Devices in a beacon-enabled network use slotted CSMA/CA to contend for channel usage. Each node in the
network competes for the channels when ready to transmit data. The slotted CSMA/CA mechanism based
on the super-frame structure fairly provides communication chance for each node and makes a reasonable
usage of the available energy in beacon-enabled Zigbee networks. When wireless nano-sensor nodes are
implanted into the target human body area for detecting disease symptoms or virus existence, each node
also requires a similar characteristic in channel sharing and in the transmission of event-driven data with
a short length. In this paper, we suggest a wireless network model with nano-sensor nodes for the in-body
application. We propose a novel MAC protocol derived from an existing Zigbee MAC protocol scheme and
analyze the performance of energy usage with variable super-frame durations and packet sizes.
THE UWB SOLUTION FOR MULTIMEDIA TRAFFIC IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSijwmn
Several researches are focused on the QoS (Quality of Service) and Energy consumption in wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks. Those research projects invest in theory and practice in order to extend the spectrum of use of norms, standards and technologies which are emerged in wireless communications.
The performance of these technologies is strongly related to domains of use and limitations of their characteristics. In this paper, we give a comparison of ZigBee technology, most widely used in sensor networks, and UWB (Ultra Wide Band) which presents itself as competitor that present in these work better results for audiovisual applications with medium-range and high throughput.
ADAPTIVE SENSOR SENSING RANGE TO MAXIMISE LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK IJCNCJournal
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is commonly used to collect information from a remote area and one of the most important challenges associated with WSN is to monitor all targets in a given area while maximizing network lifetime. In wireless communication, energy consumption is proportional to the breadth of sensing range and path loss exponent. Hence, the energy consumption of communication can be minimized by varying the sensing range and decreasing the number of messages being sent. Sensing energy can be optimized by reducing the repeated coverage target. In this paper, an Adaptive Sensor Sensing Range (ASSR) technique is proposed to maximize the WSN Lifetime. This work considers a sensor network with an adaptive sensing range that are randomly deployed in the monitoring area. The sensor is adaptive in nature and can be modified in order to save power while achieving maximum time of monitoring to increase the lifetime of WSN network. The objective of ASSR is to find the best sensing range for each sensor to cover all targets in the network, which yields maximize the time of monitoring of all targets and eliminating double sensing for the same target. Experiments were conducted using an NS3 simulator to verify our proposed technique. Results show that ASSR is capable to improve the network lifetime by 20% as compared to other recent techniques in the case of a small network while achieving an 8% improvement for the case of a large networks.
we find out various power aware and data packet rate control with-collision-avoidance (CSMA/CA)-based ad hoc wireless network communication. And identifies that CSMA
ADAPTIVE RANDOM SPATIAL BASED CHANNEL ESTIMATION (ARSCE) FOR MILLIMETER WAVE ...IJCNCJournal
Millimeter-wave and mMIMO communications are the most essential success systems for next-generation wireless sensor networks to have enormous amounts of accessible throughput and spectrum. Through installing huge antenna arrays at the base station and performing coherent transceiver processing, mMIMO is a potential technology for enhancing the bandwidth efficiency of wireless sensor networks. The use of mmWave frequencies for mMIMO systems solves the problem of high path-loss through offering greater antenna gains. In this work, we provide a design with a random spatial sample structure that incorporates a totally random step before the analogue is received. It contains a totally random step before the analogue received signals are sent into the digital component of the HBF receiver. Adaptive random spatial based channel estimation (ARSCE) is proposed for channel session measurement collection, and an analogue combiner with valves has been used to estimate the signals at each receiving antenna. The proposed optimization problem formulation attempts to discover the orientations and gains of wideband channel routes. In addition, our proposed model has compared to various state-of-art techniques while considering error minimization.
THE UWB SOLUTION FOR MULTIMEDIA TRAFFIC IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSijwmn
Several researches are focused on the QoS (Quality of Service) and Energy consumption in wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks. Those research projects invest in theory and practice in order to extend the spectrum of use of norms, standards and technologies which are emerged in wireless communications.
The performance of these technologies is strongly related to domains of use and limitations of their characteristics. In this paper, we give a comparison of ZigBee technology, most widely used in sensor networks, and UWB (Ultra Wide Band) which presents itself as competitor that present in these work better results for audiovisual applications with medium-range and high throughput.
ADAPTIVE SENSOR SENSING RANGE TO MAXIMISE LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK IJCNCJournal
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is commonly used to collect information from a remote area and one of the most important challenges associated with WSN is to monitor all targets in a given area while maximizing network lifetime. In wireless communication, energy consumption is proportional to the breadth of sensing range and path loss exponent. Hence, the energy consumption of communication can be minimized by varying the sensing range and decreasing the number of messages being sent. Sensing energy can be optimized by reducing the repeated coverage target. In this paper, an Adaptive Sensor Sensing Range (ASSR) technique is proposed to maximize the WSN Lifetime. This work considers a sensor network with an adaptive sensing range that are randomly deployed in the monitoring area. The sensor is adaptive in nature and can be modified in order to save power while achieving maximum time of monitoring to increase the lifetime of WSN network. The objective of ASSR is to find the best sensing range for each sensor to cover all targets in the network, which yields maximize the time of monitoring of all targets and eliminating double sensing for the same target. Experiments were conducted using an NS3 simulator to verify our proposed technique. Results show that ASSR is capable to improve the network lifetime by 20% as compared to other recent techniques in the case of a small network while achieving an 8% improvement for the case of a large networks.
we find out various power aware and data packet rate control with-collision-avoidance (CSMA/CA)-based ad hoc wireless network communication. And identifies that CSMA
ADAPTIVE RANDOM SPATIAL BASED CHANNEL ESTIMATION (ARSCE) FOR MILLIMETER WAVE ...IJCNCJournal
Millimeter-wave and mMIMO communications are the most essential success systems for next-generation wireless sensor networks to have enormous amounts of accessible throughput and spectrum. Through installing huge antenna arrays at the base station and performing coherent transceiver processing, mMIMO is a potential technology for enhancing the bandwidth efficiency of wireless sensor networks. The use of mmWave frequencies for mMIMO systems solves the problem of high path-loss through offering greater antenna gains. In this work, we provide a design with a random spatial sample structure that incorporates a totally random step before the analogue is received. It contains a totally random step before the analogue received signals are sent into the digital component of the HBF receiver. Adaptive random spatial based channel estimation (ARSCE) is proposed for channel session measurement collection, and an analogue combiner with valves has been used to estimate the signals at each receiving antenna. The proposed optimization problem formulation attempts to discover the orientations and gains of wideband channel routes. In addition, our proposed model has compared to various state-of-art techniques while considering error minimization.
Investigation of Clock Synchronization Techniques and its Performance Impact ...ijctet
Mobile ad hoc Network (MANET) is an assortment of mobile nodes that area unit needed to transmit packets on behalf of every alternative. The mobile nodes maintain the topology data during a dynamic network among a selected vary. All nodes should remember of its neighbors that area unit directly approachable. The every node in network maintained next hop data of close neighbor nodes. The routing protocols area unit routed knowledge packets in between sender and receiver during a specific time instant. The time synchronization is maintained the communication clock cycle between the nodes. Time synchronization is an important element of a MANET. Time synchronization during a network aims at providing a typical duration for local clocks of nodes within the network. Since all hardware clocks area unit imperfect, local clocks of nodes could alienate from one another in time, thus determined time or durations of your
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
A CELLULAR BONDING AND ADAPTIVE LOAD BALANCING BASED MULTI-SIM GATEWAY FOR MO...pijans
As it is well known, the QoS(quality of service) provided by mobile Internet access point devices is far from
the QoS level offered by the common ADSL modem-router due to several reasons: in fact, mobile Internet
access networks are not designed to support real-time data traffic because of several drawbacks
concerning the wireless medium such as resource sharing, traffic congestion, radio link coverage etc.,
which impact directly such parameters as delay, jitter, and packet loss rate that are strictly connected to
the quality of user experience. The main scope of the present paper is to introduce a dual USIM HSPA
gateway for ad hoc and sensors networks thanks to which it will be possible to guarantee a QoS suitable
for a series of network-centric application such as real-time communications and monitoring, video
surveillance, real-time sensor networks, telemedicine, vehicular and mobile sensor networks and so on. The
main idea is to exploit multiple radio access networks in order to enhance the available end-to-end
bandwidth and the perceived quality of experience. The scope has been reached by combining multiple
radio access with dynamic load balancing and the VPN (virtual private network) bond technique.
Performance Analysis of Energy Optimized LTE-V2X Networks for Delay Sensitive...IJCNCJournal
Energy-efficient relaying technology in multi-hop data transmission can help the challenges faced in cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (cellular-V2X) communication. However, due to high demand of emergency service requirements of the systems such as Public Protection and Disaster Relief (PPDR), National Security and Public Safety (NSPS), Intelligent Transport System (ITS) etc., least energy consumed user equipment (UEs)/Vehicular-UEs are required which can either run real-time applications or relay the application data. To support these scenarios, we present a high way based system model in rural area and enhance its scope for applying single-hop direct, relay assisted multi-hop cellular-V2X and Store-CarryForward (SCF) modes of uplink data transmission. We compare the performance of three modes of transmissions in terms of overall energy consumption and overall transmission delay with specific delay constraints of VoIP and video applications. With the varying cell radius and irrespective type of applications, our numerical results, validated with ns-3 show that, least energy is always consumed in SCF mode due to its inherent property but applications suffer a lot due to high delay incurred whereas singlehop direct mode shows the reverse. When compared with cellular-V2X mode, overall transmission delay for single-hop direct mode is acceptable within cell radius 600m but beyond that, relay assisted multi-hop cellular-V2X mode always outperforms (with low latency and moderate energy consumption).
Energy-efficient MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: a surveyTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
MAC Protocols enables sensor nodes of the same WSN to access a common shared
communication channel. Many researchers have proposed different solutions explaining how to design and
implement these protocols. The main goal of most MACs protocols is how to prolong lifetime of the WSN
as long as possible by reducing energy consumption since it is often impossible to change or to recharge
sensors’ batteries. The majority of these protocols designed for WSN are based on “duty-cycle” technique.
Every node of the WSN operates on two periods: active period and sleep period to save energy. Until now
(to our knowledge) there is no ideal protocol for this purpose. The main reason relies on the lack of
standardization at lower layers (physical layer) and (physical) sensor hardware. Therefore, the MAC
protocol choice remains application-dependent. A useful MAC protocol should be able to adapt to network
changes (topology, nodes density and network size). This paper surveys MAC protocols for WSNs and
discusses the main characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of currently popular protocols.
A DDRESSING T HE M ULTICHANNEL S ELECTION , S CHEDULING A ND C OORDINATION...pijans
We discuss a new multichannel coordination and sche
duling challenge called the Multichannel Scheduling
Cost (MSC). It is caused by the inability of the co
ntrol channel to schedule simultaneous transmission
s
resulting in data channels lying idle and their ban
dwidth underutilized. As a result, wasted bandwidth
increases as the number of data channels increases.
To address this challenge, a cyclic scheduling
Algorithm (CSA) is proposed. It employs one dedicat
ed signaling channel and 4 data channels. It is
premised on a proactive channel reservation scheme
which reduces the idleness of channels. The scheme
ensures that data channels are reserved while they
are still busy. The data channels are reserved whil
e
their remaining transmission duration is equal to t
he virtual carrier sensing duration. This gives the
next
pair sufficient time to reserve the current data ch
annel before it becomes available, limiting the MSC
to the
first cycle. The simulation results show a performa
nce benefit of the CSA scheme in addressing the eff
ects
of the MSC
A small vessel detection using a co-located multi-frequency FMCW MIMO radar IJECEIAES
Small vessels detection is a known issue due to its low radar cross section (RCS). An existing shore-based vessel tracking radar is for long-distance commercial vessels detection. Meanwhile, a vessel-mounted radar system known for its reliability has a limitation due to its single radar coverage. The paper presented a co-located frequency modulated continuous waveform (FMCW) maritime radar for small vessel detection utilising a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration. The radar behaviour is numerically simulated for detecting a Swerling 1 target which resembles small maritime’s vessels. The simulated MIMO configuration comprised two transmitting and receiving nodes. The proposal is to utilize a multi-frequency FMCW MIMO configuration in a maritime environment by applying the spectrum averaging (SA) to fuse MIMO received signals for range and velocity estimation. The analysis was summarised and displayed in terms of estimation error performance, probability of error and average error. The simulation outcomes an improvement of 2.2 dB for a static target, and 0.1 dB for a moving target, in resulting the 20% probability of range error with the MIMO setup. A moving vessel's effect was observed to degrade the range error estimation performance between 0.6 to 2.7 dB. Meanwhile, the proposed method was proven to improve the 20% probability of velocity error by 1.75 dB. The impact of multi-frequency MIMO was also observed to produce better average error performance.
Comparative Performance Assessment of V-Blast Encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA Wirele...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN
channel and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF VBLAST ENCODED 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA WIRELES...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN channel
and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
Performance analysis of multilayer multicast MANET CRN based on steiner minim...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, the multicast mobile ad hoc (MANET) CRN has been developed, which involves multi-hop and multilayer consideration and Steiner minimal tree (SMT) algorithm is employed as the router protocol. To enhance the network performance with regards to throughput and packet delivery rate (PDR), as channel assignment scheme, the probability of success (POS) is employed that accounts for the channel availability and the time needed for transmission when selecting the best channel from the numerous available channels for data transmission from the source to all destinations nodes effectively. Within Rayleigh fading channels under various network parameters, a comparison is done for the performance of SMT multicast (MANET) CRN with POS scheme versus maximum data rate (MDR), maximum average spectrum availability (MASA) and random channel assignment schemes. Based on the simulation results, the SMT multicast (MANET) CRN with POS scheme was seen to demonstrate the best performance versus other schemes. Also, the results proved that the throughput and PDR performance are improved as the number the primary channels and the channel’s bandwidth increased while dropped as the value of packet size D increased. The network’s performance grew with rise in the value of idle probability (푃퐼) since the primary user’s (PU) traffic load is low when the value of 푃퐼 is high.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CHANNEL ACCESS MODEL FOR MAC IN RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED ...IJCNCJournal
Medium Access control (MAC) is one of the fundamental problems in wireless sensor networks. The performance of wireless sensor network depends on it. The main objective of a medium access control method is to provide high throughput, minimize the delay, and conservers the energy consumption by avoiding the collisions. In this paper, a general model for MAC protocol to reduce the delay, maximize throughput and conserve the energy consumption in channel accessing in high density randomly distributed wireless sensor network is presented. The proposed model is simulated using MATLAB. The simulation results show that the average delay for sensors with sufficient memory is lower than sensors without
memory. Further, the throughput of the channel access method with memory is better than without memory.
Impulse Radio Ultra WideBand (IR-UWB) commu- nication has proven to be an important
technique for supporting high-rate, short-range, and low-power communication. In this paper, using
detailed models of typical IR-UWB transmitter and receiver structures, we model the energy
consumption per information bit in a single linkof an IR-UWB system, considering packet overhead,
retransmissions, and a Nakagami-m fading channel. Using this model, we minimize the energy
consumption per information bit by finding the optimum packet length and the optimum number of
RAKE fingers at the receiver for different transmission distances, using Differential Phase-shift keying
(DBPSK), Differential Pulse-position Modulation (DPPM) and On-off Keying (OOK), with coherent
and non-coherent detection. The increasing demand for wireless communication introduces efficient
spectrum utilization challenge. To address this challenge, cognitive radio (CR) is emerged as the key
technology; which enables opportunistic access to the spectrum. CR is a form of wireless
communication in which a transceiver can intelligently detect which communication channels are in
use and which are not, and instantly move into vacant channels while avoiding occupied ones..
Optimization of Transmission Schemes in Energy-Constrained Wireless Sensor Ne...IJEEE
This paper reviews medium access control
(MAC) in wireless sensor network (WSN),and different
management methods to save energy.MAC protocol
controls how sensors access a shared radio channel to
communicate with neighbours.
Investigation of Clock Synchronization Techniques and its Performance Impact ...ijctet
Mobile ad hoc Network (MANET) is an assortment of mobile nodes that area unit needed to transmit packets on behalf of every alternative. The mobile nodes maintain the topology data during a dynamic network among a selected vary. All nodes should remember of its neighbors that area unit directly approachable. The every node in network maintained next hop data of close neighbor nodes. The routing protocols area unit routed knowledge packets in between sender and receiver during a specific time instant. The time synchronization is maintained the communication clock cycle between the nodes. Time synchronization is an important element of a MANET. Time synchronization during a network aims at providing a typical duration for local clocks of nodes within the network. Since all hardware clocks area unit imperfect, local clocks of nodes could alienate from one another in time, thus determined time or durations of your
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
A CELLULAR BONDING AND ADAPTIVE LOAD BALANCING BASED MULTI-SIM GATEWAY FOR MO...pijans
As it is well known, the QoS(quality of service) provided by mobile Internet access point devices is far from
the QoS level offered by the common ADSL modem-router due to several reasons: in fact, mobile Internet
access networks are not designed to support real-time data traffic because of several drawbacks
concerning the wireless medium such as resource sharing, traffic congestion, radio link coverage etc.,
which impact directly such parameters as delay, jitter, and packet loss rate that are strictly connected to
the quality of user experience. The main scope of the present paper is to introduce a dual USIM HSPA
gateway for ad hoc and sensors networks thanks to which it will be possible to guarantee a QoS suitable
for a series of network-centric application such as real-time communications and monitoring, video
surveillance, real-time sensor networks, telemedicine, vehicular and mobile sensor networks and so on. The
main idea is to exploit multiple radio access networks in order to enhance the available end-to-end
bandwidth and the perceived quality of experience. The scope has been reached by combining multiple
radio access with dynamic load balancing and the VPN (virtual private network) bond technique.
Performance Analysis of Energy Optimized LTE-V2X Networks for Delay Sensitive...IJCNCJournal
Energy-efficient relaying technology in multi-hop data transmission can help the challenges faced in cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (cellular-V2X) communication. However, due to high demand of emergency service requirements of the systems such as Public Protection and Disaster Relief (PPDR), National Security and Public Safety (NSPS), Intelligent Transport System (ITS) etc., least energy consumed user equipment (UEs)/Vehicular-UEs are required which can either run real-time applications or relay the application data. To support these scenarios, we present a high way based system model in rural area and enhance its scope for applying single-hop direct, relay assisted multi-hop cellular-V2X and Store-CarryForward (SCF) modes of uplink data transmission. We compare the performance of three modes of transmissions in terms of overall energy consumption and overall transmission delay with specific delay constraints of VoIP and video applications. With the varying cell radius and irrespective type of applications, our numerical results, validated with ns-3 show that, least energy is always consumed in SCF mode due to its inherent property but applications suffer a lot due to high delay incurred whereas singlehop direct mode shows the reverse. When compared with cellular-V2X mode, overall transmission delay for single-hop direct mode is acceptable within cell radius 600m but beyond that, relay assisted multi-hop cellular-V2X mode always outperforms (with low latency and moderate energy consumption).
Energy-efficient MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: a surveyTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
MAC Protocols enables sensor nodes of the same WSN to access a common shared
communication channel. Many researchers have proposed different solutions explaining how to design and
implement these protocols. The main goal of most MACs protocols is how to prolong lifetime of the WSN
as long as possible by reducing energy consumption since it is often impossible to change or to recharge
sensors’ batteries. The majority of these protocols designed for WSN are based on “duty-cycle” technique.
Every node of the WSN operates on two periods: active period and sleep period to save energy. Until now
(to our knowledge) there is no ideal protocol for this purpose. The main reason relies on the lack of
standardization at lower layers (physical layer) and (physical) sensor hardware. Therefore, the MAC
protocol choice remains application-dependent. A useful MAC protocol should be able to adapt to network
changes (topology, nodes density and network size). This paper surveys MAC protocols for WSNs and
discusses the main characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of currently popular protocols.
A DDRESSING T HE M ULTICHANNEL S ELECTION , S CHEDULING A ND C OORDINATION...pijans
We discuss a new multichannel coordination and sche
duling challenge called the Multichannel Scheduling
Cost (MSC). It is caused by the inability of the co
ntrol channel to schedule simultaneous transmission
s
resulting in data channels lying idle and their ban
dwidth underutilized. As a result, wasted bandwidth
increases as the number of data channels increases.
To address this challenge, a cyclic scheduling
Algorithm (CSA) is proposed. It employs one dedicat
ed signaling channel and 4 data channels. It is
premised on a proactive channel reservation scheme
which reduces the idleness of channels. The scheme
ensures that data channels are reserved while they
are still busy. The data channels are reserved whil
e
their remaining transmission duration is equal to t
he virtual carrier sensing duration. This gives the
next
pair sufficient time to reserve the current data ch
annel before it becomes available, limiting the MSC
to the
first cycle. The simulation results show a performa
nce benefit of the CSA scheme in addressing the eff
ects
of the MSC
A small vessel detection using a co-located multi-frequency FMCW MIMO radar IJECEIAES
Small vessels detection is a known issue due to its low radar cross section (RCS). An existing shore-based vessel tracking radar is for long-distance commercial vessels detection. Meanwhile, a vessel-mounted radar system known for its reliability has a limitation due to its single radar coverage. The paper presented a co-located frequency modulated continuous waveform (FMCW) maritime radar for small vessel detection utilising a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration. The radar behaviour is numerically simulated for detecting a Swerling 1 target which resembles small maritime’s vessels. The simulated MIMO configuration comprised two transmitting and receiving nodes. The proposal is to utilize a multi-frequency FMCW MIMO configuration in a maritime environment by applying the spectrum averaging (SA) to fuse MIMO received signals for range and velocity estimation. The analysis was summarised and displayed in terms of estimation error performance, probability of error and average error. The simulation outcomes an improvement of 2.2 dB for a static target, and 0.1 dB for a moving target, in resulting the 20% probability of range error with the MIMO setup. A moving vessel's effect was observed to degrade the range error estimation performance between 0.6 to 2.7 dB. Meanwhile, the proposed method was proven to improve the 20% probability of velocity error by 1.75 dB. The impact of multi-frequency MIMO was also observed to produce better average error performance.
Comparative Performance Assessment of V-Blast Encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA Wirele...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN
channel and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF VBLAST ENCODED 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA WIRELES...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN channel
and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
Performance analysis of multilayer multicast MANET CRN based on steiner minim...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, the multicast mobile ad hoc (MANET) CRN has been developed, which involves multi-hop and multilayer consideration and Steiner minimal tree (SMT) algorithm is employed as the router protocol. To enhance the network performance with regards to throughput and packet delivery rate (PDR), as channel assignment scheme, the probability of success (POS) is employed that accounts for the channel availability and the time needed for transmission when selecting the best channel from the numerous available channels for data transmission from the source to all destinations nodes effectively. Within Rayleigh fading channels under various network parameters, a comparison is done for the performance of SMT multicast (MANET) CRN with POS scheme versus maximum data rate (MDR), maximum average spectrum availability (MASA) and random channel assignment schemes. Based on the simulation results, the SMT multicast (MANET) CRN with POS scheme was seen to demonstrate the best performance versus other schemes. Also, the results proved that the throughput and PDR performance are improved as the number the primary channels and the channel’s bandwidth increased while dropped as the value of packet size D increased. The network’s performance grew with rise in the value of idle probability (푃퐼) since the primary user’s (PU) traffic load is low when the value of 푃퐼 is high.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CHANNEL ACCESS MODEL FOR MAC IN RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED ...IJCNCJournal
Medium Access control (MAC) is one of the fundamental problems in wireless sensor networks. The performance of wireless sensor network depends on it. The main objective of a medium access control method is to provide high throughput, minimize the delay, and conservers the energy consumption by avoiding the collisions. In this paper, a general model for MAC protocol to reduce the delay, maximize throughput and conserve the energy consumption in channel accessing in high density randomly distributed wireless sensor network is presented. The proposed model is simulated using MATLAB. The simulation results show that the average delay for sensors with sufficient memory is lower than sensors without
memory. Further, the throughput of the channel access method with memory is better than without memory.
Impulse Radio Ultra WideBand (IR-UWB) commu- nication has proven to be an important
technique for supporting high-rate, short-range, and low-power communication. In this paper, using
detailed models of typical IR-UWB transmitter and receiver structures, we model the energy
consumption per information bit in a single linkof an IR-UWB system, considering packet overhead,
retransmissions, and a Nakagami-m fading channel. Using this model, we minimize the energy
consumption per information bit by finding the optimum packet length and the optimum number of
RAKE fingers at the receiver for different transmission distances, using Differential Phase-shift keying
(DBPSK), Differential Pulse-position Modulation (DPPM) and On-off Keying (OOK), with coherent
and non-coherent detection. The increasing demand for wireless communication introduces efficient
spectrum utilization challenge. To address this challenge, cognitive radio (CR) is emerged as the key
technology; which enables opportunistic access to the spectrum. CR is a form of wireless
communication in which a transceiver can intelligently detect which communication channels are in
use and which are not, and instantly move into vacant channels while avoiding occupied ones..
Optimization of Transmission Schemes in Energy-Constrained Wireless Sensor Ne...IJEEE
This paper reviews medium access control
(MAC) in wireless sensor network (WSN),and different
management methods to save energy.MAC protocol
controls how sensors access a shared radio channel to
communicate with neighbours.
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SLOTTED CSMA/CA BASED ENERGY EFFICIENT MAC PROTOCOL DESIGN IN NANONETWORKS
1. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 10, No. 1, February 2018
DOI: 10.5121/ijwmn.2018.10101 1
SLOTTED CSMA/CA BASED ENERGY EFFICIENT MAC
PROTOCOL DESIGN IN NANONETWORKS
Suk Jin Lee1
, Hongsik Choi2
, and Sungun Kim3
1
TSYS School of Computer Science, Columbus State University, Columbus, USA
2
Information Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, USA
3
Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Pukyong National University,
Busan, South Korea
ABSTRACT
Devices in a beacon-enabled network use slotted CSMA/CA to contend for channel usage. Each node in the
network competes for the channels when ready to transmit data. The slotted CSMA/CA mechanism based
on the super-frame structure fairly provides communication chance for each node and makes a reasonable
usage of the available energy in beacon-enabled Zigbee networks. When wireless nano-sensor nodes are
implanted into the target human body area for detecting disease symptoms or virus existence, each node
also requires a similar characteristic in channel sharing and in the transmission of event-driven data with
a short length. In this paper, we suggest a wireless network model with nano-sensor nodes for the in-body
application. We propose a novel MAC protocol derived from an existing Zigbee MAC protocol scheme and
analyze the performance of energy usage with variable super-frame durations and packet sizes.
KEYWORDS
Slotted CSMA/CA, Energy efficient MAC protocol, Beacon-enabled Zigbee super-frame, Wireless nano-
sensor network, In-body application
1. INTRODUCTION
The transition from the Internet of Things, IoT, to the Internet of Nano-Things, IoNT, stems from
technological advancements of nano-metric devices based on nanoscale ElectroMagnetic, EM,
communication in the THz band. As a paradigm-shifting concept in communication and network
technologies, the IoNT promises to make emerging applications in Information Technology
possible, applications in in-body sensors and actuator networks, environmental control of toxic
agents and pollution, precise quality control of mechanical material production, and military
fields [1][2][3][4].
Nanonetworks of nano-metric devices equipped with sensing and EM nano communication
capabilities confine their target area within at most a few millimeters [5]. Even though graphene-
based nano-antennas can be integrated into wireless nano-sensors and can support massive data
exchanges in extremely high data transmission rates (i.e. Tbps) [11], there are still challenges to
realize the IoNT [3]. For example, there is the possibility of the potential collisions in the shared
wireless channel when the data are collected by nano-nodes which have limited power
capabilities. This limitation causes nanonetworks to require a robust communication platform to
guarantee an efficient TDMA energy aware MAC layer protocol [6]. Present fairly in
communication chances for each nano-node, it requires a new MAC protocol which should be
simple and energy-constrained.
2. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 10, No. 1, February 2018
2
In this paper, we propose a novel MAC protocol derived from an existing Zigbee MAC protocol
for Low-Rate Personal Area Networks [7]. Actually, in a beacon-enabled Zigbee network, the
MAC layer uses simple slotted CSMA/CA mechanism to contend for shared channels and to
reasonably use the available energy.
In the following section, we explain related works including the application model, MAC
protocol, and communication channel, which are useful for the suggested nanonetwork’s
applications. Second, the application model and the proposed MAC protocol are described. Third,
we evaluate the proposed MAC protocol derived from the slotted CSMA/CA mechanism and
compare the performance with Round Robin (RR) method. Finally, we conclude the paper.
2. RELATED WORKS
2.1. Nanonetwork Application Model
Nanonetworks are supposed to have a high number of nano-sensor nodes that are required to
maintain the network connectivity for their applications, such as applications in in-body sensing,
environmental control of toxic agents and pollution, or precise quality control of mechanical
material production, and military fields. And nanonetworks of nano-metric devices equipped with
sensing and EM nano communication capabilities limit their target area within at most a few
millimeters [5].
Figure 1 depicts a simple application model of wireless nanonetworks, where our MAC protocol
can be designed. The network can be composed of nano-sensor nodes, nano-micro interfaces, and
a gateway regardless of any specific applications. Nano-sensor nodes are implanted into the target
area for detecting specific problems (i.e., symptoms, defects, or pollutions). Each nano-sensor
node will perform computations with a limited memory, and transmit small data to its master
sensor node (for example, nano-coordinator) over a short range. The gateway (i.e. micro scale
device) makes it possible to remotely control the entire network over the Internet.
Figure 1. Application model of wireless nanonetworks
2.2. MAC AND ZIGBEE’S CHANNEL ACCESS MECHANISM
EM-based nano-communication network issues include the following research domains;
architectures and systems for nano-communications, information theory aspects of nano-
communications, communication protocols for nanonetworks or nano-sensor networks, nano-
3. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 10, No. 1, February 2018
3
addressing and nano-coding for communications, modeling and simulation of nanonetworks, and
realization of nano-applications [1][2][3][4][5][6]. In this paper, we concentrate on the domain of
energy efficient MAC protocol design derived from an existing Zigbee MAC protocol for Low-
Rate Personal Area Networks [7].
The nano-sensors, equipped with graphene-based nano-patch antennas, make the implementation
of nano EM communications possible [8]. EM communication waves propagating in graphene-
based antenna have a lower propagation speed than those propagating in metallic antenna.
Nevertheless, Gbps channel capacity is available by radiating EM waves in THz frequency range.
However, our suggested model for IoNT application probably does not need such a high channel
capacity. With the assumption that each nano-sensor node widely dispersed in the target body
area has just a role to catch specific problem only, we need to have a simple MAC protocol to
communicate between nano-nodes. However, the protocol should provide a robust
communication platform that guarantees the efficient TDMA energy aware MAC layer
mechanism since there will be possible collisions in the shared wireless channel and the sensor
nodes have a limited power (or capacity of power).
For the MAC access control among nano-nodes in a wireless electromagnetic nanonetwork, X-
MAC was proposed by employing a shortened preamble approach that retains the advantages of
low power listening, namely low power communication, simplicity and a decoupling of
transmitter and receiver sleep schedules [9]. RIH-MAC is developed based on distributed and
probabilistic schemes to create a scalable solution, which minimizes collisions and maximizes the
utilization of harvested energy [10].
However, in the case of an expectedly very large number of wireless nano-sensors sharing the
same channel with a very short size of data transmission (i.e., event-driven based), it is necessary
to develop a new MAC protocol which has to make a reasonable usage of the available energy,
and has to be simple and energy-constrained, but to fairly provide communication chance for each
node. For example, nano-sensors proposed in the literature are expected to store around 800-900
of picoJoule [11] when they are fully charged. This could last for only few transmission rounds.
Once the battery is drained, it might need to be recharged, for example with like piezoelectric
nano-generators [12].
ZigBee is a wireless technology developed to address the needs of low-cost, low-power wireless
M2M (Machine to Machine) networks and operates in unlicensed bands including 2.4 GHz, 900
MHz and 868 MHz [7]. In the star topology, the communication is established between devices
and a single central controller, called the WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) coordinator.
All devices operating on a network have unique 64 bit extended address, which can be exchanged
for a short address allocated by the PAN coordinator when the device associates.
In ZigBee, the super-frame structure is an optional part of a WPAN, which has the time duration
between two consecutive beacons. The super-frame duration is divided into 16 concurrent slots.
The beacon is transmitted in the first slot. The remaining part of the super-frame duration can be
described by the terms, CAP (Contention Access Period), CFP (Contention Free Period), and
Inactive period. In a beacon-enabled network, devices use slotted CSMA/CA to contend for the
channel usage. Each node in the network when it is ready to transmit data (in event-driven
application) should compete for the channel. We note that a GTS (Guaranteed Time Slot) allows
a device to operate on the channel within a portion of the super-frame. But we exclude this
function because it is not needed for our event-driven application [7]. On the other hand, all
devices sleep in the inactive part of the super-frame. Therefore, the well adjustment of the two
parts (active and inactive) leads MAC channel access control to be more energy efficient for the
4. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 10, No. 1, February 2018
4
intended application. In this paper, we adapt this slotted CSMA/CA channel access mechanism to
our suggested application model.
2.3. TIME SPREAD ON-OFF KEYING
TS-OOK (Time Spread On-Off Keying) is a new communication technique based on the
asynchronous transmission of femtosecond-long pulses among nano-sensors [13]. In TS-OOK, a
single bit (logical 1 or 0) is transmitted by determining whether there exists a one-hundred-
femtosecond-long pulse or not. For example, a logical 1 is transmitted by sending the
femtosecond-long pulse, or a logical 0 is transmitted by remaining silent. Constant-length packets
and initial preambles for the announcement of a packet transmission are used to make distinction
between the silence transmission and no transmission. In TS-OOK, the pulse duration Tp is much
shorter than the inter-arrival time between symbols Ts that is fixed for the duration of a packet, so
that the receiver doesn’t need to keep sensing the channel after detection of the initial preamble.
In addition, the nano-sensors have the distinct symbol rate β = Ts/Tp for different types of packets,
considering the fact that the selection of optimal symbol rate βopt = Ts/Tp is still an open question
[10]. Accordingly, the frequency of symbol collisions of multiple sequences in a packet is
minimized [14].
TX1
TX2
TX3
0 5 10 15 20 25
RX
Sequence 110001
Sequence 100101
Sequence 101001
T1
prop
T2
prop
T3
prop
Tp
τ
2
τ1 T1
s
T2
s
T3
sτ
3
Figure 2. Exemplified TS-OOK
Figure 2 exemplifies TS-OOK with three transmitters and one receiver. Each nano-sensor intends
to transmit different sequences concurrently, i.e. the sequence 101001 from TX1, the sequence
110001 from TX2, and the sequence 100101 from TX3, to the same receiver RX. The transmitted
signals undergo the propagation delay Tprop and the molecular absorption noise. With the different
transmission time τ, propagation delay Tprop, and symbol rate β for each nano-sensor, the detected
signals do not overlap at the receiver side, as shown in the bottom of Figure 2. We adopt this
concept for our physical layer protocol concept.
5. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 10, No. 1, February 2018
5
3. NETWORK MODEL AND PROPOSED MAC PROTOCOL DESIGN
3.1. NETWORK MODEL
Initially, we assume that nano-sensor nodes combine to form a nanonetwork. Nano-sensor nodes
(with reduced function) are implanted into the target areas for detecting problems as intended
(i.e., symptoms, defects, or pollutions), performing computation with a limited memory, and
transmitting small data over a short range around 10mm, as shown in Figure 3. Whereas, the
coordinator node (nano-sensor node with full function) has relatively more computational
resources. Full function device acting as network coordinators will have the ability to send
beacons, and to offer synchronization, communication and network join services. The coordinator
node aggregates data from nano-sensor nodes (with reduced function) and sends simple data (e.g.
1 for problem detection or 0 for problem non-detection) to inform the existence of problems to
the nano-micro interface. On the other hand, reduced function device can only act as end devices
and are equipped with sensors and actuators, and may interact with a single coordinator only.
Figure 3. Network model with nano-sensor nodes and coordinator
In this paper, based on the super-frame structure given in Section 2.2, we adapt the slotted
CSMA/CA channel access mechanism to our suggesting MAC model for event-driven IoNT
applications. The adapted CSMA/CA channel access mechanism contributes to fairly provide
communication chance for each active node and make a reasonable usage of the available energy.
3.2. PROPOSED MAC PROTOCOL DESIGN
This protocol is designed in three procedures; association, data transfer and disassociation. The
association procedure explains that each nano-sensor becomes a member of a nanonetwork by
associating with its coordinator. After channel scanning, a nano-sensor sends out the association
request to the nano-coordinator using the channel available. The nano-coordinator responds to the
association request by appending nano-sensors’ addresses in beacon frames.
In a beacon-enabled network, there exist two types of data transfer procedure as shown in Figure
4. In the direct data transfer like Figure 4(a), a nano-sensor node finds the beacon to synchronize
to the super-frame structure, and then transmit its data using slotted CSMA/CA channel access
mechanism. On the other hand, the nano-coordinator indicates in the beacon that the data is
pending like Figure 4(b) in the case of the indirect data transfer. For example, each nano-sensor
node periodically listens to the beacon and transmits a MAC command request using slotted
CSMA/CA if necessary. In the disassociation procedure, a nano-sensor node withdraws its
membership by disassociating with its nano-coordinator.
6. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 10, No. 1, February 2018
6
Figure 4. Data transfer procedure; (a) direct data transfer from nano-sensor to nano-coordinator, and (b)
indirect data transfer from nano-coordinator to nano-sensor
Figure 5 represents the slot allocation procedure for the proposed slotted-CSMA/CA channel
access mechanism. In this protocol, all concurrent nano-sensor nodes are waiting for the next time
slot - once a given slot assigned. All nano-sensor nodes need to wait the beacon of the next super-
frame if all the time slots of the current super-frame are already assigned.
Figure 5. Slot allocation procedure for the suggested slotted-CSMA/CA channel access mechanism
The table 1 summarizes the assumed values for important terms employed for designing our
MAC protocol within the framework of the super-frame in a beacon-enabled nanonetwork.
7. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 10, No. 1, February 2018
7
Table 1. Compare the structure of super-frame.
We assumed the following propositions for the structure of the proposed super-frame; the data
frame is constructed by allocating a fixed-size MSDU (MAC layer Service Data Unit; 4 octets)
because it is supposed for nano-sensor nodes to exchange a very short size of simple data based
on event-driven. The beacon frame is constructed by a fixed-size MSDU, including super-frame
specification (2 octets), pending address specification (1 octet), and address list (30 octets). The
designed super-frame adopts to form a 16-bit address field, i.e. up to 216
= 65536 nano-sensor
nodes, so that it can allocate at most 15 concurrent slots during the contention access period. The
MAC command frame can control association and disassociation procedure with a fixed-size
MSDU (4 octets).
4. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
4.1. ENERGY CONSUMPTIONS AND ENERGY HARVESTING MODEL
Nano-sensor nodes operating in the THz frequency consume low energy, whereas they maintain
connectivity among nodes in the nano to millimeter communication range. Each nano-sensor
node communicates with other nodes using a femtosecond-long pulse-based modulation, TS-
OOK, in nanonetworks [13] [14]. Typically, the length of the pulse duration Tp is much shorter
than the inter-arrival time between symbols Ts. For considering a TS-OOK modulation scheme,
we defined the length of the pulse duration Tp with 100 fs, the inter-arrival time between symbols
with 100 ps, and the transmission range with 10 mm. We assume that the energy required to
transmit and receive a pulse is equal to 1 pJ (Etx
pulse) and 0.1 pJ (Erx
pulse), by considering ultra-low
power transceivers [11][15]. The energy required handling a packet transmission and reception
with k bits is given by [15]:
Etx
(k) = k × w × Etx
pulse (1)
Erx
(k) = k × Erx
pulse = k × Etx
pulse/10 (2)
where the parameter w defines the probability to have a symbol 1. We assumed that the value of
w is set to 0.5 if all symbols are generated with equal probability.
Ultra-nanocapacitor accumulates up to 800 pJ of energy if the piezoelectric nanogenerators
realize the energy harvesting process. For common vibration sources, the time required to
recharge the 95% of the ultra-nanocapacitor is 49 seconds with 50 Hz cycle frequency (air
8. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 10, No. 1, February 2018
8
conditioning system) and 2419 seconds with 1 Hz cycle frequency (heartbeat) [11][15], as shown
in Figure 6.
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
Time [s]
Ecap
[pJ]
time = 2419stime = 49s
1 Hz cycle frequency (heartbeat)
50 Hz cycle frequency (air conditioning)
Figure 6. Accumulated energy of ultra-nanocapacitor with different cycle frequency over time
With the structure of super-frame in Table 1, and eq. (1) and (2), we can estimate energy
consumption of transmission and reception for each frame. As shown in Table 2, the nano-
coordinator consumes lots of energy to transmit the beacon frame rather than other frames.
Table 2. Estimated energy consumption for each assumed frame
4.2. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS WITH VARIABLE SUPER-FRAME DURATIONS
We analyze the performance of the energy usage based on the framework of Zigbee standard. We
change the duration of super-frames and assume that the super-frame is transmitted every 10
minutes. In the meanwhile, the nano-sensors and the nano-coordinator are able to recharge their
battery up to 299.43 pJ with the energy harvest function, as shown in Figure 6. The performance
is analyzed with the successful slot assigning rate of super-frame. If the nano-coordinator has
enough energy to send the beacon frame and communicate with the active nano-sensors without
draining its battery, then the super-frame is complete successfully; otherwise, the nano-
coordinator passes the current super-frame and starts to send the beacon frame for the next super-
frame. We assume that the nano-sensors and the nano-coordinator are fully charged at the
beginning of the simulation, and the nano-coordinator has twice as its conservative energy as the
regular nano-sensor.
As shown in Figure 7, we tested the performance with variable duration of super-frame. The
longer the duration of super-frame, the higher the successful slot assigning rate, because the ultra-
nanocapacitors are able to accumulate more energy with the extended duration. As we increased
the number of concurrent slots, the successful slot assigning rate of super-frame decreased,
because the nano-coordinator should consume more energy to communicate with additional nano-
sensor nodes.
9. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 10, No. 1, February 2018
9
0 5 10 15
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Successfulslotassigningrateofsuper-frame(%)
Total number of concurrent slots
2 minutes
4 minutes
6 minutes
8 minutes
10 minutes
12 minutes
Figure 7. Successful slot assigning rate of super-frame with variable super-frame durations
4.3. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS WITH VARIABLE PACKET SIZES
The performance is also analyzed with variable packet sizes. We reduced the original packet sizes
gradually up to 50 percentage and checked the successful slot assigning the rate of super-frame
for each duration.
0 5 10 15
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Successfulslotassigningrateofsuper-frame(%)
Total number of concurrent slots
100% Packet size
90% Packet size
80% Packet size
70% Packet size
60% Packet size
50% Packet size
(a) Duration of super-frame: 8 minutes
0 5 10 15
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Successfulslotassigningrateofsuper-frame(%)
Total number of concurrent slots
100% Packet size
90% Packet size
80% Packet size
70% Packet size
60% Packet size
50% Packet size
(b) Duration of super-frame: 10 minutes
10. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 10, No. 1, February 2018
10
0 5 10 15
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Successfulslotassigningrateofsuper-frame(%)
Total number of concurrent slots
100% Packet size
90% Packet size
80% Packet size
70% Packet size
60% Packet size
50% Packet size
(c) Duration of super-frame: 12 minutes
Figure 8. Successful slot assigning rate of super-frame with variable packet sizes
As shown in Figure 8, the successful slot assigning the rate of super-frame is gradually increased
as the packet size reduced. With the 50 percent reduced packet size and 12 minutes super-frame
duration, the successful slot assigning the rate of super-frame is up to 98 percent supporting 12
concurrent slots. These results also demonstrate that the duration of super-frame and the packet
size are predominant factors controlling the slotted CSMA/CA-based MAC Protocol.
4.4. SLOTTED CSMA/CA VS. ROUND ROBIN
We compared the possible slot usable rate for each super-frame between slotted CSMA/CA and
RR (Round Robin) methods. In the given nanonetwork topology, we gradually increased the slot
request rate that is the number of nano-sensor nodes to compete in a certain slot in order to send
the data concurrently. For example, five nano-sensor nodes compete in the first slot to send the
data in 5 percent of slot request rate. If there is a winner without collision in the slot, then the slot
is usable and the corresponding nano-sensor node can send the data using this slot; otherwise, the
slot is already used and then all requesting nano-sensor nodes start to compete in the next slot.
The total slot number is fifteen so that they keep repeating this competition 15 times until they
reach the last slot of super-frame.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
0
5
10
15
Slot request rate (%)
Slotusablerateforeachsuper-frame
Slotted CSMA/CA
Round Robin
Figure 9. Comparison of possible slot usable rate between slotted CSMA/CA and RR
As the slot requesting rate increased, the possible slot usable rate of RR method increased
linearly, whereas the possible slot usable rate of slotted CSMA/CA decreased. As shown in
11. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 10, No. 1, February 2018
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Figure 9, the slotted CSMA/CA method is superior to RR method in the event-driven application,
where the slot requesting rate is less than 18 percent.
5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
In this paper, we proposed a simple MAC protocol derived from the slotted CSMA/CA
mechanism (based on super-frame structure) to contend for channels and to make a reasonable
usage of the available energy. According to our simulation results in the aspect of energy
efficiency, we experienced that the longer the duration of super-frame, the higher the successful
slot assigning the rate for each super-frame. On the other hand, we noted that the successful slot
assigning rate of each super-frame decreased as the number of concurrent slots requesting nodes
increased. Moreover the successful slot assigning the rate of super-frame is gradually increased as
the packet size reduced. These results demonstrate that the duration of super-frame and the packet
size are predominant factors for controlling slotted CSMA/CA-based MAC protocol in our in-
body nanonetwork application. In the future, we need to verify the proposed conceptual protocol
model in the real environment to be used for the in-body application.
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Authors
Dr. Suk Jin Lee received the B.Eng. degree in Electronics Engineering and the M.Eng.
degree in Telematics Engineering from Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea, in
2003 and 2005, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical and Computer
Engineering from Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, in 2012. In
2007, he was a Visiting Research Scientist with the GW Center for Networks Research,
George Washington University, Washington, DC. Dr. Lee worked as a faculty member
in Computer Science at Texas A&M University – Texarkana for three years. He is
currently an Assistant Professor at the TSYS School of Computer Science at Columbus
State University, GA. His research interests include nano communication networks, network protocols,
neural network, target estimate, and classification.
Dr. Hongsik Choi received the Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from George
Washington University, Washington, DC, in 1996. He worked as a faculty member of
several universities including Hallym University, George Washington University,
Virginia Commonwealth University. He has been a member of Information Technology
Discipline faculty at the Georgia Gwinnet College, Lawrenceville, GA where he is
currently an Associate Professor.
Dr. Sungun Kim received his BS degree from Kyungpook National University, Korea,
in 1982 and his MS and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Paris
7, France, in 1990 and 1993, respectively. He joined Electronics and
Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI, Korea) in 1982 and then Korea Telecom
Research labs (KTRL) in 1985, where he has developed protocol testing systems for
LAN, BISDN, and Intelligent Network and developed also a protocol validation tool.
He has been conducting many international standardization activities in ITU-T SG7
(former) and SG15. Since 1995, he has been a professor in the Department of Information and
Communications Engineering, Pukyong National University, Korea. His research interests include protocol
engineering, MPLS, DWDM optical network, OTN (Optical Transport Network), wireless sensor networks
and network algorithms.