Pertemuan ini membahas berbagai teknik optimisasi untuk memaksimalkan atau meminimalkan fungsi tujuan perusahaan dengan kendala tertentu. Teknik-teknik tersebut meliputi analisis hubungan ekonomi, biaya total rata-rata dan marginal, pendekatan penerimaan total dan biaya total, analisis marginal, kalkulus diferensial, serta optimasi terkendala dan multivariat.
Pert. 1 keandalan sistem tenaga listrikNovia Putri
Sistem distribusi listrik memiliki keandalan yang ditentukan oleh konfigurasi, komponen, dan pengaturan operasinya. Konfigurasi spindle lebih andal dari radial karena memiliki gardu hubung dan feeder cadangan, meskipun biayanya lebih mahal. Keandalan setiap komponen juga mempengaruhi keandalan keseluruhan sistem.
1. The circuit contains an inductor L and resistor R. A switch connecting the inductor to a voltage source Vs opens at t=0.
2. The initial current through the inductor is i(0)=I0. The final current is i(∞)=0 as there is no longer a voltage applied.
3. The time constant is τ=L/R. The current through the inductor will decay exponentially according to the equation i(t)=I0e-t/τ.
The document discusses reliability criteria for bulk power supply systems. It defines key terms like reliability, security, adequacy, and discusses how reliability criteria are used in system planning and operation. Specifically, it establishes the most economic operating conditions under normal conditions and ensures the system can withstand disturbances without violating criteria. The document uses examples of system operating limits and disturbance-performance tables to illustrate how limits are determined and assessed using reliability criteria.
1. Various types of high voltage tests are performed on electrical equipment, including sustained low-frequency tests at power frequency, high voltage direct current tests, and high-frequency tests.
2. Tests are conducted on insulating materials (samples) and completed equipment to evaluate dielectric strength, loss, and heating effects.
3. Different classes of tests are conducted on insulators including type tests to evaluate design suitability, sample tests on a few units, and routine tests applied to all units to test performance up to flashover.
Pertemuan ini membahas berbagai teknik optimisasi untuk memaksimalkan atau meminimalkan fungsi tujuan perusahaan dengan kendala tertentu. Teknik-teknik tersebut meliputi analisis hubungan ekonomi, biaya total rata-rata dan marginal, pendekatan penerimaan total dan biaya total, analisis marginal, kalkulus diferensial, serta optimasi terkendala dan multivariat.
Pert. 1 keandalan sistem tenaga listrikNovia Putri
Sistem distribusi listrik memiliki keandalan yang ditentukan oleh konfigurasi, komponen, dan pengaturan operasinya. Konfigurasi spindle lebih andal dari radial karena memiliki gardu hubung dan feeder cadangan, meskipun biayanya lebih mahal. Keandalan setiap komponen juga mempengaruhi keandalan keseluruhan sistem.
1. The circuit contains an inductor L and resistor R. A switch connecting the inductor to a voltage source Vs opens at t=0.
2. The initial current through the inductor is i(0)=I0. The final current is i(∞)=0 as there is no longer a voltage applied.
3. The time constant is τ=L/R. The current through the inductor will decay exponentially according to the equation i(t)=I0e-t/τ.
The document discusses reliability criteria for bulk power supply systems. It defines key terms like reliability, security, adequacy, and discusses how reliability criteria are used in system planning and operation. Specifically, it establishes the most economic operating conditions under normal conditions and ensures the system can withstand disturbances without violating criteria. The document uses examples of system operating limits and disturbance-performance tables to illustrate how limits are determined and assessed using reliability criteria.
1. Various types of high voltage tests are performed on electrical equipment, including sustained low-frequency tests at power frequency, high voltage direct current tests, and high-frequency tests.
2. Tests are conducted on insulating materials (samples) and completed equipment to evaluate dielectric strength, loss, and heating effects.
3. Different classes of tests are conducted on insulators including type tests to evaluate design suitability, sample tests on a few units, and routine tests applied to all units to test performance up to flashover.
1. The document discusses power factor, AC power calculations, and power factor correction for complex loads. It defines real power, reactive power, apparent power, and power factor.
2. Transformers are introduced as devices that couple AC circuits magnetically. An ideal transformer multiplies input voltage by the turn ratio and divides input current by the turn ratio. Impedance is reflected across transformers.
3. Three-phase power systems are discussed, including positive sequence, line voltages, and total constant power for balanced loads in wye and delta configurations.
The document discusses capacitors and their properties. It covers the basic structure of a capacitor, how capacitors store charge, the factors that determine capacitance, different types of capacitors, and how capacitors behave in DC and AC circuits. It also addresses switched capacitors and their use in integrated circuits.
The document discusses various types of tests conducted on isolators, bushings, cables, and circuit breakers. Key tests include:
1. Power frequency and impulse voltage withstand tests to check the insulation strength of isolators, bushings, and cables.
2. Partial discharge and tan delta tests to evaluate insulation condition and dielectric losses.
3. Short circuit tests on circuit breakers to check their ability to safely interrupt fault currents under different voltage and current conditions.
4. Other tests include temperature rise, mechanical endurance, and measurement of electrical characteristics.
The document discusses current transformers (CTs) and their basics according to IEEE standards. It covers various types of CT construction including the common "doughnut" type using an iron core wound with secondary turns. It explains key CT concepts such as transformer ratio, polarity, rating factors, accuracy classes for metering and relaying purposes, burden calculations, and factors that can influence accuracy such as frequency, current ratio, and burden. CT saturation and DC offset are also addressed.
This document defines voltage transformers (VTs) and control power transformers. VTs are instrument transformers that reflect a primary voltage to a secondary voltage through a magnetic medium, connected in parallel across a circuit. They produce a secondary voltage of 115-120V nominally for ease of measurement and safety. Control power transformers provide power for devices with high inrush currents, with less critical regulation. The document discusses VT accuracy classes, burdens, installation guidelines, and typical connection methods including open delta and Y-Y configurations.
The document discusses disconnector switches and earth switches. It defines disconnectors as devices used for galvanically isolating networks or sections of switchgear installations. It lists 7 types of disconnectors - center break, double end break, vertical break, single side break, pantograph, semi-pantograph, and earth switch. It provides technical specifications for disconnectors, including voltage ratings, insulation levels, current ratings, interlocks, clearances, insulators, operating times, and mechanisms. Outline drawings of disconnectors are also included.
This document provides an overview of surge protection and power quality. It discusses how voltage surges can damage electronic equipment and outlines the basics of AC power and types of voltage disturbances. The progression of increasingly sensitive electronic devices is described. Common surge protection devices are explained, particularly metal oxide varistors, how they work to suppress voltage surges, and their failure modes from high energy or repetitive overvoltages. The goal is to describe surge risks and various protection technologies.
This document provides an overview of conductors and insulators. It discusses the function of conductors in providing pathways for current flow. It also describes standard wire gauge sizes and types of wire conductors. Additionally, it covers topics such as connectors, printed wiring, switches, fuses, wire resistance, ion current in liquids and gases, and insulators.
The document discusses different types of circuit breakers. It describes the working principles of circuit breakers including how they protect electrical circuits from overload or short circuits. It explains the basic components and working of oil circuit breakers, air circuit breakers, vacuum circuit breakers, and SF6 circuit breakers. SF6 circuit breakers use sulfur hexafluoride gas which has excellent insulating properties and enables fast and efficient extinguishing of electric arcs during opening of contacts.
Pengantar teknik tegangan tinggi pert.1Novia Putri
This document discusses high voltage equipment and power transmission. It begins by listing references on high voltage engineering. It then provides equations showing that transmission losses are directly proportional to resistance and inversely proportional to the square of the transmission voltage. To reduce losses, the transmission voltage should be increased. It also discusses key differences between high and low voltage equipment, including larger insulation systems, components, cooling requirements, and overvoltage protection for high voltage.
Tiga cara utama dalam perawatan mesin yaitu (1) membersihkan peralatan dari debu dan kotoran, (2) memeriksa bagian-bagian penting peralatan, dan (3) memperbaiki kerusakan pada bagian instalasi. Perawatan dibedakan menjadi terencana seperti pemeliharaan pencegahan dan korektif, serta tidak terencana seperti darurat dan kerusakan.
The document discusses electric motors, including DC motors, brushless DC motors, AC induction motors, synchronous AC motors, and stepper motors. It provides details on their basic principles, components, types, applications, and considerations. It also covers linear motors, describing their basics, benefits, components, types including iron core, ironless, and slotless, and applications in areas like packaging and transportation.
Motor induksi digunakan dalam berbagai aplikasi seperti pompa, tap changer transformer, generator, penggerak lift, dan mesin ring frame di industri tekstil. Pompa menggunakan motor induksi untuk memindahkan cairan antar tempat karena perbedaan tekanan, sedangkan tap changer digunakan untuk mengatur tegangan keluaran transformer. Motor induksi juga dapat berfungsi sebagai generator ketika diberi rem arus balik.
Motor sinkron adalah motor AC yang bekerja pada kecepatan tetap pada sistim frekuensi tertentu. Motor ini memerlukan arus searah untuk pembangkitan daya dan memiliki tork awal yang rendah, sehingga cocok untuk penggunaan awal dengan beban rendah. Motor sinkron mampu memperbaiki faktor daya sistim.
1. The document discusses power factor, AC power calculations, and power factor correction for complex loads. It defines real power, reactive power, apparent power, and power factor.
2. Transformers are introduced as devices that couple AC circuits magnetically. An ideal transformer multiplies input voltage by the turn ratio and divides input current by the turn ratio. Impedance is reflected across transformers.
3. Three-phase power systems are discussed, including positive sequence, line voltages, and total constant power for balanced loads in wye and delta configurations.
The document discusses capacitors and their properties. It covers the basic structure of a capacitor, how capacitors store charge, the factors that determine capacitance, different types of capacitors, and how capacitors behave in DC and AC circuits. It also addresses switched capacitors and their use in integrated circuits.
The document discusses various types of tests conducted on isolators, bushings, cables, and circuit breakers. Key tests include:
1. Power frequency and impulse voltage withstand tests to check the insulation strength of isolators, bushings, and cables.
2. Partial discharge and tan delta tests to evaluate insulation condition and dielectric losses.
3. Short circuit tests on circuit breakers to check their ability to safely interrupt fault currents under different voltage and current conditions.
4. Other tests include temperature rise, mechanical endurance, and measurement of electrical characteristics.
The document discusses current transformers (CTs) and their basics according to IEEE standards. It covers various types of CT construction including the common "doughnut" type using an iron core wound with secondary turns. It explains key CT concepts such as transformer ratio, polarity, rating factors, accuracy classes for metering and relaying purposes, burden calculations, and factors that can influence accuracy such as frequency, current ratio, and burden. CT saturation and DC offset are also addressed.
This document defines voltage transformers (VTs) and control power transformers. VTs are instrument transformers that reflect a primary voltage to a secondary voltage through a magnetic medium, connected in parallel across a circuit. They produce a secondary voltage of 115-120V nominally for ease of measurement and safety. Control power transformers provide power for devices with high inrush currents, with less critical regulation. The document discusses VT accuracy classes, burdens, installation guidelines, and typical connection methods including open delta and Y-Y configurations.
The document discusses disconnector switches and earth switches. It defines disconnectors as devices used for galvanically isolating networks or sections of switchgear installations. It lists 7 types of disconnectors - center break, double end break, vertical break, single side break, pantograph, semi-pantograph, and earth switch. It provides technical specifications for disconnectors, including voltage ratings, insulation levels, current ratings, interlocks, clearances, insulators, operating times, and mechanisms. Outline drawings of disconnectors are also included.
This document provides an overview of surge protection and power quality. It discusses how voltage surges can damage electronic equipment and outlines the basics of AC power and types of voltage disturbances. The progression of increasingly sensitive electronic devices is described. Common surge protection devices are explained, particularly metal oxide varistors, how they work to suppress voltage surges, and their failure modes from high energy or repetitive overvoltages. The goal is to describe surge risks and various protection technologies.
This document provides an overview of conductors and insulators. It discusses the function of conductors in providing pathways for current flow. It also describes standard wire gauge sizes and types of wire conductors. Additionally, it covers topics such as connectors, printed wiring, switches, fuses, wire resistance, ion current in liquids and gases, and insulators.
The document discusses different types of circuit breakers. It describes the working principles of circuit breakers including how they protect electrical circuits from overload or short circuits. It explains the basic components and working of oil circuit breakers, air circuit breakers, vacuum circuit breakers, and SF6 circuit breakers. SF6 circuit breakers use sulfur hexafluoride gas which has excellent insulating properties and enables fast and efficient extinguishing of electric arcs during opening of contacts.
Pengantar teknik tegangan tinggi pert.1Novia Putri
This document discusses high voltage equipment and power transmission. It begins by listing references on high voltage engineering. It then provides equations showing that transmission losses are directly proportional to resistance and inversely proportional to the square of the transmission voltage. To reduce losses, the transmission voltage should be increased. It also discusses key differences between high and low voltage equipment, including larger insulation systems, components, cooling requirements, and overvoltage protection for high voltage.
Tiga cara utama dalam perawatan mesin yaitu (1) membersihkan peralatan dari debu dan kotoran, (2) memeriksa bagian-bagian penting peralatan, dan (3) memperbaiki kerusakan pada bagian instalasi. Perawatan dibedakan menjadi terencana seperti pemeliharaan pencegahan dan korektif, serta tidak terencana seperti darurat dan kerusakan.
The document discusses electric motors, including DC motors, brushless DC motors, AC induction motors, synchronous AC motors, and stepper motors. It provides details on their basic principles, components, types, applications, and considerations. It also covers linear motors, describing their basics, benefits, components, types including iron core, ironless, and slotless, and applications in areas like packaging and transportation.
Motor induksi digunakan dalam berbagai aplikasi seperti pompa, tap changer transformer, generator, penggerak lift, dan mesin ring frame di industri tekstil. Pompa menggunakan motor induksi untuk memindahkan cairan antar tempat karena perbedaan tekanan, sedangkan tap changer digunakan untuk mengatur tegangan keluaran transformer. Motor induksi juga dapat berfungsi sebagai generator ketika diberi rem arus balik.
Motor sinkron adalah motor AC yang bekerja pada kecepatan tetap pada sistim frekuensi tertentu. Motor ini memerlukan arus searah untuk pembangkitan daya dan memiliki tork awal yang rendah, sehingga cocok untuk penggunaan awal dengan beban rendah. Motor sinkron mampu memperbaiki faktor daya sistim.