Acute resp illness in childrens
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This document discusses respiratory tract infections in children. The most common etiologies for children under 2 are Streptococcus pneumoniae, while Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae are more common in children over 5. Common viruses that cause respiratory infections include respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, and influenza virus. Symptoms include cough, runny nose, fever, and wheezing. Severity is determined by respiratory rate and the presence of chest wall indrawing. Bacterial infections typically present with high fever, rapid onset, tachypnea, and chest recessions while viral infections usually cause milder symptoms like low grade fever and wheezing.
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This document discusses asthma, including its pathophysiology, epidemiology, and prevalence. Key points include:
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Asthma
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Approch to cough in children
This document provides an overview of the approach to cough in children. It begins with background on cough and the cough reflex pathway. It then discusses classifications of cough based on duration, quality, and etiology. The document outlines the important components of history taking and physical examination for a child with cough. It recommends investigations such as chest X-ray, pulmonary function tests, and bronchoscopy if needed. The document concludes with guidelines for managing cough in children based on its underlying cause.
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The document discusses the common cold, which is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract that causes symptoms like a runny nose, sore throat, sneezing, and coughing. It affects both children and adults and spreads easily through direct or indirect contact with infected secretions. While the cold is usually mild and self-limiting, complications can sometimes occur like sinusitis, ear infections, or bronchitis. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms with over-the-counter medications and getting plenty of rest.
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This document discusses respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), also known as hyaline membrane disease (HMD). RDS is caused by surfactant deficiency in preterm infants and affects lung development and function. Key points include:
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Asthma
Asthma is a disease characterized by inflammation of the bronchioles and airways that causes recurring symptoms like wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. It is caused by infections like colds or allergies that provoke inflammation in the bronchioles. Asthma is classified based on symptom frequency and severity and can be treated with medications like inhaled corticosteroids, oral steroids, and bronchodilators or therapies like chest physiotherapy.
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COMMON COLD
The document discusses the common cold, which is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract that causes symptoms like a runny nose, sore throat, sneezing, and coughing. It affects both children and adults and spreads easily through direct or indirect contact with infected secretions. While the cold is usually mild and self-limiting, complications can sometimes occur like sinusitis, ear infections, or bronchitis. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms with over-the-counter medications and getting plenty of rest.
Respiratory distress syndrome in neonates
This document discusses respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), also known as hyaline membrane disease (HMD). RDS is caused by surfactant deficiency in preterm infants and affects lung development and function. Key points include:
- RDS incidence is inversely related to gestational age and birth weight, peaking at 24-48 hours of life.
- Surfactant deficiency leads to atelectasis, decreased lung compliance, increased work of breathing and hypoxemia.
- Surfactant is normally produced by type II alveolar cells starting around 24 weeks gestation and is essential for reducing surface tension in the lungs.
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This document outlines the pharmacological management of bronchial asthma. It discusses the various classes of drugs used including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, anticholinergics, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, corticosteroids, and anti-IgE antibodies. It describes the mechanisms of action, pharmacological properties, dosages, and cautions for specific drugs within each class like salbutamol, terbutaline, salmeterol, theophylline, and ipratropium bromide. The document also covers the approaches to treatment of asthma, routes of drug administration, and management of acute severe asthma.
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The patient presents with a chronic cough lasting 2 months with initially whitish sputum and now blood-streaked sputum. He also reports difficulty breathing and fever for the past 2 weeks. The doctor's approach involves taking a thorough history regarding cough onset and characteristics, associated symptoms, and appearance of any sputum to determine potential causes and guide appropriate examination and testing. Key considerations include pneumonia, lung cancer, and other infectious or inflammatory respiratory conditions.
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Bronchial asthma
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Bronchial Asthma in Children
Group didactics regarding Bronchial Asthma in Children.
Source: GINA guidelines, Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics 19th ed.
Bronchial Asthma in Pediatric
An old presentation that I made when I was an Intern in Pediatric department.
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Do Not Forget To Visit Our Pages On Facebook on the following Links:
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A 24-year-old female presented with fever, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, dysuria, palpitations, anxiety, eye swelling and pain, and atrial fibrillation. She had a history of Graves' disease and was non-compliant with medication for 2 months. Examination found tachycardia, enlarged thyroid with bruit, and exophthalmos. This presentation, along with recent stress and UTI, was consistent with thyroid storm. Treatment for thyroid storm focuses on cooling, hydration, antithyroid drugs to prevent synthesis and release of thyroid hormone, and beta-blockers to treat peripheral effects.
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Thyroiditis
Thyroiditis is a general term that refers to “inflammation of the thyroid gland”. Thyroiditis includes a group of individual disorders causing thyroidal inflammation but presenting in different ways. For example, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States.
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The patient presents with a chronic cough lasting 2 months with initially whitish sputum and now blood-streaked sputum. He also reports difficulty breathing and fever for the past 2 weeks. The doctor's approach involves taking a thorough history regarding cough onset and characteristics, associated symptoms, and appearance of any sputum to determine potential causes and guide appropriate examination and testing. Key considerations include pneumonia, lung cancer, and other infectious or inflammatory respiratory conditions.
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The document summarizes modern trends in the management of bronchial asthma. It discusses how airway inflammation is a critical component of asthma and can be present even without severe symptoms. Current therapy includes bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs like corticosteroids and leukotriene inhibitors. Inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene inhibitors are the first-line therapy to both prevent and control symptoms. The document also discusses the pathophysiology and histopathology of asthma, as well as various triggers, clinical features, and management approaches.
Bronchial asthma
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing due to bronchospasm and airway obstruction. The symptoms are usually triggered by allergens, exercise, cold air or other stimuli and are at least partially reversible with treatment. It is caused by an inflammatory response in the airways mediated by TH2 cells and mast cells leading to increased mucus secretion, smooth muscle hypertrophy and bronchospasm. Common types include atopic asthma triggered by environmental allergens and non-atopic asthma triggered by respiratory infections.
Bronchial Asthma in Children
Group didactics regarding Bronchial Asthma in Children.
Source: GINA guidelines, Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics 19th ed.
Bronchial Asthma in Pediatric
An old presentation that I made when I was an Intern in Pediatric department.
The presentation contains 71 slides. It discusses bronchial asthma in pediatric age group starting from the definition of bronchial asthma and its pathophysiology and ending by the management of acute attacks of asthma and long-term management of bronchial asthma patients.
Asthma ppt
This document is a paper presentation on pediatric asthma by Mr. Namdeo Shinde of Satara College of Pharmacy in India. The presentation defines asthma, discusses its increasing prevalence in children worldwide and in India specifically, and outlines the challenges of diagnosing and treating asthma in younger children. It also covers asthma symptoms, triggers, risk factors, investigations, differential diagnosis, long-term management including medications, and concludes by emphasizing the importance of patient education.
Bronchial asthma
These lecture notes were prepared by Dr. Hamdi Turkey- Pulmonologist- Department of internal medicine - Taiz university
Do Not Forget To Visit Our Pages On Facebook on the following Links:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/569435236444761/
AND
https://www.facebook.com/groups/690331650977113/
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A 24-year-old female presented with fever, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, dysuria, palpitations, anxiety, eye swelling and pain, and atrial fibrillation. She had a history of Graves' disease and was non-compliant with medication for 2 months. Examination found tachycardia, enlarged thyroid with bruit, and exophthalmos. This presentation, along with recent stress and UTI, was consistent with thyroid storm. Treatment for thyroid storm focuses on cooling, hydration, antithyroid drugs to prevent synthesis and release of thyroid hormone, and beta-blockers to treat peripheral effects.
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Acute gastroenteritis is characterized by changes in stool frequency and consistency lasting less than 14 days. It is commonly caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Treatment involves oral rehydration with solutions like ORS to prevent and treat dehydration. Antimicrobial therapy may be given for specific bacterial infections when indicated. Proper management focuses on rehydration and nutrition while symptoms resolve.
Case Presentation on Septicemia PPTX...
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These bacteria affects the bodily function of the blood as it is responsible for carrying of oxygen, nutrients to your cells and it also carry's waste and carbon dioxide.
More than 90,000 people die every year in India due to sepsis.
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- Teenage pregnancy is a growing public health issue, with 16 million adolescent girls becoming mothers each year in low and middle income countries. It can have serious medical risks for both mother and baby.
- Social factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy include lack of parental guidance, lack of sex education and access to contraception, cultural pressures, and early marriage. Ensuring girls receive an education through adolescence reduces risks of early pregnancy and marriage.
- Government programs in Malaysia aim to support teenage mothers by providing schooling, healthcare, job training, and adoption services to help break the cycle of poverty. Educating both youth and parents is key to addressing this complex issue.
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Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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A Classical Text Review on Basavarajeeyam
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Acute resp illness in childrens
- 1. Title Respiratory tract infections in childrens
- 2. Etiologies strep.pneumonia - most common < 2yo Mycoplasma pneumonia > 5yo Chlamydophila pneumoniae > 5yo
- 3. Respiratory syncitial virus ( commonest) adenovrus Parainfluenza virus Influenza virus
- 4. Common complaints 1) cough 2) running nose 3) fever 4) wheezing
- 7. WHO severity criteria 1) RR ( tachypnoe) D1OL – 2Mo : > 60 bpm 2Mo – 2yo : > 50bpm > 2yo : > 40 bpm > 3yo : can occur with absence of tahypnoe 2) chest recessions : Lower chest recessions : pneumonia ( severe) Intercostal recessions : ddx bronchiolitis Others : - inability to eat - audible stridor @ rest/calm/ sleep - not active - cough > 30days ( further assessmnt TRO PTB / chronic infections)
- 10. Sepsis?1.hypo/ hyperthermia 2. poor feeding 3. poor weight gain 4. lethargy 5. hypotonia 6. pallor 7. mottled skin 8. irritability 9. jaundice 10.vomiting 11.ileus 12.pseudoparalysis 13. apnea / tachypnoea 14. cardiovascular signs 15.hemorrhagic diasthesis 16. sclerema. Septicemic shock and death often occur within 12 hours of the first sign of illness (Anwer et al, 2000, level 8).
- 11. Bacteria / Virus? Bacteria Virus ●high fever > 39'c ● rapid onset ●Tachypnoe ●Recessions ●Sob in older children ●mild symptoms ● low grade 'c ● rapid onset ● Wheeze ●+-tachypnoe Empirical antibiotic (outpatient) I) below 5yo -Amoxycillin -Amoxycillin clavulanate ± macrolides ii) above 5yo -Macrolides Antibiotic not indicated
- 12. How we can help 1) vaccination 2)early diagnosis + rx 3) improve nutrition 4) safer environment
- 14. Management Mild symptoms of lower resp tract ( likely viral) : Grade B abx )need not to use) Clinically not well , febrile < t > 39) and with tachyonoe or difficulty breathing (resp distress ) → likely bacteril pneumonias → warrant empirical abx 1) amoxicillin ( recommended for < 5yo) 2) macrolides ( > 5yo ) Hospitilized 3) peniillin / macrolides/ cefuroxime+ macrolides
- 15. How to make your own saline Normal saline solution is salt mixed with water. It is callednormal because it is a strength (0.9% saline) that is similar to tears, blood, and other body fluids. It is also called isotonic saline. Normal saline solution is soothing. Other kinds of saline solutions (hypertonic or hypotonic) may cause irritation. 1 CUP CLEAN WATER ½ TABLESPOON NON-IODINIZED TABLE SALT A PINCH OF BAKING SODA