Sociolinguistics is the study of language and society. It analyzes variation within a language based on factors like geographical location, age, occupation, socio-economic status, ethnicity, and sex. Some key aspects of sociolinguistics covered in the document include dialects, accents, speech styles, registers, pidgins, creoles, and the relationship between language and culture/gender. Sociolinguistics helps understand how to communicate appropriately with different groups and gives insights into language variations in society.

1. SOCIOLINGUISTICS
Introduction to Linguistics
Lecturer: Siti Mukminatun., S.S., M.Hum
Septiya Rizkiana Martoyo 17202244011
Aliffiana Mulya Habibah 17202244019
Utami Nur Rokhmah 17202244024
Enti Pitriyani 17202244026
Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris
Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni
Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

2. What is Sociolinguistics?
“Sociolinguistics is often defined as the study
of language and society. (Jean Aitchison, 2008:114)”
Sociolinguistics analyzes variation within a language.
It looks at differences between speech and writing,
variation in pronunciation between different social classes.
“
“

3. Language, Dialect, Accent
• Language is system of communication in
speech and writing used by people of a
particular country. ( Oxford dictionary : 247)
• Languages are spoken by human beings who
live in societies. Without language we would
have no conversation, no songs, no stories,
no jokes, and no civilization as we
understand the term.
• Language distinguishes us from animals.
(Tariq Rahman, 2010)
• A dialect is usually associated with a
particular geographical area.
• The term ‘dialect’ refers to far greater
difference than mere pronunciation.
• An accent refers only to a difference in
pronunciation.

4. The Examples of Accent Differences

5. The speech of members varies according to many factors, including…..
- Geographical location
- Age
- Occupation
- Socio-economic status
- Ethnic group
- Sex

6. Regional Dialect
Various of dialect based on regional aspect
A Regional dialect is one that is strictly defined by
geography, and such as, is used among all people off all
social classes/groups within that geography.
Regional dialect tended to concentrate on the speech of
people in rural areas.
For example Dialect of Yogya Javanese and Ngapak Javanese.

7. Social Dialect
Various of dialects based on social status.
• The study of social dialects has been mainly concerned with speaker in town
and cities. In the social study of dialect, it is social class that is mainly used to
define groups of speakers as having something.
• Social dialects are distinguished from each other not by one dialect using
a certain pronunciation or a certain word but rather by
using such features more frequently or less frequently.
Yule, 2010:254

8. Social Variable
Social Variable is
language variation
features that might be
characteristic of a social
dialect (Yule, 2010).
Linguistic Variable
A feature of
language use that
distinguishes one
group of speakers
from another
(Yule, 2010).
The personal
dialect of an
individual speaker
(Yule, 2010).
Idiolect

9. Speech Style
• The most basic distinction in speech style is between formal uses and informal uses.
• Formal style is when we pay more careful attention to how we’re speaking and
informal style is when we pay less attention.
(Yule, 2010)
For example :
Informal style : Running the marathon? Or You running the marathon?
(questions are often shortened with the subject you and the auxilary verb deleted)
Formal style : Are you running the marathon? (Fromklin, 2014)

10. Speech Accommodation
• The ability to modify our speech style toward or away from the
perceived style of the person(s) we’re talking to.
(Yule, 2010)
Example :
When we talk to our friend we say “What’s up dude”
When we talk to Prince William, we say “It is a honor to meet you..”

11. Convergence
Convergence is adopting a speech style that attempts to reduce social
distance by using forms that are similar to those used by the person being talked to, as
a type of speech accommodation, in contrast to divergence (Holmes, 2008:241).
Example :
• June works in a travel agent’s in Cardiff, the capital city of Wales. She sees a wide
range of people in the course of her job. Last Tuesday she saw an accountant, an old
friend from school, a woman who works for the council as a cleaner, and a local
schoolteacher. As she spoke to each person she pronounced words like better and
matter differently, depending on the way her customer pronounced those words.

12. Divergence
Divergence is adopting a speech style that emphasizes social distance by using forms that are different
from those used by the person being talked to, as a form of speech accommodation, in contrast to
convergence (Holmes, 2008:241).
Example:
A number of people who were learning Welsh were asked to help with a survey. In their
separate booths in the language laboratory, they were asked a number of questions by an RP-sounding
English speaker. At one point this speaker arrogantly challenged the learners’ reasons for trying to acquire
Welsh which he called a ‘dying language which had a dismal future’. In responding to this statement the
learners generally broadened their Welsh accents. Some introduced Welsh words into their answers,
while others used an aggressive tone. One woman did not reply for a while, and then she was heard
conjugating Welsh verbs very gently into the microphone.

13. Slang
Slang is an informal nonstandard variety of speech characterized by newly coined
and rapidly changing words and phrases. Slang: The People's Poetry (OUP, 2009),
Michael Adams
Example :
a. Busted
Busted means to be caught for doing something illegal something you were not
supposed to do.
b. "I dunno" (I don't know)
This is a relaxed, casual way of saying “I do not know”.
c. To be bomb
the bomb, it means really cool!
Some synonyms are: awesome, phenomenal or the best.

14. Jargon
Jargons are specific words and expressions that are used in a specific
activity.
b. Jargon is a word or an expression used by professionals such
as medical, business, and engeenring.
• Examples :
Source :
Speech Accomodation
Communication Accomodation Theory
Business Jargon
How to change basic English into business english
Bussiness ter
m
Military term Medical term
Leverage Execute Anastomosis
To be on same
page
Copy that Autoimmune
Piggyback Combat Hemotema

15. Register
Register is a conventional way of using language that is
appropriate in a spesific context, which may be identifed
as situasional e.g church, occupational e.g among lawyers
or topical e.g talking about language.
• Example
We can recognize spesific features that accour in religous register
a. ( Ye shall be blessed by Him in times of tribulation)
The legal register
b. (The plantiff is ready to take the witness stand)
And the linguistics register.
c. ( In the morphology of this dialect there are few inflectional suffixes)

16. Lingua Franca
A language which is used as a common language in the area who populated by people
speak many different languages (Fromkin, Victoria: 2014).
History
In medieval times, a language based on the language that became modern Italia
and Provencal came into use in the Mediterania Ports. That language was called
Lingua Franca, Frankish Language (Fromkin, Victoria: 2014).
The term of Lingua Franca is generalized to other languages. Thus, any language can be
a Lingua Franca (Fromkin, Victoria: 2014).
The example of a lingua franca :
Indonesian Language becomes a lingua franca in Indonesia where there are so many
local languages in Indonesia.

17. Languages that become lingua francas:
English is popular as “The Lingua Franca of The World” because it is standardly
used at the international business meetings and academic conferences
(Fromkin, 2014).
Russian is a lingua franca for Soviet Union countries (Fromkin, 2014).
French, at one time, was a lingua franca of diplomacy (Fromkin, 2014).
Latin is a lingua franca on science and other scholar subjects.

18. Pidgin
What is Pidgin?
A pidgin is a variety of language that developed for some practical purposes, such as trading,
among groups of people who had a lot of contact, but who didn’t know each other’s
language (Yule, 2010)
Pidgin has no native speakers and usually it is based on one language (Aitchison, 2003).
Pidgins are developed during the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries in
China, Africa, and the Carribean (Fromkin, 2009).
The main language that adapted to a pidgin language is called “A Lexifier” (Yule, 2010)

19. Creole
What is Creole?
When a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade
or contact language and becomes the first
language of a social community, it is described as a
creole (Yule, 2010)
The example of a creole is Tok Pisin.

20. Language and Sex
Possible differences sex in language usage:
It is often assumed, for example, that women talk more than
men, but almost all research on the topic has demonstrated
the opposite (Aitchison, 2003).
It is sometimes claimed that women use “empty” adjective
such as “cute”, “charming”, and so on (Aitchison, 2003).
Women have been claimed to use more tentative phrases
such as “kind of”, “sort of” in a place of straight statements
(Aitchison, 2003).
Bill a kind of short instead of Bill is short.

21. ….. continuing
Friendly females speak “mmm”, “aha”, and “yes” to help the conversation.
Men use more explicit commands
Men: “Lie down”, “take off your shoes and socks”
Women: “Maybe we should take the top of your dress of?”

22. Language and Culture
We use the term “culture” to refer to all the ideas and assumptions about the
nature of thing and people that we learn when we become members of social
groups (Yule, 2010).
With the word we acquire, we learn to recognize the types of category
distinctions that are relevant in our social world (Yule, 2010).
Example (Yule, 2010) :
Children do not know “a dog” and “a cat”, but they know sounds of dog and cat.
In the Pacific, there is no horse, so there is no words for this.
In some areas, the word “father” is not only used to “male parent” but also
“male parent’s brother”.

23. Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching
Sociolinguistics helps us to find out the expressions that we should
express when we talk with someone which is we respect.
Sociolinguistics helps us to communicate with other people that have
different backgrounds from us.
Sociolinguistics gives us knowledge about language and society.

24. References
• Fromkin, Victoria. An introduction to Language.2009. Boston : Wadsworth Cengage Learning
• Yule, George. The study of Language.2010. New York : Cambridge University press
• Rahman, Tariq. Linguistics for Beginners Basic Concepts. 2010 Pakistan : Oxford University Press
• Aitchison, Jean. Linguistics. 2003. London : Hodder Headline
• American English Slang: 10 words to speak like a native
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfMOfxMOHBU
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zt1-XXhmMgQ
• https://www.global-lingo.com/linguistic-convergence-and-divergence/
• https://www.thoughtco.com/slang-english-1692103