automation
• Artificial intelligence, including machine learning

19. IoT identification technologies
Need to name each “thing” and match the service it provides to the
respective demand.
Indicative identification methods:
• Electronic product codes (EPC)
• Ubiquitous codes (uCode)
Object ID is the name of an IoT, e.g. “F1” for a particular water flow sensor.

20. IoT identification technologies
Object’s network address is the reference to the physical address of the
thing within a local or global communications network.
IoT addressing methods include the IPv6 and the IPv4 internet protocols.
“Things” may use their public IPs or their private IPs if operating within a
private network.

21. IoT sensing technologies
Sensing is the measurement of certain physical properties and the transmission of the
data through the network to a database (local or on the cloud).
- Smart devices
- Wearable sensing devices
- Single Board Computers (SBCs) integrated with sensors
- Built-in TCP/IP and security functionalities
Products built on top of above technologies: Arduino Yun, Raspberry PI, BeagleBone
Black, etc.

22. IoT communication technologies
Due to their nature, IoT devices need to operate using low power and communicate
through lossy and noisy channels.
Examples of enabling communicationprotocols:
– Wi-Fi: uses radio waves to exchange data amongstthings within 100m range. Wi-Fi allows smart
devices to communicate and exchange information without using a router in some ad hoc
configurations.
– Bluetooth: used to exchange data between devices over short distances using short-wavelength
radio to minimize power consumption. Recent advancements (Bluetooth 4.1) provide Bluetooth
Low Energy, high-speed and IP connectivity which better fits the needs of IoT.
– IEEE 802.15.4:specifies both a physical layer and a medium access control for low power
wireless networks targeting reliable and scalable communications.

23. IoT communication technologies
Examples of enabling communicationprotocols:
– Z-wave: a wireless communications protocol used primarily for home automation. It implements
a mesh network using low-energy radio waves to communicate from device to device.
– LTE-Advanced: LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is originally a standard wireless communication for
high-speed data transfer between mobile phones based on GSM/UMTS network technologies. It
can cover fast-travelling devices and provide multicasting and broadcasting services. LTE-A (LTE
Advanced) is an improved version of LTE, including bandwidth extension which supports up to
100MHz, downlink and uplink spatial multiplexing, extended coverage, higher throughput and
lower latencies.

24. IoT communication technologies
Examples of enabling communication technologies:
– RFID: a simple label attached to an object and facilitates its identification. An RFID reader queries
the tag remotely and receives a response signal with the identification information. It operates in
a 10cm to 200m range. RFID tags can be active, passive or semi-passive/active. Active tags use
power supply, while passive ones do not need any power supply.
– Near Field Communication (NFC): works at high frequency band at 13.56MHzand supports data
rate up to 424kbps. The applicable range is up to 10cm.
– Ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB): designed to support communications within a low range coverage
area using low energy and high bandwidth

25. IoT computation technologies
The computation capabilities of an IoT application are given by processing units (e.g. microcontrollers,
microprocessors, SOCs, FPGAs) and the software applications.
Examples of hardware platforms running IoT applications:
– Arduino,UDOO, FriendlyARM,Intel Galileo,Raspberry PI, Gadgeteer, BeagleBone, Cubieboard,Z1, WiSense,
Mulle, T-Mote Sky.
Examples of software platforms and operating systemsproviding IoT functionalities:
– Real-Time OperatingSystems (RTOS) - e.g., the ContikiRTOS has been used widely in IoT scenarios, the
TinyOS, LiteOS, RiotOS
– Google establishedthe Open Auto Alliance(OAA) and is planningto bring new features to the Android
platform to accelerate the adoptionof the Internet of Vehicles (IoV)
– Cloud Platforms that provide facilitiesfor smart objects to send their datato the cloud, for datato be
processed in real-time, and eventuallyfor end-users to benefit from the knowledge extracted from the
collected information.

26. IoT services technology
IoT services are classified into:
• Identity-related Services: every applicationthat needs to bring real world objects to the virtual world has to
identify those objects
• InformationAggregation Services: collect and summarize raw sensory measurements that need to be processed
and reported to the IoT application.
• Collaborative-AwareServices: act on top of Information Aggregation Services and use the obtaineddatato
make decision and react accordingly.
• Ubiquitous Services: provide Collaborative-AwareServices anytime they are needed, to anyonewho needs
them, anywhere.
The goal is to reach the level of ubiquitousservices.
Most of the existing applicationsprovideidentity-related,informationaggregation, and collaborative-aware
services.
Smart healthcare and smart grids fall intothe informationaggregation category
Smart home, smart buildings, intelligenttransportationsystems (ITS), and industrialautomation arecloser to the
collaborative-awarecategory.

27. IoT semantics technologies
Technologies dealing with semantics of data and information, focus on systematicapproaches towards
representing, organizing and storing, searching and exchanging the things-generated information.
The application of semantic technologies to IoT:
“… promotes interoperabilityamong IoT resources, information models, data providers and consumers,
and facilitates effective data access and integration, resourcediscovery, semantic reasoning, and
knowledge extraction” [through]“efficient methods and solutions that can structure, annotate, share
and make sense of the IoT data and facilitate transforming it to actionable knowledge and intelligence in
different application domains.”
Therefore,
“…IoT becomes a global network and service infrastructure of variable density and connectivity with self-
configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable protocols and formats, which consists of
heterogeneous things that haveidentities, physicaland virtual attributes, and are seamlesslyand
securely integrated into the Internet.”

28. IoT semantics technologies
Semantic in the IoT refers to the ability to extract knowledge smartly by
different machines to provide the required services.
Knowledge extraction includes discovering and using resources and modelling
information. Also, it includes recognizing and analysing data to make sense of
the right decision to provide the exact service.
Semantic represents the brain of the IoT by sending demands to the right
resource.

29. IoT semantics technologies
This is supported by Semantic Web technologies such as the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and
the Web Ontology Language (OWL).
The W3C Semantic Sensor Network Incubator Group (SSN-XG), as well as the Open Geospatial
Consortium (OGC) created the “Semantic Sensor Network (SSN)” and the “SensorML” standard
respectively, for the semantic characterisation of sensors’ operation.
The “Semantic Reasoning”can be implemented using Prolog language(e.g. the SWI Prolog which is a
free implementation of the Prolog logic programming language). Alternatively to the use of Prolog, is the
SPARQL that is a pure query-script language that facilitates running pattern-matching queries on
knowledge graphs.

30. Summary of IoT enabling technologies
IoT Elements Samples
Identification
Naming EPC, uCode
Addressing IPv4, IPv6
Sensing
SmartSensors, Wearablesensing devices, Embedded sensors, Actuators, RFID tag
Communication RFID, NFC, UWB, Bluetooth, BLE, IEEE802.15.4, Z-Wave, WiFi, WiFiDirect, LTE-A
Computation
Hardware SmartThings, Arduino, Phidgets, IntelGalileo, Rasberry Pi, Gadgeteer, BeagleBone, Cubiboard,
SmartPhones
Software OS (Contiki, TinyOS, LiteOS, Riot OS, Android); Cloud (Nimbits, Hadoop, etc.)
Service Identity-related (shipping), Information Aggregation (smartgrid), Collaborative-Aware(smart
home), Ubiquitous (smartcity)
Semantic RDF, OWL, EXI

31. IoT common standards
Many IoT standards are proposed to facilitate and simplify application programmers’ and service
providers’ jobs.
Groups that provide protocols in support of the IoT:
• The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
• The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• The EPCglobal
• The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
• The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

32. IoT common standards
IoT protocols are classified into: application protocols, service discovery protocols,
infrastructure protocols and other influential protocols.
Based on the nature of the IoT application, the appropriate protocols and standards
may be chosen for the implementation.

33. Application protocols
• CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol):a protocol designed by the IETF that specifies how low-
power compute-constrained devices can operate in the internet of things. CoAP defines a web
transfer protocol based on RepresentationalState Transfer (REST) on top of HTTP functionalities.
REST represents a simpler way to exchange data between clients and servers over HTTP. REST uses
HTTP get, post, put, and delete methods. CoAP is bound to UDP (not TCP) by default, which makes it
more suitable for the IoT applications.
• Message Queue Telemetry Transport(MQTT): a messaging protocol that was introduced by Andy
Stanford Clark of IBM and Arlen Nipper of Arcom (now Eurotech) in 1999 and was standardized in
2013 at OASIS. MQTT aims at connecting embedded devices and networks with applications and
middleware. The connection operation uses a routing mechanism (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-
to-many) and enables MQTT as an optimal connection protocol for the IoT and M2M. MQTT utilizes
the publish/subscribe pattern to provide transition flexibility and simplicity of implementation

34. Application protocols
• Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): an IETF instantmessaging (IM) standardthat
is used for multi-party chatting, voice and video calling and telepresence. XMPP allows users to
communicate with each other by sending instant messages on the Internet no matter which
operating system they are using.
• AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol):an open source published standardfor asynchronous
messaging by wire. AMQP enables encrypted and interoperable messaging between organizations
and applications. The protocol is used in client/server messaging and in IoT device management.
• DDS (Data DistributionService): developed by the Object Management Group (OMG) and is a
publish-subscribe protocol for real-time, scalable and high-performance Μ2Μ communication.

35. Service-discovery protocols
Resource management mechanisms are required, able to register and discover resources and services in
a self-configured, efficient, and dynamic way.
Multicast DNS (mDNS): a base service for some IoT applications like chatting. mDNS performs the task
of unicast DNS server. The DNS namespace is used locally without extra expenses or configuration.
mDNS inquires names by sending an IP.
DNS Service Discovery(DNS-SD): the pairing function of required services by clients using mDNS is
called DNS-based service discovery. Using this protocol, clients can discover a set of desired services in a
specific network by employing standardDNS messages.
The main drawback of the two above protocols is the need for caching DNS entries, especially when it
comes to resource-constrained devices.

36. Infrastructure protocols
Routing Protocol for LowPower and Lossy Networks(RPL): a link-independent routing protocol based
on IPv6 for resource-constrained nodes. It supports multipoint-to-point, point-to-multipoint and point-
to-point communication.
6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal AreaNetworks): an open standarddefined by the
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The 6LoWPAN standardenables any low-power radio to
communicate to the internet, including 804.15.4,Bluetooth Low Energy and Z-Wave(for home
automation).

37. Infrastructure protocols
IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee:created to specify a sub-layer for Medium Access Control (MAC) and a physical
layer (PHY) for low-rate wireless private area networks (LR-WPAN). It offers low power consumption, low
data rate, low cost, and high messagethroughput. It is the base for the ZigBee protocol, as they both
focus on offering low data rate services on power constrained devices and they build a complete
network protocol stack for WSNs.
BluetoothLow Energy:uses a short-range radio with a minimal amountof power to operate for very
long times. It offers a 100m range coverage and low latency. It can be operated by a transmission power
between 0.01mWto 10mW. Developed rapidly by smartphone makers and is now available in most
smartphone models.

38. Infrastructure protocols
EPCglobal: the Electronic Product Code (EPC) is a unique identification number which is stored on an
RFID tag and is used basically in the supply chain managementto identify items.
LTE-A (Long TermEvolution—Advanced): it encompasses a set of cellular communication protocols that
fit well for Machine-Type Communications (MTC) and IoT infrastructures especially for smart cities
where long-term durability of infrastructure is expected.

39. Infrastructure protocols
Z-Wave: a low-power wireless communication protocol for Home Automation Networks and has been
used widely in the remote control applications in smart homes, as well as small-size commercial
domains. Z-Wave covers about 30m point-to-point communication and is specified for applications that
need tiny data transmission like light control, household appliance control, smart energy and HVAC,
access control, wearable health care control, and fire detection. Z-Waveoperates in ISM bands (around
900MHz)and allows transmission rate of 40kbps.
LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network):a protocol for wide area networks, it’s designed to support
huge networks, such as smart cities, with millions of low-power devices.

40. Summary of protocols and standards
Application Protocol
DDS
CoAP
AMQP
MQTT
MQTT-SN
XMPP
HTTPREST
Service Discovery mDNS DNS-SD
InfrastructureProtocols
Routing Protocol RPL
Network Layer 6LoWPAN IPv4/IPv6
Link Layer IEEE 802.15.4
Physical/ Device
Layer
LTE-A EPCglobal IEE 802.15.4 Z-Wave
Influential Protocols IEEE 1888.3, IPSec IEEE 1905.1

41. IoT enabling platforms and frameworks
• AWS IoT: a cloud platform for IoT released by Amazon. This framework is designed to enable smart
devices to easily connect and securely interact with the AWS cloud and other connected devices.
• ARM Mbed IoT: a platform to develop apps for the IoT based on ARM microcontrollers. The goal of
the ARM Mbed IoT platform is to provide a scalable, connected and secure environment for IoT
devices by integrating Mbed tools and services.
• Microsoft’s Azure IoT Suite: a platform that consists of a set of services that enables users to interact
with and receive data from their IoT devices, as well as perform various operations over data, such as
multidimensional analysis, transformation and aggregation, and visualize those operations in a way
that’s suitable for business.

42. IoT enabling platforms and frameworks
• Google’sBrillo/Weave:a platform for the rapid implementation of IoT applications. The platform
consists of two main backbones: Brillo, an android-based operating system for the development of
embedded low power devices; and Weave, an IoT-oriented communication protocol that serves as
the communication language between the device and the cloud.
• Calvin: an open source IoT platform released by Ericsson, designed for building and managing
distributed applications that enable devices talk to each other. Calvin includes a development
framework for application developers, as well as a runtime environment for handling the running
application.

43. IoT main challenges
IoT opens the door to a lot of opportunities, but also to many challenges.
Security is a big challenge: With billions of devices being connected together, what can we do to make
sure that our data remain secure? Will someone be able to hack into our refrigerator and get access to
our health data?
Privacy and data sharing challenge: how to present data privacy in a situation where many billions of
devices are connected?
“Big data” challenge: massiveamounts, big variety and very quickly arriving data produced by
connected devices. How to store, track, analyse and make sense out of it?

44. IoT security and privacy issues
IoT connects billions of devices to the internet and involves the use of billions of data points, all of which
need to be secured. Due to its expanded attack surface, IoT security and IoT privacy are cited as major
concerns.
In 2016, one of the most notorious recent IoT attacks was Mirai, a botnet that infiltrated domain name
server provider Dyn and took down many websites for an extended period of time in one of the biggest
distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks ever seen. Attackers gained access to the network by
exploiting poorly secured IoT devices.
Because IoT devices are closely connected, all a hacker has to do is exploit one vulnerability to
manipulate all the data, rendering it unusable. Manufacturers that don't update their devices regularly -
or at all - leave them vulnerable to cybercriminals.

45. IoT security and privacy issues
Additionally, connected devices often ask users to input their personal information, including names,
ages, addresses, phone numbers and even social media accounts - information that's invaluable to
hackers.
However, hackers aren't the only threat to the internet of things; privacy is another major concern for
IoT users. For instance, companies that make and distribute consumer IoT devices could use those
devices to obtain and sell users' personal data.
Beyond leaking personal data, IoT poses a risk to critical infrastructure, including electricity,
transportation and financial services.

46. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
IIoT refers to the use and managementof connected devices and "smart" electronics beyond the
traditional manufacturing domain of the Internet of Things into the transportation, energy, healthcare
and similar industrial sectors.
IIoT can provide operational efficiency and intelligent technology insight for significant improvements in
efficiency, productivity, and revenue. It also presents the potential for system failures, security threats,
and downtime that can be disastrous for revenue potential and can even compromise employee and
customer health in worst-case scenarios.
IIoT is gaining attention. Through the complex analysis of real-time data and the interconnected use of
data across enterprises and supply chains via APIs, it is expected that the IIoT will transform
industrialization
– Industry 4.0

47. Pros of IoT
Some of the advantages of IoT include:
• Ability to access information from anywhere, at any time on any device.
• Improved communicationbetween connectedelectronic devices.
• Transferring data packets over a connectednetwork saves time and money.
• Automating tasks helps improve the quality of a business’ services and reduces the
need for human intervention.

48. Cons of IoT
Some disadvantages of IoT include:
• As the number of connected devices increases and more information is shared between devices, the
potential that a hacker could steal confidential information also increases.
• Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massivenumbers - maybe even millions - of IoT devices
and collecting and managing the data from all those devices will be challenging.
• If there is a bug in the system, it is likely that every connected device will become corrupted.
• Since there is no international standardof compatibility for IoT, it is difficult for devices from
different manufacturers to communicate with each other.

49. Outline
1. The Internet of Things (IoT) concept
2. Technologies enabling the IoT
3. Basic example applicationsof IoTs in various domains
4. Quality of Service criteria:
– cost reduction, energy efficiency, users’ comfort and their link to IoT
applications.
5. IoT in the Smart Buildings context

50. IoT markets and domains

51. Consumer and enterprise IoT applications
Smart homes that are equipped with smart thermostats, smartappliances and connected heating,
lighting and electronic devices can be controlled remotely via computers and smartphones.
Wearable devices with sensors and software can collect and analyse user data, sending messages to
other technologies about the users with the aim of making users' lives easier and more comfortable.
Wearable devices are also used for public safety - for example, improving first responders' response
times during emergencies by providing optimized routes to a location or by tracking construction
workers' or firefighters' vital signs at life-threatening sites.
In healthcare, IoT offers ability to monitor patients more closely to use the data that is generated and
analyse it. Hospitals often use IoT systems to complete tasks such as inventory management, for both
pharmaceuticals and medical instruments.

52. Consumer and enterprise IoT applications
Smart buildings can reduce energy costs using sensors that detect how many occupants are in a room.
The temperature can adjust automatically - for example, turning the air conditioner on if sensors detect
a conference room is full or turning the heat down if everyone in the office has gone home.
In agriculture, IoT-based smart farming systems can help monitor, for instance, light, temperature,
humidity and soil moisture of crop fields using connected sensors. IoT is also instrumental in automating
irrigation systems.
In a smart city, IoT sensors and deployments, such as smart streetlights and smart meters, can help
alleviate traffic, conserve energy, monitor and address environmental concerns and improve sanitation.

53. IoT Scenarios
Category:Public Transport
Title: If Sidewalks Could Talk-Crowdsourcing for a Walkable City
Description:Walkable cities are healthier and happier cities. Sometimes, though, sidewalks just end,
traffic lights aren't where they should be, and zebra crossings are nowhere to be seen. This can make
walking unpleasant and unsafe. We can keep moaning about that tricky turn, precarious path or jarring
junction, or we can make them known and suggestsolutions. If Sidewalks Could Talk is a platform that
enables citizens across the city to geolocate particularly troublesome spots from the perspective of the
pedestrian (through text, photo and/or video), and suggestsolutions (e.g. "need zebra crossing here",
"improve signage here").
https://iot.ieee.org/iot-scenarios.html?prp=oc-028552c8-abf5-4602-83be-98bb850806bd

54. IoT Scenarios
Category: Public
Title: Crime map
Description: Aarhus would like an interactiveand onlinecrime map. The crime map lets residents view crime data
by specific neighbourhoods- and in real time as reports occur. If possible the crime map should offer both
geographic criminal history and day-by-daydataregarding crime in the city. The map can help residentsor new
residents to find safe neighbourhoods,but also enhance the city administration'sand the police'sunderstandingof
where felony and violent crime persist, making it possible to focus resources to crime prevention.The map should
buildon report datafrom the police and present it visuallyin neighbourhoodsacross the city. This is to keep the
public well-informed about what is going on in their city/neighbourhood.The map could includea feature, which
makes it possible for people to report incidents. In that way the map would also show user-generated data. The
user-generated/reported data should be sent directly to the police.
https://iot.ieee.org/iot-scenarios.html?prp=oc-85e3804f-a273-42a3-8a0d-4c2c15895a0a

55. IoT Scenarios
Category: Public
Title: e-neighbourhood
Description: Chris lives in a remote residentialarea of Guildford. The residents in his area have been suffering from
anti-social behaviorof teenagers, such as making noise, breaking post boxes, putting wastes at residents' doors, etc.
To manage this kind of neighbourhoodareas, the Guildford councilhas launched an e-Neighborhood system where
the residents can report localincidentsusing their smartphones, giving photo,audio and video evidences. The
reported incidentswill be analysedby the system immediatelyand appropriateactions (e.g. informing the police for
crime relatedincidents) will be triggered automatically.One day, Chris noticed that some teenagers were trying to
break a publicproperty nearby. He recorded the incidentusing his smartphone and reported it onto the e-
Neighborhood system using the smartphone client application.As a result, a neighbourhoodofficer was informed
about the incident by the system. The officer arrived at the incident place on time, protected the property and
issued warnings to the teenagers and their parents.
https://iot.ieee.org/iot-scenarios.html?prp=oc-5b2c61c3-d6b8-4905-8b48-43628773e5d1

56. IoT Scenarios
Category: Transport, mobile
Title: Share a Car and an Interest
Description: David is writing a paper about squirrel behaviour and needs a ride to visit
a friend of his. Careen is a biologist working at a park heading to the same city for a
conference on meals in urban environments. They share a car, save money and talk
about squirrels.
https://iot.ieee.org/iot-scenarios.html?prp=oc-92bfb990-ffcd-4739-a759-01b5b32947ec

57. IoT Scenarios
Category:Environment
Title: Aging population - home monitoring
Description:Grandma had opened the bedroom windows to get fresh air, but forgot to close them. The
Home monitoring service detects a significant decrease of the home temperature and recognizes that
the window is open (and a low temperature outside). To save energy, the system uses the ubiquitous
home interface to locate and inform grandma and to advice her to close the window.
https://iot.ieee.org/iot-scenarios.html?prp=oc-8fee1c04-2f7c-4078-99e5-a5290e9c1eac

58. IoT Scenarios
Category: Transport
Title: Smart car parking system
Description: The city of Dublinis hosting The Olympics. The city has built a huge sports complexcalled Olympics
Park, where all the sport events are being held. For public facilitation thesports complexhas one big car park for
the citizens attendingany of the sport events. The car park is facilitatedwith an automatedticketing system, which
displaysthe number of vehicles parked and the number of vacanciesavailable.These numbers are automatically
updatedon entrance or exit of any vehicle. Even though at the main entrance it is shown that vacanciesare
available,every driver has to drive for a very long time to find a suitable/emptyspace, resulting in waste of time and
money/resources. Citizens also want to park closest to their favouritesports facility. The smart car parking system is
equippedwith individual sensorsat all car parking spaces. The users therefore have a mobile app availablefor the
smart car parking system, which integratesreal-time sensor information of the car parking space, its GPS locations
and combines it with the user profiles to find a suitableplace while considering the user's sport interest, event
starting time, tickets purchased/seat numbers etc.
https://iot.ieee.org/iot-scenarios.html?prp=oc-856b0a9d-6a5c-4a6f-a1c4-b3f0aa35d1f7

59. IoT Scenarios
Category:Agriculture, energy, environment, public
Title: Smart irrigation in the city
Description:Smart irrigation of the green areas in the city using sensor and actuator systems will save
water and be more cost-effective. In addition, tagging plants and green areas in general will offer a
plethora of information to professionals maintaining the areas and citizens enjoying the flora of the city.
You can use your mobile phone to investigatethe trees and flowers, learn about their care and find out
who else shares your interests.
https://iot.ieee.org/iot-scenarios.html?prp=oc-0e179927-ebc2-4676-a42f-4058f81d6b51

60. IoT Scenarios
Category: Public
Title: Tourist grouping service
Description: Michaeland Pamela like to visit museums in different cities. The problem is that museums tickets are
usuallyexpensive and combined tickets are inflexible.With a smartphone app tourists can find other interested
people and share a group ticket at a museum or zoo. Usually when they enter a museum, lots of other tourists are
also there waiting in line. With the new group ticket app, Pamela can virtuallycheck in 2 people to the museum,
while waiting in line for the ticket. They are now waiting in line at the Modern Art Museum (MAM). The MAM sells
cheaper tickets for groups of 6 people. Thus, the app knows at which museum and how many users are waiting. The
app also knows the prices of standardtickets and group tickets. Pamela gets a notificationthat another group of 4
people arrived earlier and that she and Michaelcan join the group. Pamela accepts the invitation.Then the other
group of 4 people gets a notificationto buy the group ticket and meet with Michael and Pamela at the entrance.
Thus, everybody paysless and Michaeland Pamela get to know other modern art fans.
https://iot.ieee.org/iot-scenarios.html?prp=oc-5b98d8e9-c3e5-439c-ac42-e65968b4ce05

61. IoT Scenarios
Can you think of your own IoT application scenarios?

62. Benefits of IoT
IoT offers a number of benefits to organizations, enabling them to:
• Monitor their processes
• Improve the customer/userexperience
• Save time and money
• Enhance productivity
• Integrate and adapt business and work models
• Make better decisions
• Generate more revenue of any type

63. The future of IoT
- Bain & Company expects annual IoT revenue of hardware and software to exceed $450 billion by 2020.
- McKinsey & Company estimates IoT will have an $11.1 trillion impact by 2025.
- IHS Markit believes the number of connected IoT devices will increase 12% annually to reach 125 billion
in 2030.
- Gartner assesses that 20.8 billion connected things will be in use by 2020, with total spend on IoT
devices and services to reach $3.7 trillion in 2018.
Internet of Things Units Installed Base by Category
Category 2013 2014 2015 2020
Automotive 96.0 189.6 372.3 3,511.1
Consumer 1,842.1 2,244.5 2,874.9 13,172.5
Generic Business 395.2 479.4 623.9 5,158.6
Vertical Business 698.7 836.5 1,009.4 3,164.4
Ground Total 3,032.0 3,750.0 4,880.6 25,006.6

64. Outline
1. The Internet of Things (IoT) concept
2. Technologies enabling the IoT
3. Basic example applicationsof IoTs in various domains
4. Quality of Service criteria:
– cost reduction, energy efficiency, users’ comfort and their link to IoT
applications.
5. IoT in the Smart Buildings context

65. Quality of Service criteria
IoT application scenarios typically have considerable positive impact when their operation results are
measured againstone or more of the below quality of service criteria.
Cost reduction: e.g. reducing the time-to-park for cars moving within a city, offers significant reduction
of fuel and time costs for drivers, as well as pollution costs for the city.
Energy efficiency:e.g. enabling a hotel building to choose the heating devices based on energy
consumption parameters at the specific time, significantly reduces the overall consumption of energy.
Users’comfort(including time and performance properties): e.g. an older person whose house is smart
enough to contact the doctor and provide info on vital signs, will feel much more comfortable within
his/her own environment.
Other examples?

66. Outline
1. The Internet of Things (IoT) concept
2. Technologies enabling the IoT
3. Basic example applicationsof IoTs in various domains
4. Quality of Service criteria:
– cost reduction, energy efficiency, users’ comfort and their link to IoT
applications.
5. IoT in the Smart Buildings context

67. IoT in the Smart Buildings context
IoT technology has been mainly applied in products pertaining to the concept of the
"smart home", covering devices and appliances (such as lighting fixtures, thermostats,
home security systems and cameras, and other home appliances) that support one or
more common ecosystems,and can be controlled via devices associated with that
ecosystem,such as smartphones and smart speakers.

68. IoT in the Smart Buildings context
Smart home IoT services contribute to enhancing the personal life-style by making it
easier and more convenient to monitor and operate home appliances and systems
(e.g., air conditioner, heating systems, energy consumption meters, etc.) remotely.
For example, a smart home can automatically close the windows and lower the blinds
of upstairs windows based on the weather forecast.
Smart homes are required to have regular interaction with their internal and external
environments.

70. Resources
• https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/Internet-of-Things-IoT
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things
• https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/internet_of_things.html
• https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/iiot-industrial-internet-of-things.html
• https://iot.ieee.org/images/files/pdf/IEEE_IoT_Towards_Definition_Internet_of_
Things_Revision1_27MAY15.pdf
• https://www.intelligenttechchannels.com/overview-of-networking-technologies-
used-to-build-iot-solutions/
• https://www.i-scoop.eu/internet-of-things-guide/iot-technology-stack-devices-
gateways-platforms/
• https://iot.ieee.org/iot-scenarios.html

71. Disclaimer
For further information, relatedto the VET4SBO project, please visit the project’swebsite at https://smart-building-
operator.euor visit us at https://www.facebook.com/Vet4sbo.
Downloadour mobile app at https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.vet4sbo.mobile.
This project (2018-1-RS01-KA202-000411) has been funded with support from the European Commission (Erasmus+
Programme). Thispublicationreflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible
for any use which may be made of the informationcontainedtherein.