Asthma in dentistry
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Bronchial hyper-reactivity causes reversible airway obstruction from smooth muscle constriction and mucus hypersecretion. There are two types: extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic is more common, often starts in childhood, and is caused by allergies that trigger the release of mast cell mediators. Intrinsic is less common, starts in adulthood, and is non-allergic, triggered by stress, reflux, or vagal responses. Diagnosis involves history, exams, imaging, spirometry, skin tests, and blood tests. Management includes education, avoidance of irritants, and medications depending on diagnosis and severity, such as bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and other drugs.
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This data was gathered using the medicos PDF app. When I was looking for various slides and books, I came across this great app and decided to share it with you all. The app is available for free on the Google Play Store.
Importance for learners:
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Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, can be serious especially in young children. While the prolonged coughing is a nuisance, it can lead to complications like pneumonia which can be life-threatening. In young babies, the coughing fits and vomiting can interfere with feeding and sleeping, preventing them from getting adequate nutrition and rest to fight the infection. Brain damage is also a risk due to lack of oxygen during coughing fits. Whooping cough is highly infectious during the early stages when symptoms are mild. Vaccination is the best defense against whooping cough. If a child is suspected of having whooping cough, they should see a doctor right away to receive antibiotics and prevent complications.
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This document discusses acute respiratory diseases in children. It covers the etiology, transmission, clinical signs, and treatment of acute respiratory diseases. The main points are:
1. Acute respiratory diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, and other infectious agents. They commonly cause symptoms like cough, runny nose, and fever.
2. Viruses spread through the air or contact. Children under 3 are most susceptible due to lack of prior immunity.
3. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms like fever. Paracetamol and ibuprofen are generally safe and effective antipyretics. More severe cases may require anticonvulsants or lytic mixtures.
Whooping cough
Whooping cough is a highly contagious bacterial disease caused by Bordetella pertussis that primarily affects infants and young children under 5 years old. It progresses through three stages - an initial catarrhal stage lasting 10 days, followed by a paroxysmal stage of severe coughing fits lasting 2-4 weeks, and finally a convalescent stage of recovery over 1-2 weeks. Treatment involves antibiotics, supportive care, and in severe cases mechanical ventilation for infants. Homeopathic medicines like Drosera, Belladonna, and Coccus cacti may help limit coughing fits based on the specific symptoms present.
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The document discusses bronchial asthma. It defines asthma as a disease of the airways characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree. It notes that 234 million people worldwide have asthma, including an estimated 15-20 million people in India. Asthma is classified as extrinsic, intrinsic, or mixed. Extrinsic asthma is the most common type, usually beginning in childhood, and involves hypersensitivity to allergens. Intrinsic asthma develops later in life and is not associated with allergies. Mixed asthma has features of both types.
Allergic rhinitis powerpointt
Allergic rhinitis is a very common disorder that affects people of all ages. It is frequently ignored, under diagnosed, misdiagnosed, and mistreated, which not only is detrimental to health but also has societal costs. Although allergic rhinitis is not a serious illness, it is clinically relevant because it underlies many complications, is a major risk factor for poor asthma control, and affects quality of life and productivity at work or school. Hidden direct costs include the treatment of co-morbid asthma, chronic sinusitis, otitis media, upper respiratory infection, and nasal polyp. Nasal congestion, the most prominent symptom in AR, is associated with sleep-disordered breathing, a condition that can have a profound effect on mental health, including increased psychiatric disorders, depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse. Furthermore, sleep-disordered breathing in childhood and adolescence is associated with increased disorders of learning performance, behavior, and attention. Management of allergic rhinitis is best when directed by guidelines. At this juncture Homoeopathic system of medicine offers a safe and effective solution of the illness if followed under the guidance of expertise. This article provides an overview of the patho-physiology, diagnosis, and appropriate homoeopathic management of this disorder.
Dr. Smita Brahmachari
M.O., Dept. of AYUSH, Govt. of NCT Delhi.
Anaphylactic shock.domingobsn2a
1. Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to an allergen. Common allergens include foods, medications, insect stings, latex, and pollen.
2. When exposed to an allergen, the body produces antibodies called immunoglobulin E that bind to mast cells. Subsequent exposures trigger mast cells to release inflammatory mediators like histamine that cause symptoms across multiple organ systems.
3. Symptoms of anaphylaxis involve two or more body systems and can include skin reactions, respiratory distress, low blood pressure, gastrointestinal issues, and nervous system changes. Immediate treatment focuses on epinephrine injection
Hypersensitivity Reactions with an Overview on Anaphylaxis
This document provides an overview of hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis. It begins with objectives and definitions, then discusses Coombs and Gell's classification of hypersensitivity reactions into four types. Type 1 is allergy mediated by IgE, Type 2 involves cytotoxic antibodies, Type 3 involves immune complex formation, and Type 4 is delayed hypersensitivity. It also covers anaphylaxis in detail, including causes, pathophysiology involving mast cell activation, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
ASTHMA.pptx
Predisposing factors for asthma include both genetic and environmental components. There are two main types of asthma - extrinsic (allergic) asthma, triggered by allergens, and intrinsic (non-allergic) asthma, triggered by non-allergic factors like infections. Status asthmaticus refers to the most severe form where the patient does not respond to treatment and is life-threatening if not promptly managed in a hospital setting. When treating dental patients with asthma, it is important to have their medication available and to carefully monitor for any signs of an acute attack, stopping treatment immediately and administering oxygen and bronchodilators as needed until the episode resolves.
Nasal Allergy and Allied Conditions
Chronic allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated immunological response of the nasal mucosa to allergens. It can be seasonal or perennial. Clinical features include sneezing, nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, and eye irritation. Diagnosis involves blood tests, nasal smears, and allergy tests. Treatment focuses on avoiding allergens, using medications like antihistamines and steroids, and surgery for severe cases. Non-allergic rhinitis includes vasomotor rhinitis caused by autonomic nervous system imbalances and rhinitis from other causes like medications, pregnancy, or endocrine disorders.
Bronchial asthma
The document discusses the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of asthma. Some key points:
- Atopic allergy and allergy to common inhalants like house dust mites, pollens and molds contribute to 75-85% of asthma cases. Occupational allergens can also cause asthma.
- Pathophysiology involves airway smooth muscle contraction, epithelial secretions and inflammatory edema narrowing the airways. Early and late phase asthmatic reactions are mediated by IgE and inflammatory cells/mediators.
- Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function tests like spirometry, allergy tests and inflammation markers. Severity is classified based on symptoms, lung function
Bronchial asthma
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiveness and reversible airflow limitation. The document traces the history of asthma from its first description in ancient Greek texts to modern recognition of its inflammatory pathophysiology. It then provides details on the definition, epidemiology, classification, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations and management of asthma.
Anaphylaxis
basics and basis of anaphylaxis to clearly understand the signs and symptoms followed by the criteria and effective practical management.
Asthma 1.pptx
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lower respiratory tract. It can be classified as extrinsic or intrinsic. Extrinsic asthma is caused by external allergens and is more common in individuals with a family history of allergies. Intrinsic asthma has no identifiable cause and usually starts in middle age. Asthma has both genetic and environmental risk factors, including family history, atopy, smoking, infections, allergens, exercise and irritants. Pathologically, the airways show inflammation from eosinophils and lymphocytes, thickening of the basement membrane, and epithelial changes.
Anaphylaxis , allergic reactions
This document provides information on anaphylaxis including its definition, clinical criteria, causes, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management. Anaphylaxis is defined as a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and can cause death. It is caused by exposure to an allergen in sensitized individuals and involves the release of mediators from mast cells and basophils like histamine. Symptoms may include skin issues, low blood pressure, respiratory distress, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Epinephrine is the first line treatment to reverse its effects.
Hypersensitivity and its types ( type 1 anaphylaxis, type 2, Type 3, type 4 )
hypersensitivity and its types good transitions and to the point information to the topics concerning to B.Sc. level in bangalore university
ANAPHYLACTIC REACTIONS DUE TO VACCINATIONS IN PAEDIATRIC PATIENTS
This document discusses anaphylactic reactions to vaccines in paediatric patients. It defines anaphylaxis as a severe allergic reaction that can affect multiple body systems like the skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system. Common triggers of anaphylaxis include vaccines, foods and medications. The pathophysiology involves activation of mast cells and basophils leading to release of inflammatory mediators. Diagnosis is based on involvement of two or more body systems within hours of exposure to a known allergen. Treatment involves epinephrine and antihistamines. Components of vaccines like gelatin, egg and yeast are known causes of allergic reactions. The document provides guidelines for managing suspected adverse vaccine reactions.
Hypersensitivity
Type II hypersensitivity reactions involve cytotoxic antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to cell damage or lysis. This can cause hemolytic anemia by destroying red blood cells, thrombocytopenia by destroying platelets, and other conditions. Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a major example, where maternal IgG antibodies specific for fetal red blood cell antigens cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells, sometimes with fatal consequences such as erythroblastosis fetalis caused by Rh incompatibility. Transfusion reactions are also type II, where pre-existing antibodies bind transfused red blood cells and mediate their destruction.
ASTHMA
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing. These episodes are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction that is often reversible with treatment. Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airway obstruction. Common triggers include allergens, infections, exercise, and environmental factors. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, performing pulmonary function tests to check for reversibility of airway obstruction, and ruling out other conditions.
Hypersensitivity reactions for Medical Students
Hypersensitivity (animated) for MBBS Students
Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable (damaging, discomfort-producing and sometimes fatal) reactions produced by the normal immune system.
Hypersensitivity reactions require a pre-sensitized state of the host.
Four types of hypersensitivity
Type I – anaphylactic
Type II – cytotoxic
Type III – immune complex mediated
Type IV – contact, tuberculin and granulomatous
Anaphylaxis is defined as a life-threatening allergic reaction set in action by a wide range of antigens and involving multiple organ systems.
The true incidence is difficult to estimate, but in 1973 the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program reported six anaphylactic reactions and 0.87 deaths from anaphylaxis per 10,000 patients.
Reactions to insect stings alone are responsible for at least 50 deaths in the United States each year.
These figures reveal the importance of continued research into the biology of anaphylaxis along with developing new (and improving existing) therapies.
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Hypersensitivity Reactions with an Overview on Anaphylaxis
Hypersensitivity Reactions with an Overview on Anaphylaxis
Hypersensitivity and its types ( type 1 anaphylaxis, type 2, Type 3, type 4 )
Hypersensitivity and its types ( type 1 anaphylaxis, type 2, Type 3, type 4 )
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
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Asthma in dentistry
- 3. 1/DEFINITION: Bronchial hyper-reactivity cause reversible airway obstruction from smooth muscle constriction (bronchospasm) , mucosal oedema & hypersecretion of mucus.
- 5. A)EXTRINSIC: Most common type. - -Commonly in childhood & mostly child overcome or improve by adulthood. -Allergy (precipitated by allergens). -IgE , release of mast cell mediators. -Patients are often asymptomatic between attacks. -May be associated with other allergic diseases (eczema , hay fever , drug sensitivity ).
- 6. B)INTRINSIC: -Least common type. -Common in adulthood. -Non allergic. -Mast cell instability & airway hyper-responsivity. -precipitated by emotional stress , gastro-oesophageal reflux or vagally mediated responses.
- 7. 3/CLINICAL ASPECTS: 1)Symptoms during attack: = Dyspnoea. =Cough. =Paroxysmal expiratory wheeziness with laboured expiration. =Nasal polyp especially in aspirin sensitive patients. =Tachycardia.
- 8. 2)Children: =Repeated cold with cough. =Malaise. =Fever. =These symptoms mostly appear at night.
- 9. 4/DIAGNOSIS & INVESTIGATIONS: =History & Examination. =Chest radiograph. =Spirometry. =Skin test. =Blood test (IgE).
- 10. 5/MANAGEMENT: 1) Education. 2) Avoidance of irritants. 3)Treatment depend on diagnosis & deterioration. 4)Medications : =B2 agonist ( Salbutamol). =Corticosteroids ( ma be as aerosol inhalations). =Other groups such as : (Antimuscarinic bronchodilators , leukotriene receptor antagonists , mast cell stabilizers …).
- 11. 6/DENTAL ASPECTS: 1)In severe cases dental treatment delayed till patient get improved so in severe cases medical advice is must. 2)Patients asked to bring their usual medication with them. 3)Better to use plain anesthesia where possible. 4)Epinephrine contraindicated in patients using theophylline which may precipitate arrhythmias (theoretically).
- 12. 5)Relative analgesia best carried out with nitrous oxide & oxygen. 6)Best to avoid general anaesthesia. 7)Penicillin allergy common in asthmatics. 8)Gentle handling & reassurance. 9)Patients may have gastro-esophageal reflux so tooth erosion may be seen.
- 13. 10)Periodontal inflammation greater in asthmatic patients . 11)Medications may cause signs & symptoms ( dry mouth , oral or pharyngeal thrush , bleeding tendencies). 12) Acrylic monomer , Aspirin & NSAIDs may precipitate asthmatic attack.
- 15. THANKS