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Ethyl chloride is a colorless, flammable gas or refrigerated liquid with a faintly sweet odor. Its chemical formula is C2H5Cl. It should be stored in a cool place below 120°F and away from fire or flames. Ethyl chloride is produced through the hydrochlorination of ethylene and was formerly used as a refrigerant, aerosol propellant, and anesthetic. Its only major current use is in treating cellulose to make ethylcellulose.
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This document provides information about retrosynthetic analysis and examples. It begins with definitions of key terms used in retrosynthesis such as target molecule, retrosynthetic analysis, starting material, disconnection, and synthon. Examples of retrosynthesis shown include clopidogrel, ticlodipine, and chloroquine. Common disconnections seen are loss of water/acid equivalents and breaking carbon-carbon or carbon-nitrogen bonds. Functional groups are often added or changed at early stages to introduce needed reactivity.
PHAY0006 Chemical Synthesis workshop (2).pdf
This document summarizes the key steps in a chemical synthesis workshop, including forward synthesis reactions such as converting a halide to an alcohol, primary amine, or secondary/tertiary amine. It also covers retrosynthesis techniques like disconnecting molecules in 1 or 2 steps to outline possible synthesis routes, and examples of retrosynthesizing specific compounds like chloroquine and a fexofenadine analogue. The document emphasizes planning synthesis routes strategically and calculating overall yields from multiple steps.
26426-F22-Wk 2 Lecture - Receptors (2).pdf
This document outlines the course for an introduction to medicinal chemistry. It covers 13 lectures over drug targets like proteins, enzymes, and receptors. Specific topics include ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, molecular interactions, drug development, screening methods, and specific drug classes like antivirals and anti-cancer drugs. Each lecture is led by either Sophie R. Beeren or Luca Laraia and corresponds to chapters in the textbook.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF PURINES & PYRIMIDINES.pptx
Purines and pyrimidines are biologically synthesized as nucleotides and ribosides which are the bases attached to ribose 5-phosphate. They serve as building blocks for nucleic acids, with ATP playing an important role in energy transformation and regulation of metabolic pathways. De novo purine synthesis involves multiple steps to produce nucleotides from simple precursors, while salvage pathways recycle bases and nucleosides formed during RNA and DNA degradation in a more energy-efficient manner. De novo pyrimidine synthesis specifically produces UMP from carbamoyl phosphate via the orotate pathway. The interaction between purine and pyrimidine formation establishes a balance important for DNA synthesis.
Beta oxidation.pptx
Beta oxidation is the catabolic process that breaks down fatty acids to generate acetyl-CoA and co-enzymes like NADH and FADH2. It occurs in the cytosol of prokaryotes and mitochondria of eukaryotes. The beta carbon of fatty acids is oxidized to a carbonyl group, giving this process its name. In the mitochondria, beta-oxidation is facilitated by the trifunctional protein enzyme complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
mcqs.pptx
The document contains 18 multiple choice questions covering various topics in pharmacology including toxicology, animal experimentation, mechanisms of action, medications, and drug-drug interactions. The questions test knowledge about managing poison inhalation, antidotes for specific poisons, treatment of belladonna poisoning, drugs used for lead poisoning and snake bite, infectious diseases guinea pigs are useful for studying, examples of omnivores, mechanisms of action of parasympatholytics and local anesthetics, life-saving and antipsychotic medications, treatment for leprosy, and the type of interaction that occurs when activated charcoal is used as an antidote.
etcopmeet-210111042004 (1).pptx
1. The electron transport chain transfers electrons from electron donors like NADH to electron acceptors like oxygen. This process pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient.
2. Oxidative phosphorylation couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthase. As protons diffuse back into the matrix through ATP synthase, this drives the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
3. The electron transport chain consists of four protein complexes along the inner mitochondrial membrane and two shuttle systems to transfer electrons from the cytoplasm. As electrons are passed from one complex to another, protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
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- 2. CONTENTS: Ethyl chloride STORAGE: Store in a cool place. Do not store above 120°F (50°C). Do not use near fire or flame or place on hot surfaces. Chloroethane or monochloroethane, commonly known by its old name ethyl chloride, is a chemical compound with chemical formula C2H5Cl, It is a colorless, flammable gas or refrigerated liquid with a faintly sweet odour.
- 3. Physical and chemical properties of Ethyl Chloride Name: Ethyl Chloride Description: Colorless Gas Molecular formula: C2H5Cl Molecular Weight: 64-65 Density: 0.9214 g/cm3 Boiling Point: 12.3 C Melting Point: -138.7 C Vapor Density: 2.22
- 4. Common names: Ethyl Chloride, Chloroethane, monochlorethane, chloroethyl, aethylis chloridum, ethrt chloratus, ether chloratus, ether hydrochloric, ether muriatic, Kelene, Chelen, Anodynon, Chloryl Anesthetic, Narcolite
- 5. Ethyl chloride is produced by hydrochlorination of ethylene C2H4 + HCl → C2H5Cl At various times in the past, ethyl chloride has also been produced from ethanol and hydrochloric acid, or from ethane and chlorine, but these routes are no longer economical. Ethyl chloride is generated as a byproduct of polyvinyl chloride production. PREPARATION
- 7. Uses Ethyl chloride has been used as a refrigerant, an aerosol spray, propellant, an anesthetic, and a blowing agent . The only remaining industrially important use of ethyl chloride is in treating cellulose to make ethylcellulose, a thickening agent and binder in paints, cosmetics, and similar products. It act as a central nervous system depressant
- 8. • It is also used for the temporary relief of minor sports injuries. • Ethyl chloride also helps to relieve deep muscle pain when used with muscle stretchingtechniques. • Ethyl chloride is a cooling substance that is applied to the skin • This medication is used to prevent pain caused by injections and minor surgical procedures.
- 10. • Cutaneous sensitization may occur, but appears to be extremely rare. •Ethyl chloride is known as a liver and kidney toxin; long-term exposure may cause liver or kidney damage. •Inhalation of ethyl chloride should be avoided as it is dangerous •pr Side affects
- 11. Do not in eyes Precautions: •Do not spray in eyes. •Ethyl chloride is flamable and it should not be used in presence of open flame.
- 12. Ethyl chloride in the presence of pottassium hydroxide Forms Ethyl alcohol CH3CH2Cl koh CH3CH2OH Chemical properties
- 13. Ethyl chloride in the presence of KCN ethanolic Forms Ethyl cyanide and Ethyl isocyanide CH3CH2Cl KCN etanolic C2H5CN C2H5NC