How Languages WorkAn Introduction to Language and LinguisticsSecond Ed.docxsandraa52
How Languages Work An Introduction to Language and Linguistics
Second Edition
Edited by CAROL GENETTI
Carol Genetti4
1.1 Language 1.1.1 Language and You; Language and Us
Language is an essential and ubiquitous component of our lives. To see that this statement is true for yourself, take a moment to think about your day. Cast your mind back to when you first awoke. What were your thoughts and how were they expressed?
Trace the day in your mind and try to count how many people you spoke with, even if it was just a quick “hi†or “thank you.†Did you listen to a lecture? Watch television? Talk on the phone? Make an appointment? Sing a song? All of these activities centrally involve language. Now think about what you read today. Perhaps a newspaper, pages on the Internet, email, advertisements, labels, signs, home- work assignments? Now move on to thought itself. What thoughts and ideas have passed through your mind? Have you made explicit plans, imagined conversations, debated with yourself? If you are like most people, this brief exer- cise has revealed that language is both within and around you, a constant part of your internal and external existence. Language is the primary medium which you use to interact with people and institutions in our society. Your particular use of language is also a reflection of who you are as an individual; all of us use language as a means to build and portray our identities in the world around us. We also use language to shape and interpret the great and small experi- ences of our lives.
Think about the broader world in which we live. Language is the principal means by which societies are constructed and cultures are developed. Think of the size of our soci- ety’s great libraries, and how the majority of the volumes in those vast collections (14.6 million volumes in the Harvard University Library alone) are language in its written form. The intellectual achievements of humankind are essentially embodied in language. Not only is this true of the written works that formally encapsulate our knowledge, but it is also true of the huge body of indigenous knowledge held by the speakers of thousands of languages across the globe, from the Brazilian Amazon to the Mongolian steppes. Some may argue that music and art are non-linguistic, but note that they often incorporate lan- guage, as with lyrics. Even works that do not contain language are interpreted and under- stood through verbal thought, discussion, and critical analysis. Similarly, mathematics could be argued to be non-linguistic, but again language is used to teach, understand, and interpret it.
Beyond the modern world, consider that language has been used by humans for at least 30,000 years, by thousands of groups across the globe, wherever humans have ven- tured. Speakers of each generation endow their language with their own unique mark, their own contribution, changing it in myriad subtle ways. As language passes from
SIDEBAR 1.1 You can find definit.
Language in SocietyCOMS 320 Sp15Ch 7 SectionsLanguag.docxDIPESH30
Language in Society
COMS 320 Sp15
Ch 7 Sections
Language Levels
Idiolect
Dialect
Language
Contact
Language in use
Lingua Francas
Pidgins & Creoles
Multilingualism
Idiolect
Unique language characteristics of individual speakers (p. 279)
Imitation is not normal, nor does it show individual aspects
450 to 850 million English idiolects
Unique language use in groups depends on the degree of anticipation of shared meaning (Bernstein)
Restricted codes
Shared set of assumptions
Predictable language, less expression needed
Elaborated codes
Unshared perspectives
Less predictable language, more elaboration needed
Research Moment:
Data Gathering
On your own, on scratch paper, take about 5 minutes to write down paragraph responses to the following questions. Write as if you were talking to a friend.
What is the biggest problem with parking at CSUN?
What is one of your favorite movies or books, and why?
Research Moment:
Data Analysis
Now, in groups of 2 or 3, compare your data
For Q1, analyze sentences w/similar meanings
How is the language similar?
How is the language different?
For Q2, analyze the attempt at conveying meaning
What language makes the meaning clear?
What language needs further explanation?
Results
In a restricted code situation, how does an idiolect soften strictly repetitive language?
In an elaborated code situation, how does an idiolect interfere with language comprehension?
Dialect
Mutually intelligible forms of a language that differ in systematic ways (p. 279)
All speakers speak at least one dialect
Language – collection of dialects
Max Weber – language is a dialect with an army and a navy
Language vs. dialect?
Dialect continuum
Dialect area – concentration of differences
Isogloss – estimated boundary of dialect area
Regional dialects often have geographical boundaries
Ethnic identity
Dialects tend to increase, even with media influence
Dialect Characteristics
How can we tell dialects apart?
Phonology: Accents
r-drop – fath-er vs. fath-uh (New England)
Ask vs. aks (AAVE)
r-final – idea vs. idear (Chinese, near Beijing)
Syntax: Verbs, usually
Then she come a-runnin’ (Appalachian)
He been married vs. He Been married! (which one is still married?) (AAVE)
Lexicon: Nouns
What would you call the food on the right?
How far away is San Diego from LA?
Social Dialects
Dialects can also result from social boundaries
Gender
Male and female language characteristics
Male and female dialects/languages
Social class
Vernacular
Prestige dialects
Diglossia – different languages for different purposes
English social dialects
AAE & ChE
Korean English? Armenian English?
Language in society
Styles/Registers
“Situational dialects”
Language use that depends on interactants and context
Can be competent in several styles
X – Formality/informality, high/low status
Slang
Creative, playful language that marks informal speech
Can become outdated quickly or adopted by society
X – groovy vs. cool vs. freshman
Language in so ...
T he single biggest problem in communication is the illusion that .docxdeanmtaylor1545
T he single biggest problem in communication is the illusion that it has taken place."George Bernard Shaw
Week 5 Assignments
For the Inclusive Communication discussion we are looking at Chapter 9 of The Ecology of Diversity (Kahn, 2015). It showcases the need to bridge communication by demonstrating that we respect and value each other’s differences. It offers a variety of perspectives including listening and communication skills. Have you ever been in a situation when you made use of inclusive communication? What was the context and what was your rationale for using this type of communication? How did you avoid miscommunication or cultural clashes based on language? Be sure to support the response with primary academic research this week.
Watch this video, from our text, to get a better understanding of how communication is affected by language.
We all have times where communication can be improved for sure within our various relationships both old and new. This week review some of the times when you were not the best listener or you spoke too much versus the times when you actively were present and listened to the person speaking. There are times and places for all types of communication and learning more about yourself and others around you can ensure better communication overall.
In the written assignment Cultural Perspectives Draft this week we will look at perception. We can all be in a situation together and see it very differently. Just like a show or ride at an amusement park. One person in the group might think it is the best thing ever while others find it to be boring, scary, and sad or something else. We all see things through our own lens based on our experiences in life. I have some groups of friends for example that I can count on for live music events while others are not into that experience with crowds, loud noises and traffic. You might have a breakdown of a relationship and one person sees it very differently why it ended than the other. These are just some examples of how we perceive things differently.
Keep in mind the academic requirements of graduate level responses using research, critical thinking and writing style. This assignment requires students to write based on a compare-contrast structure. Editing Checklist for Compare-Contrast Paper (Links to an external site.) document, to review and edit your work. You can also use The Elements of Reasoning and the Intellectual Standards (Links to an external site.) to help hone your critical thinking skills as they relate to your assignments.
References
Kahn, A. (2015). The ecology of diversity. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education.
Weekly Discussion 5
Inclusive Communication
Your readings this week showcase the need to use communication techniques to bridge cultures and to demonstrate that we respect and value each other’s differences. Conversely, words can often be used in a divisive way.
Instructions:
Find two examples of when communication was used to bridge tw.
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All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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Sl for blog
1. Title: Spoken Language - Marvellous. Cool. Peng.
Identify some of the characteristics of spoken language
Evaluate the change in language according to context
S4L: communication
2. What you will do:
Write an essay (800-1000 words) analysing
spoken language as a controlled task.
You will need:
Transcripts of spoken language (conversations,
texts, tweets etc.)
Articles on controversy/debates surrounding
spoken language
You could also have:
Data from interviews or surveys.
This unit we will...
3. The aim of this study...
Understand variations in spoken language,
explaining why language changes in relation
to contexts.
Evaluate the impact of spoken language
choices in their own and others’ use.
4. We vary our language all the time according to
context.
5. Scenario – mind’s eye.
A Y11 student has taken a replica gun from the drama
studio.
He is messing around with it in Summertown with his
friends and you are witness to this.
Members of the public are clearly concerned about
this.
Suddenly, armed police swoop on the student, disarm
him and bundle him into a police van.
6. Write a brief ‘transcript’ of the event for ....
Skilled
reports will...
Give a clear summary of the event
Use language that is appropriate to
context
Excellent
reports
will...
Give a concise summary of the event
Select and adapt language that is
precisely linked to context
The Police to use in
court
Mr PriceYour mum or dad
Your mate
(if you is a g)
8. How context affects speech
I may not be able to do
the thing you would like
me to do. I would prefer
you not to ask me about
it at all.
9. I may not be able to do
the thing you would like
me to do. I would prefer
you not to ask me about
it at all.
10. I may not be able to do
the thing you would like
me to do. I would prefer
you not to ask me about
it at all.
11. I may not be able to do
the thing you would like
me to do. I would prefer
you not to ask me about
it at all.
12. I may not be able to do
the thing you would like
me to do. I would prefer
you not to ask me about
it at all.
13. I may not be able to do
the thing you would like
me to do. I would prefer
you not to ask me about
it at all.
14. If we use it in the wrong place, is it funny?
Think – Pair - Share
15. Now write a summative comment on how we
adapt language according to context
16. Title: Wagwan. Nagwan.
We are learning to...
Understand debates surrounding spoken language
Evaluate cultural influences of spoken language
Skills for Life: Organisation and Reflection
18. Some key terminology
Standard English: The variety of English that is
generally acknowledged as the model for the speech
and writing of educated speakers.
Patois is any language that is considered
nonstandard, although the term is not formally
defined in linguistics.
19. We’re going to watch a clip of Rasta mouse.
As you watch, note down any features of the language
that you notice.
This could be specific words, phrases, intonation or
other features of the spoken language.
Are there any words that you use?
RastaMouse
21. Look at the debate around this programme.
What makes this controversial?
What are the arguments for?
What are the arguments against?
Reflecting on the arguments, what’s your opinion on
this programme? Why?
Write your response in your book.
28. What do you think Starkey would think of
Rastamouse?
Has Starkey’s points changed or influenced your
thought in any way?
Do you think that variations in spoken language
should reflect people positively or negatively?
Should we all speak SE? Why?
30. Age The pastimes and leisure activities that people take part in will affect
language use.
Gender Who, where and why a person is talking to someone else will affect language
use.
Hobbies Where a person is from (geographically) will affect language use as well as
accent
Ethnicity The job or career that a person does will affect language use.
Deviance The social, educational and economic position that people are born into / live in
will affect language use.
occupation Any ‘less savoury’ activities that an individual is involved in will affect language
use e.g. Bumping people off or doing porridge
Region A person’s ethnic background (for example, British Asian) will affect language
use.
Social class How old or young a person is will affect language use.
context Whether you are male or female will affect language use.
31. Learning Objectives
We are learning to...
Understand and evaluate debates around the use of
multi-modal language.
32. Multi-modal texts
Multi-modal texts share features with both written
and spoken language.
Two examples of multi-modal language are texting
and ‘internet communication’ (the variety of
language used by different people to send emails
and communicate on forums, twitter, instant
messaging like DM and posts in internet chat
rooms).
33. Public attitudes to spoken language varieties
Wots ur ati2d to txt slng?
Do u uz bare sik wurdz?
Or do you prefer Standard English?
Why/ why not?
34. Txting: frNd or foe?
1. Read the first four paragraphs and make a note of the different
attitudes to texting that are mentioned.
2. Try to come up with as many different ideas for who which groups
in society may have each attitude and why. Make a note of ideas so
you can feed back to class.
3. Read the rest of the document
4. Discuss the reasons why David Crystal disagrees with negative
attitudes to texting.
Read the appropriate sections of the text and then discuss the following
in your groups:
35. I H8 text msgs!
Now read Humphreys’ points on texting (and
multimodal language).
What are his main points?
Who do you agree with?
36. Write at least one paragraph looking at the use of
text speak.
Keith: Wag1 blud Mans goin yard wru???
Clark: Yard. Listenin 2 bare peng choons!!!!!
Keith: iPhone nicked by some sideman. No choons
#peak
Clark: Noooo!! I need a bit of help with my Hist
CA....
Keith: yyhh. B wit u in a bit.
Clark: Bless.!
37. How will we know if we are doing it well?
Skilled work will:
Show some clear understanding of the debates explaining
their reasons.
Excellent work will:
Show sophistication in understanding of the debates
around spoken language with full analysis and
evaluation of their reasons.
38. This exchange represents the sociolect of the two people,
including colloquialisms, used by young people. This can be seen
with with the greeting: “Wag1 blud.” This is a commonly used
phrase amongst modern teenagers and reflects the contemporary
sociolect. This is an example of Jamaican patois, a reduction of
‘What is going on?’, and reveals how culture has had an impact
upon the language of teenagers, particularly through Hip Hop and
reggae. The use of number homophones used for brevity. The
reduplication of letter with ‘Nooooo’ shows how Clark is trying to
replicate the paralinguistic features found in spoken language in
his written communication in this multi-modal communication.
John Humphrys considers this to be detrimental to language
because.......
However, linguist David Crystal argues that......
The use of Jamaican Patois has also created some controversy as
David Starkey....