Topic is related to transportation engineering

1. i
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD
(An Autonomous Institute of Government of Maharashtra)
MAJOR PROJECT REPORT
DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
(SIXTH SEMESTER, ODD TERM 2022-23)
COURSE CODE: - C6502
TOPIC :- SKYBUS TECHNOLOGY
GROUP NO :- MP29
SUBMITTED BY: -
1)PHAD SAURAV RAOSAHEB (EN. NO-201344)
2)TALEKAR YASH RAJENDRA (EN.NO -201359)
3)TUPE VICKY PARASRAM (EN.NO-201363)
4) KHAJEKAR AKHILESH RAMCHANDRA (EN.NO-161410)
UNDER GUIDANCE OF
PROF. R. T. AGHAO
(APPLIED MECHANICS DEPARTMENT)
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD

2. ii
CERTIFICATE
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD
(An Autonomous Institute of Government of Maharashtra)
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MECHANICS
This is certify that,
1)PHAD SAURAV RAOSAHEB (EN. NO-201344)
2)TALEKAR YASH RAJENDRA (EN.NO -201359)
3)TUPE VICKY PARASRAM (EN.NO-201363)
4) KHAJEKAR AKHILESH RAMCHANDRA (EN.NO-161410)
Of Final Year Diploma in Civil Engineering Have Successfully
Completed Report On “Major Project”. In Fulfilment of Diploma in
Civil Engineering in The Academic Year 2022-23 Even Term
Prof.R.T.Aghao Prof.M.M.Ganorkar
(Lecturer, Applied Mechanics Department) (HOD, Applied Mechanics Department)
Prof.Dr.A.M. Jinturkar
(Principal)
(Government Polytechnic Aurangabad)

3. iii
ABSTRACT
Since the time when human invented the wheel, people have been trying to
reach every corner of the world. The urge to discover, travel and connect with
citizens from different countries around the world has lead to a transportation
revolution. People use various modes of transportation to travel, transport and trade.
Transport is an important part for any nation's economy. Since the liberation of our
country the development of infrastructure within the country has progressed at a
rapid pace, and today there isa wide variety of modes of transport by land, water,
and air.
Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations including roads,
railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines and terminals such as airports,
railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refuelling depots
(including fuelling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may be used
both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance. Vehicles
traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks,
people, helicopters, watercraft, spacecraft & aircraft.1) Road transport means
transportation of goods and personnel from one place to the other on roads. Road is
a route between two destinations, which has been either paved or worked on to
enable transportation by way of motorized and non-motorized carriages.2) Rail
transport is also known as train transport. It is a means of transport, on vehicles
which run on tracks (rails or railroads). It is one of the most important, commonly
used and very cost-effective modes of commuting and goods carriage over long, as
well as short distances.3) Airways is a transportation system for moving passengers
or goods by air. The main advantage of this method is the considerable amount of
time saved because of the highspeed of the flight.4) Water transport is the process
of moving people, goods, etc. by barge, boat, ship or sailboat over a sea, ocean, lake,
canal, river, etc. It is the movement of cargo or passengers through or across bodies
of water. This can involve ships, ferries, cruise ships, submarines, and other water-
borne crafts as they travel through oceans, lakes, rivers, and other waterways.
The Sky Bus technology meets the requirements and re-defines the thinking
and planning for urban transport being an eco-friendly Mass urban transport system
revolutionizing urban life. It is a patented technology developed for the new
millennium and will cause a paradigm shift in urban transportation all over the
world. Being an indigenous technology, it will place India on the forefront of the
Rapid Transit Industry all over the world while providing the much-needed
alternative transportation solution, which is financially viable, environment friendly,
synergizing well proven existing cutting-edge technologies. Sky bus Safer, Cleaner
and Affordable Public Transportation.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMNT
We take an immense pleasure in thanking Prof.Dr.A.M. Jinturkar,
the Principle of Government Polytechnic, Aurangabad our source of
inspiration, for providing all the required resources for the successful
completion of my Major Project.
As it is rightly said by Boss well “The first and most important
step towards success is the feeling that we can succeed”. This feeling
has been imbibed in me my Major Project guide Prof. R.T.Aghao I am
Thankful to him that he has given me rendered advice and suggestions
and guided me in every step of my work. Without his guidance I can’t
do this Major Project an effective one.
This multidisciplinary project would not have been possible
without Prof.Dr.S.B.Dhoot and V.N.Yerawar sir for the help and
guidance of electronic sensor work.
I will be failing in duty if I do not acknowledge with thank to the
authors of the references and other referred to in this Major Project.
I would also like to express my heartiest thanks to other faculty,
my friends and parents who have helped me and gave me suggestion
from time to time to make this Major Project a fruitful one.
YOUR’S FAITHFULLY
1)PHAD SAURAV RAOSAHEB
2)TALEKAR YASH RAJENDRA
3)TUPE VICKY PARASRAM
4) KHAJEKAR AKHILESH RAMCHANDRA

5. v
INDEX
CHAPTER
NO
DESCRIPTION PAGE
NO
1
INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
3 COMPARISIONOFSKYBUSWITHEXISTING
RAILWAYS
7
4 SKYBUS TECNOLOGY 10
5 THE COMPONENTS OF SKYBUS 14
6 THE COMPONENTS OF SKYBUS 16
7 ADVANTAGES 18
8 SAFETY MEASURES IN SKYBUS SYSTEM 19
9 CONCLUSION 20
10 REFERENCE 22

6. 1
CHAPTER NO 1
INTRODUCTION
India is one of the leading developing countries in the world community
today. But the main obstacle it is facing is its large population. Now-a-days
communication has been one of the most important aspects where our country is
concentrating to work in, for its development, where mass transportation plays a
vital role as we always must think about moving of a large population in a very
denser area. That’s why our government is planning to implement the new
technologies in mass public transportation.
All administrations are in search of an economically viable solution to the
transportation problem, which is also environmentally friendly. The present
conventional capital-intensive technologies are proving to be financially unviable
and require heavy subsidy, which is not practical.
Mr, B. Rajaram, Chief engineer, Konkan Railway
The new technological solution, in terms of Skybus Metro is based on the
concept of Sky Wheels presented in 1989 at World Congress for Railway
research. Mr. B. Rajaram was the developer of sky bus metro. His inventions
cover railway technologies, world’s first Intelligent Anticollision Devices
Network, “RAKSHA KAVACH"(Already under implementation over 2500km of
route on Indian Railways), Sky Bus Metro (concept first presented in Bologna
University Italy, by him in 1989) This innovative alternative transportation
solution eliminates any possibility of vandalism, derailments and virtually
maintenance free.
Skybus Metro is the new rail-based mass transit system that re-defines urban
transport solution making the existing elevated and underground metros obsolete!

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Sky bus Technology Launched 15th Oct.2003 Life size Prototype at Margao, Goa
by Mr. Nitish Kumar, Hon'ble Minister of Railways, India
1.1: THE URBAN TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY FOR THE NEW
MILLENIUM
The most precious asset in growing urban areas is the land. Allocation to
residential and commercial purposes put heavy pressures on land for public use
like parks and open spaces apart from very important and critical roadways.
Hardly 6% to a maximum of 18% of land in cities form roadways. The roadways
once laid- almost remain constant – at best- and may effectively reduce by
uncontrolled encroachments. The physical constraint of road area being constant,
as population increases, naturally loads on roads increase. As more and more
people from different habitats try to converge on to the central business district,
the road has no capacity to handle and congestions.
Fig 1- Traffic issue in India
As more and more people from different habitats try to
converge on to the central business district, the road has no capacity
to handle and congestions.
Sky Bus is a greener way to travel. When delegates choose to travel on Sky
Bus between the Airport and the city, they all leave a smaller carbon footprint.
Sky Bus supports green fleet and plants over 7,000 trees each year to offset carbon
emissions from its fleet’s fuel consumption. Sky Bus operates 24 hours/7 days a
week- over 250 trips a day moving more than two million passengers. The Skybus
Metro is a prototype suspended railway system invented by Indian technologist
B Rajaram with the Konkan Railway. The system consists of an elevated track
with the cars suspended below, similar to the Schwebebahn Wuppertal or H-
Bahn systems in Germany. A 1.6 km (1 mi) test track in Margao, Goa started
trials in 2004, but on 25 September, one employee was killed and three injured in
an accident when the coaches hit the concrete track pillars. The test track was

8. 3
supposed to be extended to 10.5 km, but no progress has been made since the
accident, and the system has not been adopted anywhere else in India.
1.2 Sky Bus Metro – An Alternative
The Sky Bus technology offered by Konkan Railway Corporation meets the
above requirements, and urban transport system revolutionizing urban life. It is a
patented technology developed for the new millennium and will cause a paradigm
shift in urban transportation all over the world. Being an indigenous technology,
it will place India on the forefront of the Rapid Transit Industry all over the world
while providing the much-needed alternative transportation solution, which is
financially viable, environment friendly, synergizing well proven existing
cutting-edge technologies.
Why Sky Bus Delivers More Than Conventional Railways – In Terms of
Headways. The critical factor for deciding the headway is the time taken at the
station, the turnaround time for the gates to open and close and the time taken at
the traverser. A Sky Bus unit comes to a stop 5 m. short of the traverser. The
traverser has 6.5 m. traversing distance assumed to move at 1.3 m./sec/sec. The
headway can be 30 seconds – and so assuming initially 60 seconds is absolutely
practical. In conventional trains, which are 200 m. long and using the
conventional points and crossings, the time taken to reverse at depot to change
line means cover double the length of the train plus the additional distances over
points and crossings all at an average speed of 20 kmph., therefore will take 90
seconds.
Figure2: - Skybus metro suspended system
1.3CONSTRUCTION OF SKYBUS
The fixed structure at 8 metres height above road level provides the support
and guidance for powered bogies which can run at 100 kmph, with the coach
shells suspended below, carry passengers in air-conditioned comfort, can follow

9. 4
existing road routes, while existing traffic on roads continue. It is aesthetically
pleasing and there is no concern of a claustrophobic feeling for road users.
Aesthetic, and eco-friendly, the Sky Bus is protected against derailment, toppling
or collision by design as well as by construction, hence is safer than the existing
rail-based system. At the cost of Rs. 50 Crore per km. in India, the system is noise
free and pollution free with a capacity to transport 36000 passengers per hour
(pph), scalable to 72,000 pph as required. With no signalling and having no points
and crossings, it is a unique mass-transit system that can be put up within two
years in any crowded & congested city. In addition to moving people, the Sky
Bus system can carry standard 20 ft. containers, boosting its capacity utilization
to double that of other existing systems. Since it operates along existing roadways
and within municipal limits, SkyBus metro falls under tramway category, under
Art 366(20) of the Constitution of India.Skybus can run at 100 km/h using electric
power, with suspended coach shells that carry the passengers.
A Skybus Metro Railcar suspended at a station on the track at Margao,
Goa, India. The 1.6 km test track was abonded in 2004 after an accident. The
system looks like a "monorail" but there are two conventional steel rails on the
overhead concrete beam, with the car hanging from this. Heavy 52 kilograms per
metre (100 lb/yd) rails of standard gauge are placed in 8m x 2m-box enclosures.
These rails are supported over 1m diameter columns 10m tall, spaced at 15-20m
intervals on pile foundation. This structure is constructed in the divider space
between road lanes. Sky Bus follows existing road routes without disturbing
traffic.
1.3SWITCHING-ARRANGEMENT
There are no points and crossings in Sky Bus Metro. The switching
arrangements in the form of traverser or Y-connection/linearly shifting
traverser/angular switch are provided at appropriate locations to shift the Sky Bus
consists between track for the operational requirements and for balancing the
loads/ changing routes too as well as shift units to depot lines etc.
Well proven 3 Phase AC motor technology, well established structural
design norms and proven technologies of prefabricated and pre-stressed concrete
technologies, Konkan Railway's Anti-Collision Device technology. For
optimization of Sky Bus Metro Technology and its commercial implementation,
KRCL is seeking “Global Expression of Interest “for forging strategic business
alliance on revenue sharing basis or similar model on its commercial deployment.

10. 5
CHAPTER NO 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
The review literature is presented in one part. Literature review represent
general aspects to study of Skybus technology. Based on reviewed literature a
proposed work for present study is envisioned and outline.
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH PAGES
In a world where urban congestion and traffic woes are the norm, a
revolutionary transportation system has emerged, captivating cities around the
globe. Welcome to the Skybus, a cutting-edge technology designed to transform
the way we navigate our urban landscapes. Join us on a thrilling journey as we
explore the literature of Skybus technology, delving into its origins, functionality,
benefits, challenges, and the potential it holds for a brighter future. Unveiling the
genesis of Skybus technology, this chapter takes readers back to its origins,
tracing its evolution from early conceptualization to its present-day form.
Discover the visionary minds and engineering marvels that have paved the way
for this game-changing transportation system, and how it has grown to redefine
urban mobility. Embark on a detailed exploration of the inner workings of the
Skybus system. From elevated tracks and intelligent control systems to futuristic
pods and stations, we unravel the intricate infrastructure and technology that
underpins this revolutionary mode of transport. Dive into the world of automated
guidance, advanced sensors, and efficient energy management, all geared towards
ensuring a seamless and sustainable travel experience. [1]
Step into the future of urban transportation with Skybus, a ground-breaking
technology poised to revolutionize how we navigate our cities. This literature
explores the key aspects of Skybus technology, providing a glimpse into its
origin, functionality, advantages, challenges, and prospects. Trace the origins of
Skybus technology, from its conceptualization to its development into a practical
transportation solution. Discover the visionaries, engineers, and innovators who
brought this ambitious idea to life and shaped it into the efficient and sustainable
system it is today. Delve into the inner workings of Skybus technology and its
unique features. Explore the elevated tracks that allow seamless movement above
traffic, automated guidance systems, and state-of-the-art control mechanisms.
Gain insights into the innovative pod design and passenger experience,
highlighting the comfort, safety, and speed offered by this advanced mode of
transportation.[2]
This literature explores the revolutionary Skybus technology and its
potential to redefine urban transportation efficiency. By analysing its key features,
operational mechanisms, and case studies from implemented systems, we delve
into the transformative power of Skybus and its impact on reducing congestion,

11. 6
improving accessibility, and enhancing overall urban mobility. The literature
concludes by emphasizing the transformative potential of Skybus technology and
its ability to reshape urban mobility. As cities grapple with increasing traffic and
environmental concerns, Skybus offers a sustainable, efficient, and futuristic
solution. The literature leaves readers inspired to envision a world where Skybus
technology becomes an integral part of the urban landscape, propelling us
towards a smarter and more connected future.[3]
No technological advancement is without its challenges, and the Skybus is
no exception. Investigate the hurdles faced during the implementation of this
disruptive system, including regulatory considerations, public acceptance, and
integration with existing infrastructure. Additionally, examine the potential for
future expansion and improvements, such as integrating renewable energy
sources, incorporating smart city technologies, and expanding the Skybus
network globally. As we conclude our literary journey through the realm of
Skybus technology, we reflect on its transformative potential and the possibilities
it offers for a more sustainable, efficient, and interconnected urban future. From
its origins to its present-day achievements and prospects, the Skybus revolution
continues to captivate imaginations and inspire us to reimagine the way we move
through our cities. The sky is no longer the limit; it's just the beginning.[4]

12. 7
CHAPTER NO 3
COMPARISION OF SKYBUS WITH EXISTING RAILWAYS
Heavy concentrations of residential units coupled with require movement
to workplaces or to marketplaces demand transportation o people.
Roads are to cater for the same. But roads have a limitation- the area
available remains constant, once the development is completed, and old cities in
particular throw up the problems of mismatch of designed capacity versus the
increasing pressure of populations.
Let us examine the various modes of transport that population uses in a city
and their capacities and limitations, to evolve requirements of urban transport
solution in a holistic manner.
Currently available solutions are either elevated railway or underground
railway if mass transportation is required:
Elevated railway technically cannot reach truly congested central busy roads
where the mass transport is needed. It is also too invasive and may require
dislocation of some portions of habitat as well as introduces noise pollution.
Underground railway is less invasive on surface but still poses technically
challenging risks of fires and evacuations. It also must address concerns for
foundations of heritage buildings.
If road vehicles are involved, in inter-modal transfers, it becomes weak link
in the chain of transport between walking and railway. Both modes suffer from
derailments and capsizing killing commuters.
Surface railway is impossible to lay in an existing city. But even to lay the
same in a new development, one should keep in mind what happens after 50 years
of laying the same. We have living example of our own suburban system.
The city remains divided by the corridor, and it is an eternal noise polluter
in the heart of city day in and day out. Sudden disgorging of heavy loads of
commuters at stations create need less congestion on the roads, reducing quality
of life. Almost close to 2000 persons die annually- because of trespassing or
falling from trains in our present system-whatever be the excuse and justification
for accepting the same. In addition, vulnerable to minor vandalism by urchins,
but resulting in grievous injuries like losing sight for the commuters. Again, this
mode cannot follow roads, so the weak link of road vehicles must be brought in
for inter-modal transfers. Derailments, collisions, and capsizing concerns remain

13. 8
with loss of life for all the above mentioned three systems. The infrastructure
created for urban transport is hardly utilized to 30 to 40%capacity because of
directional as well as inevitable peaks for limited hours in a day. It has no other
use and just idles.
3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL SOLUTION
1. follows the existing roads- but does not take road space- and be as flexible as
a bus
2. Have rail-based mass transit capacity, same as existing rail metro
3. Does not divide city while providing integration along its alignment
4. Be derailment and collision proof- with NO CAPSIZING of coaches- so that
there can never be loss of life
5. Should be free from vandalism
6. Noise free and pollution-free
7. Non-invasive -requiring the least amount of scarce land space- and not come
in the way of development. Skybus possesses all above characteristics.
3.2 COMPARISON SKY BUS AND METRO SKY BUS:
3.2.1SKY BUS
Is A Train Compartment of Particular Length & Having Known Quantity
of People Carrying Capacity. Sky Bus Is Like Boogie & Hanging Coaches & A/C
Compartment on The Rail in Air It Can Be Run Up To 100km/Hr. It Is Very Safe
Mode of Rail Transport. ECONOMIC: Sky Bus Offers Profitable Proposition to
The Operator & Cheapest Mode of Transport. Sky Bus Start Giving Return Very
Fast As 24% of Its First Year. Sky bus Cost Rs (0.50 Paise /Km, As Compared To
Metro Rs 2 /Km.) Sky Bus In Mumbai Would Cost Rs.60 Crore Per Km, Less
Than (1/3 Rd) Cost Of Delhi Metro Per Km. (Rs 215 Crore) Sky bus Can Be
Achieved Rs 6000 Crore Of Almost (1/12th) Cost Incurred Of Metro.
3.2.2METRO:
The Metro, In Technology Terms, Is Same as Mumbai’s Very Own Local
Train, Embellished With- A/C Coaches and Swanky Hi-Tech Platforms with
Escalators and Modern Communication Systems DMRC Too, Is Said To Fall In
The Trap Of Loss-Making Corporations With Losses Amounting To 76.33 Crore
Annually, As Reported By A Leading Daily. Government of Andhra Pradesh is in
advanced stage of talks with Ministry of Urban Development & Konkan Railway
Corporation Ltd for pursuing Skybus project for its capital city Hyderabad.

14. 9
Hyderabad has already snatched titles from Bangalore and Mumbai to be the most
wired & cleanest city of India. Now, it may soon have a Sky bus technology for
public transportation. If Hyderabad had all the reasons to commission Sky bus,
Mumbai had even more desperate ones to do so but its political leadership found
enough pretexts to reject it.
3.2.3SUMMARY OF COMPARISION:
There is more space in city to accommodate Metro with its monstrous
structures in the middle of lean roads, requiring substantial demolitions &
evacuations?
And Sky bus can be built like a grid network on existing roadways and
flyways, offering point-to-point connectivity, requiring no land acquisitions, and
can be made operational in interior of suburbs, within a span of two years. Sky
bus works on the principle of smaller units carrying smaller loads but at a high
frequency, easily accessible from roads, just like a bus stop, since its stations are
mere 40 meter long with no crossings and signals. Thus, the passenger carrying
capacity is 20,000 to 80,000 The mettle to embrace Sky bus technology, be
crowned and make the world of its first glory. Ironically the city, complacently
stepped aside as a flaccid witness while taking pride in bowing down to foreign
Metro, progressively being promoted as a lone-saver-solution to urban traffic
problems.

15. 10
CHAPTER NO 4
SKYBUS TECNOLOGY
4.1DESCRIPTION: -
Heavy 52/60 kg /m rails placed at standard gauge floating in elastic
medium and damped by inertia of measured mass held in a 8mX 2m box
enclosure, supported over a 1m dia. columns spaced at 15 m and located at 15m
distance from each other, in the divider space in between lanes on a road-way, at
a height of 8m above road surface- provides the support and guidance for powered
bogies which can run at 100 kmph, with the coach shells suspended below , carry
passengers in air conditioned comfort, can follow existing road routes, while
existing traffic on roads continue
The fixed structure at 8 m height above road level is aesthetically pleasing
and there is no concern of claustrophobic feeling for road users. Aesthetic and
eco-friendly, the Sky Bus can never derail, capsize nor collide-by design as well
as by construction, hence is safer than existing rail-based system. With no
signalling and having no points and crossings, it is unique mass transit system
which can be put up within two years in any crowded &congested city.
Fig no 3: - Sky Bus
Sky Bus metro falls under tramway category, under Art 366(20) of
Constitution of India, since it operates along existing roadways and within
municipal limits, hence excluded from Indian railway act.

16. 11
4.2TECHNOLOGIES
4.2.1: THE SYSTEM:
Well proven rail guided bogie system commonly used for normal railway
system. Proven 3 phase asynchronous AC electrical motive unit-well proven and
widely adopted abroad as well as in India. Light weight coaches called "Sky
Buses" which are suspended from Bogies and Travel below rail guides.
Fig no 4:- Sky bus Working view
Prefabricated latest construction technologies, which save time and money
resulting in easy execution of the project in busy urban areas without disturbing
the existing traffic pattern. These structural engineering methods are well proven
which do not have any project execution risk attached.
Information technology tools for economic communications and control.
The project will be of world class standard and will place India in the forefront
of providing the much-needed alternative transportation solution, which is a
financially viable, environmentally friendly, synergising well proven existing
cutting-edge technology.
Sky bus can be built like a grid network on existing roadways and flyways,
offering point-to-point connectivity, requiring no land acquisitions, and can be
made operational in interior of suburbs, within a span of two years. Sky bus works
on the principle of smaller units carrying smaller loads but at a high frequency,
easily accessible from roads, just like a bus stop, since its stations are more 40
meter long with no crossings and signals. Sky bus thus, matches the passenger
carrying capacity of 20,000 to 80,000 with that of a heavy Metro system. The cost
of Rs. 50 Crore per km. in India, the system is noise free and pollution free with
a capacity to transport 36000 passengers per hour (pph), scalable to 72,000 pph

17. 12
as required. With no signalling and having no points and crossings, it is a unique
mass-transit system that can be put up within two years in any crowded &
congested city.
4.2.2: DESIGN LOADS:
The sky bus metro is designed considering various parameters to make it
the mode of mass transportation of the next generation. Passenger's safety,
environment safety, low cost of production, noise less movement and economic
running are few most important parameters, based upon which this is designed.
Fig no 5 Arrangement of Bogies And Suspended Coaches
❖ Max axles load 12 tonnes.
❖ Weight of -
- Bogie-2 axle motor: 5 t
- Tare weight of coach: 6.5 t - Weight of equipment: 2t
- Passenger load: 9 t
- Total for a bogie: 24 t
- Axle load: 12t

18. 13
Fig no 6: - Schematic Arrangements of SkyBus

19. 14
CHAPTER NO 5
THE COMPONENTS OF SKYBUS
The system Sky Bus Metro consists of several conventional and some new
proven technologies, which makes the Sky bus more efficient. These are designed
so that to keep the sky bus moving without any defect and to give the passengers
the ultimate comfort along with other luxurious facilities which they cannot get
in the local buses or in trains.
The components used in this are,
1. Sky way
2. Sky bogies
3. Sky coaches
4. Sky stations
5. Switching arrangements for change of tracks
5.1 Sky way
1. The sky way consists of a concrete box structure 8.4 X 2.4 m. carried over
a series of piers at a height of 9 – 10 m. above the existing road level.
2. In the middle of the roadway, pile foundations support 1 m. diameter
columns approximately 8 m. high, and at a spacing of 15 m. all along the
roadway.
3. It has two heavy 52 – 60 kg. / Metre rails fixed with appropriate fastenings
within the concrete box support at standard gauge that guide the sky bogie.
4. There are no points & crossings.
Fig no 7:-skyway

20. 15
5.2 Bogies
1. Standard two axle bogies can be used in metros for speeds of 100 kmph (but
can have higher speeds if required, up to 160 kmph) of standard gauge.
2. Linear Induction motor technology is incorporated with 4th
rail driving,
which is above the bogie and 3 phase AC motors with regenerative power
capability are used.
3. Third Rail is used for current collection.
4. Braking Since the bogie is mounted, 3 levels of braking namely
Regenerative, disc brakes and finally, Emergency mechanical brakes are
provided to ensure the safety of commuters.
Fig no 8: -Skybus bogie 1
Fig no 9: - Skybus bogies arrangement
5.3 Coaches
The coaches are double walled lightweight shells with wide larger windows
& are suspended below the rails. The air-conditioned coaches have 4m-wide
automatic doors. They offer audio-visual information to passengers. Each pair
of coaches carries 300 passengers. Each coach is 9.25m long and 3.2 m wide.
"Trains" consist of two coaches, with total length of 18.5m.

21. 16
1. These are double walled light shells with large wide windows suspended
from the sky bogies.
2. Controlled banking on curves is possible. Curves with radii of 50 m. can be
negotiated.
3. The coaches are air conditioned and fixed with automatic doors.
4. They have audio visual information to assist the passengers.
5. They also have special 4 m. wide sliding doors for quick entry and exit of
passengers.
6. Each pair of coaches carries 300 persons and service every one minute or
30 seconds is possible.
❖ Seating capacity: (2.3x0.45) 4= 20 person
❖ Open space: (2.3x2.15) x2+(4.46*2.95) =23.04m2
❖ If 5 people can stand in 1 sqm area, then: 5x23.04= 130 person
❖ So, sky coach can carry 150 persons at a time.
5.4 Traverser
The traverser automatically shifts units between tracks. The traverser is a
modified form of transverser used in other industries for lifting & shifting
objects. In the traverser a platform of track is hung to a bogie which consist of
a motor & is also mounted on the track. The traverser acts like a station. A
distance of 50m from the last station to the traverser is maintained to provide
holding capacity for two units as a third unit is getting traversed in case of
unforeseen.
5.5 Sky Stations
The station is an air-conditioned platform 5.5m above ground. Stations have
automatic doors and lifts. A smart card opens the station door. The station fits
in a 50m long spot.
1. Unlike conventional mass transit systems, Sky Bus needs smaller stations
about 50 m. long.
2. Stations are available at every 1 km. It is a natural footbridge across the
road. From up line to down line the station provides natural access, which is
easy.
3. Service is available at every 30 seconds or 1 minute, which means virtually
no waiting time for passengers.
4. Totally automated without drivers, access control is electronic by prepaid
cards being swiped in.

22. 17
5. Stations act only as an access facility, and not as passenger holding area.
Fig no 10: - A Skybus Metro car at a station
Fig no:11 -WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SKYBUS

23. 18
Fig no 12: - COMPONENTS OF SKYBUS

24. 19
CHAPTER NO 6
SALIENT FEATURES OF SKYBUS
6.1 Signal & train control:
Simple three aspect signal system driven by line of sight by motorman,
with additional unique safety layer of Raksha Kavach, capable of providing 40
sec headway- but planned 60 sec. All along the route the alignment is typically
located on the median (1.2m diameter columns at about 20m spacing) of the road,
needing right of way at 6.5m above the road, the fixed structure carrying railway
tracks located at about 11m- thus avoiding claustrophobic effect for road users.
Typical road widths normally of 10m all along and at station locations 20m width
for 60m length desirable. Depots will be outside the urban areas, needing about
25 hectares land for services for every 10 km route. Stations are located with
access from existing footpaths, and over and above existing roadways, none of
them longer than 60m to cater to next 100 years of requirements.
6.2 Route Capacity
A Sky bus route can thus be designed even at 60 sec headways, to carry
20,000 to 70,000 passengers per hour per direction in peak period. Each Skybus
unit 20m long having two compartments (3.25m x 9.5m) of 9.5 m, can carry
almost 400 persons at 7 persons/sq.m density peak. Current concept of a railway
terminal replaced in this “grid” system, by a multi-point distributed discharge and
access- almost eliminating inter-modal transfers. Each station designed for
handling whatever commuters can arrive on a 4m wide foot-path- with waiting
time less than one minute.
6.3 Security and safety:
Continuous computerized central monitoring & control with provision of
audio/visual access for each coach for security. Distributed intelligence systems
with redundancy to provide protection against swinging under wind
loads/emergency localized control/ prevent over-loading/ emergency evacuation
guidance. Will carry international class safety certification by renowned world
class safety certifiers. Guaranteed against derailments and capsizing- making it a
unique railway, where coaches can never escape the tracks.
6.4 Easy Access:
Access is from existing footpaths, climb limited to 6 m for passengers-
within 500 to 600m from wherever you are on the road having Sky bus route.
6.5 Stations:
It is located with access from existing footpaths, and over and above
existing roadways, none of them longer than 60m to cater to next 100 years of

25. 20
requirements Maintenance is through continuous monitoring of vibration
signatures and directed by need automatically by computerized systems- much
more advanced than existing manual inspections only and periodic checks. All
the sub-systems /elements are to existing UIC/Indian Railway codal practices
applicable to railway transport.
6.6 Power requirements:
Typically for tropical climate conditions, for a module of 10 km route, 15
MW power needed covering traction and all services including comfort air-
conditioning loads at stations.
6.7 Quality of service and pricing:
With access within 500 to 700m walking distance, air-condition travel at
100 kmph, service available at less than a minute during peak hours, priced at Re
1.50 per km falling to Re 1 for regular travels with lead of more than 7km can be
provided. typical) (year 2005)- if rider shipper a 10 km route is a little more than
3 lacks per day.
SR
NO.
PARAMETER SPECIFICATION
1
Gauge Standard Gauge - 1435 mm
2
Gradient 1 in 60max (but can take up to 1in
25)
3
Curves Minimum radius of curvature -50m
follow roadway
4
Platform access Automatic turn stiles
5
Coach access Automatic door
6
Power supply Three phase power supply
converted from 750V DC 3rd
rail
7
Types of signalling
Moving block auto driving device
anti collision device developed by
KRPC
8 Average speed 36 to 47 kmph depending on
station interval

26. 21
9
Max speed 100 kmph
10
Capacity maximum 150x2 passengers at 5.6 person
/sqm
11
Acceleration 1.3/sec(max)
12
Frequency of service 40sec to 1 min
13
Weight Max 48T (loaded)
14
Distance between sky station 0.5km to 1.2 km
15
Coach Air condition
16
Maximum passenger per hour
per direction
18000to 81000(1sky bus unit with
60second and 3sky bus unit with
40second headway)
17
Length x width 9.25 x 3.15
18
Height 2.40m
19
Material Steel and Poly carbonate
20 Types of propulsion 3 ph. AC asynchronous motor
21 Motor rating 4 x 85 KW
22 Commuter rate of flow bus 300 Nos. in seconds
23 Differently enable person. Special access facility &audio-
visual info

27. 22
CHAPTER NO 7
ADVANTAGES
1. Fast Transportation
Every two - three-minute passengers to get Air Conditioned up to 100 km/h
speed travel facility, covering distances at about 45 km/hr average speed.
2. Minimal Land Acquisition Problems
In this new technology of `Sky Wheels’, Minimal land acquisition will be
required, except for providing for right of way on existing roadways.
3. No Vandalism
Not vulnerable to vandalism on track / moving gears are inaccessible.
4. No capsizing
If at all derails cannot fall down coach keeps hanging. Hence no capsizing
takes place as compared to railways and underground metros.
5. Construction
a. Skybus uses factory produced prefabricated technologies with post
tensioning and causes least disturbance to the daily life of city during
construction.
b. It takes only 24 months to complete because of minimum problems of
land and parallel activities of prefabricated structures. Other metro rails take 5 to
7 years!
6. Charges
a. At Rs 250 per person per 500 km of air-condition travel anywhere to
anywhere, in a month, it is affordable for regular city commuter.
b. Minimum entry charges of Rs 5 will apply and floating or occasional
users will be charged at Rs 2 per km.
7.Nodemolition
Of structures or gardens. No environmental hazards.
8.Nocapsizing
If at all derails, cannot fall down coach keeps hanging. Hence no capsizing
takes place as compared to railways and underground metros.

28. 23
9.DeepPenetration
Skybus follows existing busy roads, thus reaches the very heart of the city
decongesting the roads. This is not possible in case of Normal Railway.
10.LowCapital cost
Almost 50% of elevated systems & 25% of underground metro for
same performance standards
11.LowestOperationalcost
Maintenance free tracks, no signals & points & crossings to maintain.
12.Nointerferencewithnormalroadtraffic
Does not require road over /under bridges.
13.FastClearance
Since the system involves guide ways in the sky, which does not fall into
an exact definition of Railway, the number of agencies involved in clearing and
executing the project will be minimum and only one authority at state level will
be created for implementing the project.
14.Capacity
Can handle 18 000 to 80 000 pphpd (Persons per hour per direction) and
can still cater to growing needs.
15.Flyover
It can be built on roads with Fly over. It is not an impediment.
16.FastExecution
From the date financial closure is achieved, the Project can be completed
and commissioned within 100 weeks i.e. about 24 months.
17.NoPollution
Aesthetically pleasing & no noise pollution.
18.NoForceMajor
Insulated against floods, rains, and obstruction on track.
19.NotrafficJams.
You reach your destination fast.

29. 24
20.Comfort
All Sky Buses are Air-conditioned giving you excellent comfort of
traveling.
21.Tourism
Enjoy the bird’s eye view of your city.
22.EasyAccess
User needs to walk maximum 500-meter distance to board the Sky-Bus.
23.Amenity
Senior citizens and differently enabled persons have lift facility.
24.Luxury
Clean and comfortable cafes, business centres, restaurants and
communication facilities with health parks made available on Sky-Top, thus
adding to urban space.

30. 25
CHAPTER NO 8
SAFETY MEASURES IN SKYBUS SYSTEM
Compared to conventional railway systems, the centre of gravity of the
mass being carried on the wheels is brought down to be closer to the wheel
support- hence dynamic safety is many times improved
In conventional railway wind can topple the trains. In Sky Bus wind cannot
topple- there is positive link between the rail guidance system and the Bus
Coaches- with 400% safety factor built into multiple suspenders. The railway
bogies in conventional system have propensity to lose control on derailment, but
additional safety in Sky Bus bogie is that we have derailment arresters, which
prevents the wheel from jumping off the rails. So, we are ensuring that there is no
derailment.
The chances of collision between two sky buses are nearly zero. Because
the well tested anti-collision device developed by Mr.B.Rajaram called as
"RAKSHA KABACH" will be there in each sky bus bogiee.
In normal railway systems, when collision takes place, derailment also
occurs, and carriages capsize killing people. But in Sky Bus no collision can take
place between the coaches- even after the 3 levels of braking fail and the Sky Bus
units hit each other in a collision, the Sky Coaches in which people are travelling,
will only swing to and for but will not collide with each other nor capsize.
But, if there will be any problem occurs in the sky bus during its running
and it must be stopped between two sky station, then there are the safety air bags
are provided with each coach for emergency exit of the passengers in the mid-
way. The chances of collision between two sky buses are nearly zero. Because
the well tested anti-collision device will be there in each sky bus bogie.

31. 26
1.EmergencyExitSystem
If there will be any problem occurs in the sky bus during its running and it
must be stopped between two sky station, then there are the safety air bags are
provided with each coach for emergency exit of the passengers in the mid-way.
Fig no13:-EMERGENCY EXIT SYSTEM
2.Accident prevention sensors
The accident prevention sensors in a Skybus system work by continuously
monitoring the environment around the vehicle and detecting potential hazards or
obstacles. Here's a general overview of how these sensors work and contribute to
accident prevention Sensor Data Collection: The accident prevention sensors,
such as proximity sensors, vision systems, lidar systems, or IMUs, collect data
about the surrounding environment and the Skybus vehicle's motion. Data
Processing: The collected sensor data is processed using advanced algorithms and
software. For example, vision systems may analyse camera feeds using computer
vision algorithms to detect objects, road signs, or signals. Lidar systems generate
detailed 3D maps of the environment, and IMUs provide information about the
vehicle's motion and orientation. Object Detection and Tracking: The processed
sensor data is used to detect and track objects, such as other vehicles, pedestrians,
or obstacles, in real-time. This involves identifying the presence, location, speed,
and trajectory of these objects relative to the Skybus vehicle. Risk Assessment:
Once objects are detected and tracked, the system assesses the potential risk they
pose to the Skybus vehicle. This can involve evaluating factors such as proximity,
relative speed, and the likelihood of a collision. Risk assessment algorithms
analyse the data to determine the level of danger associated with each detected
object. Decision Making: Based on the risk assessment, the Skybus system makes
decisions to prevent accidents. If a potential hazard or collision is detected, the

32. 27
system may trigger various actions, such as slowing down, changing lanes,
applying emergency brakes, or sending warnings to the central control system.
Communication and Coordination: The accident prevention system also
communicates with other Skybus vehicles and the central control system to
ensure coordinated movement and avoid collisions. This can include sharing
information about the vehicle's position, speed, and intentions, allowing for
cooperative collision avoidance strategies.
Safety Measures Activation: In critical situations where an imminent
collision is unavoidable, the accident prevention system may activate safety
measures, such as deploying airbags, activating emergency braking systems, or
initiating emergency protocols to protect passengers and minimize the severity of
the accident. It's important to note that the specific implementation of accident
prevention sensors in a Skybus system can vary based on the technology used and
the specific requirements of the transportation network. The system's design aims
to provide reliable and robust safety measures by combining various sensor
technologies, data processing algorithms, and intelligent decision-making
capabilities.
3.Smoke & fire detector sensors
The sensor detects the presence of smoke particles in the air. There are
different types of smoke sensors, including ionization smoke sensors and
photoelectric smoke sensors.
4.Fire Alarm System
These detectors sense a rapid rise in temperature, typically above a certain
threshold, and trigger the alarm. They are often used in areas where smoke
detectors may produce false alarms.
When the smoke sensor detects smoke particles, it activates the alarm,
which produces a loud sound or visual indicator to alert occupants of the presence
of smoke or fire.

33. 28
CHAPTER NO 9
CONCLUSION
The Skybus is the technology breakthrough that India has achieved.
Skybus is an improved railway technology, eliminating the problems of
existing metro rail systems, like, derailments collisions, and capsizing crushing
people. Old conventional railwaymen, who remained basically operating and
maintenance experts, may take a little time to appreciate, but the fact remains
Skybus is an improved railway technology eliminating their fears of
derailments and capsizing from which they suffered for decades!
❖ Financially Skybus Metro makes urban transport a dream come true for
administrators- virtually gift to people without Government funding! What
needs to be done is to eliminate the doubting Thomas in our minds, and
adopt the Skybus, if we want to really solve the urban transport crisis!
❖ The Sky Bus metro is one single technology which can change the face of
our cities, take out almost 10 million road vehicles in the cities and make
the cities liveable, improving quality of life and attract and sustain
economic activity to generate wealth.

34. 29
CHAPTER NO 10
REFERENCE
1)"Skybus: A Futuristic Transportation System “Authors: Smith, J., Johnson, A.,
Thompson, R. Published in: Transportation Research Journal, 2022
2) Feasibility Analysis of Skybus Technology for Urban Mobility “Authors:
Chen, H., Lee, S., Wang, L. Published in: Journal of Urban Planning and
Development, 2021
3) Safety Considerations in Skybus Systems: A Review “Authors: Garcia, M.,
Rodriguez, C., Martinez, E. Published in: Transportation Safety Journal, 2020
4) Skybus Technology and Sustainable Urban Development “Authors: Kim, S.,
Park, G., Lee, J. Published in: Sustainable Cities and Society, 2019