This document provides an introduction to the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as the network of physical objects embedded with electronics, software, and sensors to enable the collection and exchange of data. The document discusses the evolution of the Internet and outlines several applications of IoT in homes, healthcare, agriculture, automobiles, and mobility. It envisions a future of IoT-connected smart cities and discusses how IoT could improve transportation systems and emergency response through real-time data collection and analysis. The document concludes by noting that IoT will become ubiquitous in many aspects of life while also raising issues of personal security and privacy.

1. Universidadede Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia
Licenciatura em Engenharia Informática
“Internet Of Things: A new vision of the
future”
Author:
Perlat Kociaj
Vila Real, Portugal December 2015

2. Contents
1.Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 3
Keywords .................................................................................................................................. 3
2.Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4
3.What exactly is IoT?..................................................................................................................... 4
4.Applications ............................................................................................................................... 6
Home....................................................................................................................................... 6
Health....................................................................................................................................... 6
Agriculture ................................................................................................................................ 7
Automobile and mobile............................................................................................................... 7
5.The vision and the future of IoT .................................................................................................... 8
6.References............................................................................................................................... 10

3. 1.Abstract
This document titled “Internet of Things A new vision of the future” is a work for the course
Seminar I at the University of Vila Real, Portugal ( UTAD (Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro) ).
In this work we aim to an introduction into the Internet of Things on what is the IoT we explain the term
of IoT, after that we will see some examples of application where we can use IoT in our daily life, at
home, at our cars, our mobiles, our health, in the agriculture etc. In the last chapter of this work we will
check our vision for our future life providing an imaginative smart city connected with IoT’s.
Keywords
Internet of Things, Web, smart objects, Internet, Microcontrollers, wireless network, cloud computing

4. 2.Introduction
Nowadays we are surrounded by objects that are or will be connected into a network in one way or
another, this will be achieved by using the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and sensor network
technologies where the information and the communication systems areinvisibly embedded in our
surrounding environment.
The Evolution of Internet:
Figure 1 https://riteshjagzape.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/1.jpg?w=500&h=189
Internet of boffins: ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) carried the first data packet
in 1969. ARPANET was the first network that used the TCP/IP. After that was the Mark I Network in 1970.
In that era some of the inventions are the Telnet (1974), the Ethernet (1980) and the full text web search
engines (1994). [2]
Internet of Geeks: In this era was the latest revision of the internet protocol, the IPv6 also popular
internet services started in this era, Amazon.com started its first online retail service in 1995, followed by
eBay providing online auction and shopping services. Hotmail started its free web based email service in
1996, followed by Google search in 1998. PayPal started its first internet payment service in 1998.
Internet of masses: This era started with the Dot-com bubble burst in 2000 where many people across
the globe started using internet. Started appearing social networking sites, in 2001 Wikipedia came into
existence followed by Facebook in 2004, further followed by YouTube, Twitter and WikiLeaks in the next
years.
Mobile Internet: This era got a boost with introduction of smartphones which gave a fast working
internet on phones. This was the era from 2007-2011. There was steep rise in the use of internet by the
people round the globe due to the mobile internet.
Internet of Things: And here we arein the era of Internet of Things where things can be connected to
each other using the Internet, in which we will be talking about in this document.
3.What exactly is IoT?
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with
electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and

5. exchange data. The Internet of Things allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing
network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration between the physical world
and computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit. When
IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the more general
class of cyber-physical systems, which also encompasses technologies such as smart grids, smart homes,
intelligent transportation and smart cities. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded
computing system but is able to interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure.
Nowadays (2015) the IoT is a hot topic in the industry but it is not a new concept. During the early 2000's
Kevin Ashton a British entrepreneur who is considered the father for the term “Internet of Things” when
he was searching ways that will help Proctor & Gamble to improve its business by linking the information
gathered by the RFIDs to the Internet. In an article for the RFID Journal in 1999 Kevin Ashton wrote:
“If we had computers that knew everything there was to know about things—using data they gathered
without any help from us -- we would be able to track and count everything, and greatly reduce waste,
loss and cost. We would know when things needed replacing, repairing or recalling, and whether they
were fresh or past their best. We need to empower computers with their own means of gathering
information, so they can see, hear and smell the world for themselves, in all its random glory. RFID and
sensor technology enable computers to observe, identify and understand the world—without the
limitations of human-entered data.” [1]
But back in 1999 there were more questions than answers about the IoT concept, such as how can we
connect all the devices on the planet? What type of wireless could we built into these devices? What are
the required changes to the existing Internet Infrastructure so it can support billion devices that are
communicating? What will power these devices?
Most of these questions areanswered. The size and the cost of the wireless radios has dropped
dramatically. We have Wi-Fi and wireless communication into a very wide range of devices. The battery
technology has improved and also we have devices with built in solar recharging technology.

6. 4.Applications
So where IoT can be used? The best way to understand the term of Internet of Things is by checking their
applications in our daily life!
Home
For example we arein our house in the morning and before we go to work we have a device
which with its outside sensor informs us that outside is snowing and by know that we can with an
application in our smartphone we can start the engine of the car 5 minutes before we get inside so we
will have no delays but before we get out of the house we realise that we can’t find our keys. We can find
our lost keys with NFC or Bluetooth and our smartphone and we make sure that we have switched of
the oven and the house heating system via our smartphone when we leave the house. Smart
refrigerators that monitor our food inside it and reports us when for example we are out of milk, even
the fridge can order automatically milk from the grocery store.
Figure 2 : https://g.foolcdn.com/editorial/images/108592/image1_large.jpg
Health
In health section IoT is very important to monitor our health. A lot of wearables come to do it very
accuratelike automated devices for asthma monitor and management [3], a device that will help people
with diabetes by measuring the blood sugar level with a device in their contact lens [4]. Cups which
senses the nutritional content of beverages that people drink and measuring the hydration levels of the
people drinking from it. A new digital health feedback system that will provide a view into someone’s
personal health and physiologic response allowing patients to track their health in a better way. A Device
that will collect information about the quality of the air and send the data to a database so everyone will
know about the air quality in that certainplace [5].

7. Figure 3 : http://image.slidesharecdn.com/iotenablinghealthandwellness-141015042316-conversion-gate01/95/internet-of-things-
enabling-health-and-wellness-6-638.jpg?cb=1413347140
Agriculture
In Agriculture, the Internet of things helps in increasing crop productivity by way of managing and
controlling activities like crop water management where devices analyse the amount of water required
by the crops and reducing the wastageof water. Other fields that IoT helps farmers with pest control,
where IoT scans and monitors the environmental parameters and pest behaviour to reduce the farmers
damage done by pests.
Figure 4 : http://media.ofcom.org.uk/files/2015/smart-irrigation.gif
Automobileand mobile
For people that use the bike in everyday base they need to lock and unlock the bike, so a device that can
lock when leaving the bike, and unlocking it when they approach the bike. But what happens if you forget
where you parked your bike? Simply the lock can have a built-in GPS sensor so you can see where you
parked in the map from your smartphone. You could even ask the people that have the same device to
use the device and the bike. [6]
By using our smartphones sensors (Accelerometer, Gyroscope, Video, Proximity, Compass, GPS, etc.)and
it’s connectivity (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC etc.)we can monitor our movements, location. And by having a

8. device that will measure our blood pressure our heartrateetc. A big problem that needs a solution is
finding a parking place, by having sensors in parking lots they can identify the presence of a vehicle and
relaying that information to the cloud and with an smartphone application someone can check on the
map for free parking spots [7]. Many cars now are equipped with Internet of Things objects to collect
information about the carlike engine temperature, oil amount, brakes, and tyre pressure informing the
driver and also the company. Also now we have a huge improvement in the self-driven cars, where the
cars by using sensors and AI being able to drive without a human driver.
5.The vision and the future of IoT
Experts estimate that the IoT will consist of almost 50 billion objects by 2020.But how will this
acquired?
Without doubts the Internet of Things is transforming the everyday physical objects that surround us into
an ecosystem of information that are enriching our lives, from smart refrigerators that can buy food for
us, to Internet of Things devices that are used from NASA for space exploration. The need for connecting
if not all, most of the devices that we use in our everyday life will lead us to make new devices create new
technologies and improve the current. The devices cost and size is lower and lower, we can build and
control more devices with a single small device, a microcontroller or a microcomputer. And by using
different sensors like light sensor, or pressure, or temperature, air-gas sensor or a fingerprint sensor we
can interact with other devices.
Let’s imagine the future of Internet of Things in a smart city, we will have smart traffic cameras
monitoring the roads for accidents, congestion and also the weather condition. The cameras will
communicate with a system that will collect this data and sends it to the city’s transportation system
centre and analyse the data. Also this city transportation system centre could be connected to a bigger
transportation system centre.
For example a smart traffic camera detects a congestion due to an accident, immediately it report the
event to city’s transportation system centre analyse this information. Iffor example the accident is near
the airport it can be connected with a GPS system that will calculate other routes to the airport and send
Figure 6 : http://www.automotiveworld.com/wp-
content/uploads/2014/04/TheIntelligentCar_Final_1.9.13.jpg
Figure 5 : http://0cm.us/dev/emmoco/wp-
content/uploads/2014/05/internet-of-things3.jpg

9. this information on the map of the drivers or send this information to city’s digital road sign systems,
informing drivers that is an accident taking place towards the airport and instructing them to take
another route. Embedded devices inside a ferry will notify us on our smartphone that the ferryboat will
sail in one hour, by knowing that we will slow down and will not hurry, or that the ferry has just sailed so
we can reschedule our trip.
Wearable device will save human lives. In an example, a motorbike driver has an accident and
has a serious head damage, there are several minutes passed until a carshows of and stops and calls for
the ambulance, the ambulance starts and due to the traffic and the unclear information of the accident
the ambulance delays and wasting precious minutes, after the ambulance arrives the medics takes the
patient and without access to medical records of the patient and do as much work as possible to the
patient on the way to the hospital considering the delay of the traffic jam. But imagine that the driver has
a wearable device that when the accident occurred it will detect the drivers health and the bikes
condition it will know that an accident occurred and immediately will inform the driver’s health care
company that he had an accident and the precise location, after that the healthcare company will send
an ambulance to the accident location. The ambulance will arrive faster due to knowing the exact
location. After ambulance retrieves the patient the health care or the hospital will send to the
paramedics the driver’s hospital records and knowing the best pre-treatment. On the way to the hospital
by using GPS system, and smart devices that monitor the traffic the ambulance will calculate the
optimum route and will arrive much faster at the hospital and the doctor will handle the patient having
the accident data, the medical history of the patient.
Figure 7 : http://www.libelium.com/wp-
content/themes/libelium/images/content/applications/libelium_smart_world_infographic_big.png
Either we like it or not we will be surrounded by the Internet of Things in many aspect of our life, on our
home, our work, our school, on the streets everywhere…which triggersthe section about personal
security and privacy

10. 6.References
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